پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1401)

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is one of the new approaches to discourse analysis based on which metalanguage factors such as power, history and ideology are examined. This approach was formed in the second half of the twentieth century by some linguist scholars. Tune Van dijk is one of the prominent pioneers who studies in this field. In his opinion, ideology can be represented through strategies called ideological square and based on bilateral contrasts between in group and out group. The discourse of Imam Ali (AS) in his letters to Mu'awiyah has a feature that can be scrutinized by this approach and via descriptive- analytical method. This research is crucial because it explains the audience the ideology of two opposing thoughts during the history of Islam through CDA.The findings indicate that the ideology of Imam Ali and Muawiyah has led to polarization between two groups, i.e. the contrast between "us" and "them". In explaining the differences between the two groups in identity, members and actions, the status of the ingroup (us) has been raised and the status of the outgroup (them) has been degraded. In addition, the nobility of ancestors, purity, believe in God, relation with goods and courage as the most important positive points of "us" and hypocrisy, disbelief, relation with evils and following the devil as the most important negative points of "them" are represented in Imam's discourse. Furthermore, it seems that "true belief in the religion of Islam" versus "deviation from the religion of Islam" are ideologies that can be achieved as a result of the contrast between Ali and Mu'awiyah.Among three mentioned approaches, critical discourse analysis (CDA) analyzes meta-language factors such as power, history and ideology. This approach was formed in the second half of the 20th century by the efforts of some linguistic scholars and theorists. Teun Van Dijk is one of the prominent pioneers of study and research in CDA. According to him, ideology in the discourse can be represented through strategies called ideological square, which is based on bilateral contrasts between in group and out group. Imam Ali’s letters to Muawiyah can be analyzed by a descriptive-analytical method based on Van Dijk’s ideological square as his discourse aligns with this approach.This research is crucial because the ideology of two opposing thoughts during the history of Islam is elaborated to the audience through CDA. The findings indicate that the ideology of Imam Ali and Muawiyah has led to polarization between two groups, i.e. the contrast between "us" and "them". In explaining the differences between the two groups in identity, members and actions, the status of the ingroup (us) has been raised and the status of the outgroup (them) has been degraded. In addition, the nobility of ancestors, purity, believe in God, relation with goods and courage as the most important positive points of "us" and hypocrisy, disbelief, relation with evils and following the devil as the most important negative points of "them" are represented in Imam's discourse. Furthermore, it seems that "true belief in the religion of Islam" versus "deviation from the religion of Islam" are ideologies that can be achieved as a result of the contrast between Ali and Mu'awiyah.

Public service motivation is more of a technical term that is not known to researchers who are not familiar with public administration; Therefore, more care should be taken in conveying its concepts (Bozman and Su, 2015: 703). Perry and Wise (1996) considered public service motivation as a kind of individual tendency and desire to realize motives that are unique to public institutions and organizations. Based on this, public service motivation as an altruistic motivation has a positive effect on people's performance and is a type of individual behavior that ultimately leads to serving the society and its individuals (Anderson and Cerizlo, 2012: 20). Contrary to this point of view, Perry and Handqom (2008) believed that although in popular language, the motivation of public service is used as equivalent to altruism, but these two concepts are different from each other. Public service motivation is a specialized term that means nurturing people who do not participate in public administration, while altruism, from Baston and Shaw's (1991) point of view, is a motivational state whose ultimate goal is to increase people's well-being (Bozeman and Su, 2015: 706).

One of the most important issues in the field of accounting and financial auditing is the independence of the auditor. Sometimes, conflicts of personal and professional interests make it difficult for the auditor to provide services, and if he or she lacks religious and professional ethics, he or she will be pressured and threatened by managers and employers. This ultimately weakens the auditor's confidence and auditing activities. The current research in Nahjul Balaghah has found teachings that go beyond the executive standards of today's societies, which emphasize the external and internal independence of the auditor. The goal-based work method is of the type of applied research, and in terms of the implementation process, it is among the combined qualitative and quantitative research that was introduced in the fieldwork and the frequency of the measurement of semantic units from the interviews was done quantitatively. The test model is one-sample t method, with the distribution of questionnaires in the statistical community of the Tehran Auditing Organization, and it was conducted in the form of SPSS software. Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (A.S)'s reliable executive standard has two parts, individual-oriented and society-oriented, and in terms of influence on auditor independence, individual-oriented teachings have the most influence. Among these teachings, "honesty and frankness" have the most influence and "Piety and contentment" have the least influence, and in general and community-oriented teachings, "absence of unconventional relationships" has the most influence and "existence of supervisory institutions" has the least influence.

The present study was conducted to identify the status of the articles published in the Nahj al-Balagheh Research Quarterly. The approach of the research is quantitative and with a content analysis method. The statistical population of the research was all articles from the journal in nine years that were received from the journal system. The findings showed that 73.3% of the writers are men. The share of prolific authors is 45.6%. Authors with the scientific rank of assistant professor wrote one-third of the articles. Bu Ali Sina, Tehran, Ferdowsi Mashhad, Lorestan, and Isfahan universities make up about one-third of the authors' organizational affiliations. The field of language and literature constitutes 40.9% of the study field of the authors. 52.4% of the topics of the magazine are literary, psychology, law, linguistics, ethics, and poetry. most of the articles are descriptive-analytical. In general, the publication has a good status in terms of the studied components.

This research has been done with the aim of explaining the model of good speech from the perspective of Nahj al-Balaghah and examining the status of the curriculum of second period primary school in terms of the amount of attention to the mentioned model. For this purpose, the descriptive-analytical method was used to explain the model of good speech from the perspective of Nahj al-Balagha and the content analysis method with a quantitative approach has been used to assess the status of the curriculum of second period primary school. In the first part of the research, indicators in the form of content characteristics of good speech such as: truth of speech, God-centeredness in speech, non-futility of speech; and expressive features such as: simplicity and fluency of speech were obtained. As well as positive moral principles of good speech such as: knowledge of speech, reliance on reason, situationalism and chronology, conformity of speech with action, use of consultation in speech, and the necessity of honesty in speech; And negative moral principles such as: refraining from rhetoric, refraining from lying and  were obtained. In the second part of the study, the results of the content analysis of the curriculum of the second elementary course showed that the components of the need to use consulting with 22.03 had the highest amount of content, and knowledge of speech and conformity of speech with action, with 1.69 had the least amount of content.

Using various language strategies and tools to present an effective discourse is a great advantage that eloquent should be aware of to achieve the main goal which is communication, and in turn its impact on the audience. The pragmatic competence of the speaker in determining the special mechanisms and tools of any strategy guarantees the achievement action of the receiver. This article aims to investigate the guidance strategy in the letter of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to Uthman bin Hunayf, his agent in Basra, by using the pragmatic method. The result of the research shows that Amir al-Mu'minin Ali, peace be upon him, as a unique orator in the social political history of Islam, using various discourse strategies, including the guidance strategy, made the thoughts of the audience dynamic in their real world or in the world of the mind. The diversity of guidance mechanisms such as indirect dynamic verbs, reprimanding and warning sentences and interrogative consecutive sentences, moreover the harmony caused by words and rhythm play a big role in the process of persuading the audience. The use of speech act with more frequency shows the dominance of the respect strategy, followed by the questioning mechanism means challenging the audience's mind to find a logical answer and persuading him through inference. The first part of the letter is reprimanding, but after that, it takes on the color of guidance until the end of the letter.

Intelligent and raised encounters of religious with identity threats due to the increasing role of perceptions and taking of identity based in society is one of the most important requirements of Islamic society to protect religious identity. In this way, conscious knowledge and understanding of the Amir al-Mu'minin's tradition as a glorious and unique of the history of Islamic civilization in the face of these threats provides a Structural coordinates, methodological and constant content. According to this, the present research, with a descriptive and analytical approach, seeks to answer the question of what approaches Amir al-Mo'menan took in the face of identity threats. In order to typology the actions of the Imam, three strategies: preventive confrontation, control and remedial strategies that constitute the set of actions of the Imam are considered