فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1401)

This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of home-based exercise training on cardiovascular patients. For this purpose, Sid.ir and Magiran.com databases as well as the system of scientific and research publications approved by the Ministry of Science in the field of sport sciences were searched for domestic articles from 1380 to 1401. The keywords used for searching were "home-based exercise training (HBET)" combined with "cardiac patients" "cardiovascular diseases" or "aerobic training" or "resistance training". For English language articles between 2000 and 2022, PubMed, Megapaper, and Google Scholar databases were used. The searched keywords were "home-based exercise training" in combination with "cardiac patients" or "cardiovascular diseases" or "aerobic exercise training" or "resistance exercise training". The results indicate that the implementation of HBET, as an alternative or supplement to hospital-based supervised exercise training, or as part of home-based rehabilitation programs, is cost-effective, accessible, and safe. It also helps to overcome exercise obstacles and increases adherence to exercise training, therefore, by observing the principle of repetition, intensity, time, and type of exercise, probably cardiovascular patients can benefit from this training method.

The aim of this study was to investigateto the effect of 12 weeks of resistance circuit-based training on markers of bone metabolic and hormonal in elderly men.30 elderly men with mean and standard deviation of age: 67.63 ± 4.82 years; weight: 75.82 ± 8.89 kg and body mass index: 27.53±3.28 kg/m2 were randomly divided into two groups of combined training and control. The resistance exercise training was performed at 30–55% ofthe one-repetition maximum (1-RM), three times per week for 12-weeks, while the CON group maintained their regular lifestyle. The hormonal and bone metabolic markers including serum 25-(OH) D3,parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcitonin and calcium were measuredbefore training and after 12weeksexercise intervention. The results of analysis of covariance showed a significant increase in the calcitonin levels (14.80± 2.70) vs. 12.67± 3.75 ml/dl, p = 0.037) and calcium (9.70±0.65 vs. 9.09±0.47 ml/dl, p = 0.006) in the resistance training group compared to the control group showed intervention after 12 weeks.The findings of the present study showed that 12 weeks of resistance circuit-based training led to a significant improvement in some hormonal markers and bone metabolic in the elderly. Further studies with a long-term follow-up should be considered to confirm these findings.

Nowadays, due to poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle and side effects of medicine use, prevalence of kidney injury and disease are observed. Regular exercise and some herbal medicine may influence on recovering from such illnesses. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ten-week aerobic exercise and consumption of safflower seed extract (500 mg/kg of body weight) on PTEN gene expression and serum creatinine levels after consuming Dexamethasone in male rats. 25 Wistar male rats (371±32 gr) were randomly divided into five groups including control, dexamethasone, dexamethasone+safflower, dexamethasone+aerobic exercise, dexamethasone+safflower+aerobic exercise groups. Kidney injury was induced by subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (8 gr /kg of body weight) for 6 days. Exercise protocol, including treadmill running, started at 15 m/min for 10 minutes and increased by the end of the third week, reaching a maximum of 28 m/min for 60 minutes 5 days a week. By the end of the tenth week, the intensity and duration of the exercises remained unchanged. Creatinine level had a significant reduction in dexamethasone+exercise group compared to dexamethasone group (P=0.047); while it's level had no significant difference in dexamethasone+safflower and dexamethasone+safflower+aerobic exercise compared to dexamethasone group. PTEN gene expression in therapeutic intervention groups had an insignificant change compared to dexamethasone group. Results of the present study indicate that 10 weeks of aerobic exercise and consumption of safflower seed extract could improve kidney injury caused by dexamethasone. This effect seems to be through other mechanisms that have not been investigated in this study.

Pre-diabetic stressful conditions are status before the onset of type 2 diabetes, in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal and below the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on muscle glycogen storage in pre-diabetic mice. For this purpose, Fifteen male C57BL / 6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: mice fed a normal diet (ND, n= 5) and a high-fat diet (HFD, n=10) and then fed for 12 weeks. After diagnosing prediabetes induction by diagnostic tests in the HFD group, this group was into two groups: the pre-diabetic group (PD) and pre-diabetic mice along with endurance training (PD-Ex). The results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels and insulin resistance of HFD-Ex group compared to PD. The PAS technique showed an observational decrease in glycogen storage in the HFD group compared to the ND group, while endurance training increased it in the skeletal muscle of mice. The relative gene expression of the factors involved in glycogen storage such as AKT, PI3K, Gys1, and GSK3 as well as the gene LRRC8A showed significant changes (p <0.05) between the ND group compared to the HFD group, showing the glycogen storage signaling pathway is disturbed. However, endurance training (PD-Ex) has resulted in a significant improvement in glycogen synthase gene levels. In general, Endurance training seems to improve the negative effects of pre-diabetic conditions due to a high-fat diet.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of maximal swimming training on MAPK and MDA biomarkers in rats exposed to tobacco-derived nitrosamine ketone.

48 6-8 week old Wistar rats with a weight range of 26 ± 105 g were purchased and randomly divided into 5 control groups (8 heads), distilled water injection(10 heads),NNK injection(10 heads), swimming training.(10 heads),swimming practice + NNK injection(10 heads),were divided.The training program included12 eeks of swimming with maximum intensity (five days a week). 48 hours after the last training session, lung tissue sampling was performed and the levels of MAPK and MDA markers of lung tissue were measured by ELISA technique. One-way ANOVA and Tukey were used to analyze the data

The results showed that the levels of MAPK(P = 0.001)and MDA(P = 0.000) were significant among the groups.The results of Tukey test showed that the reduction of MAPK in swimming and swimming +NNK intervention groups compared to NNK intervention group was significant(P = 0.001)(P = 0.001)and also, the rate of MDA reduction in swimming and swimming + NNK intervention groups was significant compared to NNK intervention group(0.001 = P)(001/0 = P).

The results of studies showed that swimming exercises can reduce the negative effects of NNK on MAPK and MDA levels to some extent, and it is possible that due to the anti-inflammatory role of swimming exercise activity can control the carcinogenic effect of NNK and protect the respiratory system in Equivalent to the carcinogen NNK.

Hypothyroidism is one of the thyroid disorders that increases the levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the vascular endothelium. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training and Nasturtium officinale consumption on the serum levels of hs-CRP and FABP4 in overweight subclinical hypothyroid patients.

This study is a single-blind randomized clinical trial that 40 people with overweight subclinical hypothyroidism with average age (30.50±6.41 year) and average weight (73.20±6.48 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: training, training + supplement, supplement and control. For 8 weeks, training and training + supplement groups followed the program of three sessions per week of high-intensity interval training and training + supplement and supplement groups followed the daily consumption of 500 mg of Nasturtium officinale extract supplement. Study variables were measured at the beginning and end of the study. The data were analyzed using paired t-tests, analysis of covariance and Tukey's post hoc analysis and using SPSS version 20 software at a significant level (P<0.05).

Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training and Nasturtium officinale supplement caused a significant decrease in hs-CRP and body mass index in training, training +supplement and supplement groups (P<0.05). While FABP4 was significantly decreased only in training groups (P<0.05).

It seems that intense interval training and Nasturtium officinale regulate energy metabolism and improve inflammation in overweight people with mild hypothyroidism.