پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 105 (زمستان 1401)

Concerns about market power and anti-competitive behavior in the agricultural sector are widespread, with studies showing that farmers are structurally in a weaker position than other market players, and that stronger supply chain actors systematically abuse their power over farmers and consumers. Therefore, this study investigates and estimates the behavior of market power in the marketing chain of horticultural products (for the case of orange fruits), using the Lerner index and the mark-up econometric model for the weekly product price data in the period of years 1394-99. The results of the Lerner index estimation show that the market power of wholesalers and retailers are 48% and 38% respectively. The obtained market power of 38% can be interpreted as follows: the 38% difference between retail and wholesale price is related to market power and 62% of this difference is based on the final cost. In other words, by using their market power, retailers have been able to charge 38% more than the price that was set based on the equality of the price with the final cost, according to the competitive market condition. Also, the results of the mark-up model also show the impact of price changes in each market level on the market power of other market levels.

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According to the product space theory, the probability that a country will be able to develop the production and export of a product, depends on its current capabilities in producing other products, which are closely related to that product. In this research, based on the product space theory, the export dynamics of Iranian food industry has been investigated. For this purpose, the density index, which is an important variable of the product space approach, is used in an econometric model as an explanatory variable. Then, the system GMM estimator is applied to estimate the model. The results indicate that the coefficient of the density index is positive and is statistically significant at the level of 1%. Therefore, product space theory is a powerful approach to identify new products in the food industry, in order to develop the industry and to diversify the country's export basket. According to this study, the following new products were identified in this industry: (1) flour and meal, (2) jam, jelly and fruit, (3) confectionery sugar, (3) fruit and nuts, (4) fruit juice, (5) cane and beet sugar, and (6) other plant products. Finally, based on the core of the product space theory, it is recommended that network cooperation is formed among manufacturing companies active in this industry, for adopting new technologies to develop new products.

This study aims to determine the optimal location of new chain stores based on geomarketing (location-based marketing) with a combined approach of TOPSIS and GIS. The statistical population included experts and customers of the retail industry (Janbo, Ofogh Kourosh, Haft, Refah, Shahrvand and Etka stores) in Tehran. In the expert section, using cluster sampling method from each cluster, 2 to 3 stores in the north, east, west, center and south were chosen and then 14 experts were selected from the clusters. In the customer section, 384 people who visited the chain stores were selected using the available non-random sampling method and questionnaires were distributed among them. Then, in the quantitative phase, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied for ranking in the expert section. Also, in the customer section, the Friedman ranking test with SPSS software was used. After collecting the required data and performing spatial analysis, maps related to the components and location indicators were generated using ArcMap software. In the following, a case study consisting of 3 proposed places in the 18th district of Tehran city was investigated for the establishment of a new store. Finally, the proposed stores were ranked using the TOPSIS method based on the decision matrix extracted from the opinions of experts, customers and GIS based maps. However, according to the case study conducted from the experts and customers’ point of view, it was determined that the location number 2 located in Rajaee Street in Tehran is suitable for opening a new store.

The purpose of this study is to identify the different dimensions of startup weekend event and to provide a model for its effectiveness. In this research, the mixed method (qualitative then quantitative) has been used. In the first phase of the research (qualitative phase), using the grounded theory, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 startup ecosystem experts by applying the snowball method, until the theoretical saturation was reached. The data obtained from the interview were coded in three stages: open, axial and selective, and finally the research model was presented. In the quantitative phase of the research, the research model was tested by presenting a questionnaire to the statistical population, which included 400 participants and event organizers across the country. Smart PLS and SPSS softwares were used to examine the relationships between the model variables. Findings show that the infrastructure and environment of a startup event can affect the effectiveness of the event. Event infrastructure includes the availability of economic conditions, the level of maturity of the ecosystem and the appropriate infrastructure for holding the event. The components of the event environment include the involvement of event organizers, audits, policy-making, facilitating international cooperation, sanctions, and government's dominant role in supporting the ecosystem.

Advertising nowadays plays an important role in marketing and service and product recognition, whereas there are many studies on supply chain and collaborative advertising. However, In the previous researches the advertising company was considered as an off-chain member that provided advertising goods and services to attract customers based on the order of the retailer or manufacturer. On the other hand, in the reality, manufacturers and retailers often face budget constraints to finance advertising, which limits their advertising activities. Therefore, in this study, for the first time an advertising company is analyzed as a new member in a two-tier supply chain, given the financial weakness of manufacturers and retailers in providing adequate funding for advertising, as well as the interest of advertising companies in sharing the profits of the chain instead of receiving advertising costs. For this purpose, the issue of partnership of advertising company with two-tier supply chain including manufacturer and retailer is raised. In this regard, instead of paying the all advertising costs to the advertising company, the manufacturer and retailer pay part of the costs and the rest is compensated by paying a percentage of their sales profit. This problem was modeled using the game theory approach and the optimal decisions of the chain members regarding pricing at the wholesale and retail levels, as well as the amount of participatory advertising at the three levels of wide or above the line, below the line and through the line were determined.

Environmental changes are sources of opportunities and threats for businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and analyze weak signals by managers in order to predict the future environmental changes of the business. Therefore, the current research aims to use the capacities and potentials of weak signals to analyze business environmental changes. This research is of applied-developmental type. In the first part of the study, a systematic review method was used. The results of the search for the articles related to the research areas of foresight, sensemaking, entrepreneurship research and strategic choice, were combined in a single list of articles. Then, in the second part of the study, qualitative data such as data from interviews and documents were used to understand and explain the phenomenon. Qualitative data were collected by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews and then were analyzed with the help of content analysis method, in order to obtain the indicators and components of the considered framework. The findings of the research indicate that managers can react appropriately to the company's environmental changes by applying the concepts of weak signals. They can go through three stages, namely identification, interpretation and action, in order to analyze the weak signals. In the first stage, managers can collect information from 11 sources, and in the second stage, they can interpret the collected information with the help of analytical elements such as sense creation, using intuition, thinking about the future, analyzing the signals, and using business intelligence, and then In the action stage of the analysis process, complete the weak signals analysis.

Due to the large number of goods provided in online stores, the daily change of goods prices and the impossibility of querying and registering this amount of prices by the operators, it is very necessary to develop a price estimation system for daily forecasting of goods prices with high accuracy. For this purpose, in this article, a new price estimation system was developed using the correlation matrix and linear regression. Due to the high error of linear regression in price prediction, an innovative linear regression method was formulated to increase the prediction accuracy and reduce the average error based on determining the importance of data in terms of time. The developed system was implemented on the real data of Negin Polad Naqsh Jahan Company (Ahanonline.com). The results indicate the high accuracy of the estimated prices by this model. Also, the results of the presented model were examined and analyzed considering the changes in the exchange rate of US Dollar. The results show that, most of the time, the presented heuristic regression has less error than other investigated methods.

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The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of supply chain risk on the buying behavior of active companies in Mobarakeh Steel Complex (MSC). This study, is of mixed type in terms of the nature and type of the data, is fundamental and applied in terms of the purpose, is descriptive in terms of implementation, and is exploratory in terms of method. The study was carried out in two stages using qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative stage, case study was used as the research methodology. The statistical population included the purchase managers from MSC and its suppliers, from which snowball sampling method was used to select 20 managers for interviews. Interview was used as the data collection tool, and the qualitative data analysis was carried out using the qualitative content analysis method. The analysis was performed using open, central and selective coding methods along with providing documentary evidence. In the quantitative stage, descriptive research method was applied to determine the size of the sample using Karjesi and Morgan's sampling table. Among more than 80 active supplier companies, a sample of 66 companies was selected, of which 62 completed questionnaires were obtained. The data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the risk of foreign suppliers and the buying behavior of industrial customers. In addition, the results of the study indicated that in the steel industry, communication systems and environmental factors have less impact than other factors, since suppliers are more concerned about price and quality, which are the main priorities of MSC.