مجله الجمعیه العلمیه الایرانیه للغه العربیه و آدابها، فصلیه علمیه محکمه
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 65، شتاء 2022)

Contemporary Arabic literary prose text is an important and unknown subject in Iran that has not been studied yet. In the contemporary period, among the types of this literary genre, Arabic letters have a special position in terms of quantity. One of the notable letters at the beginning of this period is a letter written by Fazel Grossi to his friend Mohammad Saeed Razavi Hamedani known as Mr. Saeed Mojtahed. The main purpose of writing this letter is to blame Mr. Saeed Mojtahed for remarrying a young girl. This letter has been considered in its time and several copies of it have been drafted. Due to the large number of poems mentioned in this letter, therefore, in the present study, intertextual examples are examined in this letter. For this purpose, Gérard Genette's intertextual theory is used. The most important result of the present study that we have achieved is that the author in this letter has used the poems of poets of different periods of Arabic poetry, until the end of the Abbasi period, and this shows that the author has extensive information about Arabic poetry from the beginning to end of the Abbasi period. Another result obtained from this research is that all the intertextual cases of the poem in this letter are explicit and obvious. In most of these cases, the narrator is not mentioned. The intertext in these cases is of the non-citation type. In cases where the poet's name is mentioned, the intertextual it is a citation type.

Modern Arabic literature is of great importance in teaching a foreign language, because it has a remarkable and tremendous impact in upgrading the four language skills of students, in addition to playing a distinguished role in their cultural and artistic aspects. It is necessary to develop the students’ desire in this subject, Based on this issue, the current study aims to study the desires and attitudes of Arabic language students in Iranian universities towards learning modern Arabic literature, according to the Toudovska checklist (2016 AD). study sample was limited to 56 male and female students in the universities of Isfahan and Shiraz. Arabic language students have an abundant desire to read and study short stories, as is the case in simplified texts that are proportional to their level of scientific proficiency, compared to other literary genres of poetry, novel and drama; With regard to students’ problems in understanding literary texts and the extent of their supervision, the teacher’s use of traditional strategies, the teaching of long literary texts, the emergence of unknown cultural issues in texts, and the failure to observe gradation from easy to difficult in teaching literary texts are among the most important problems that impede the learning process. In order to develop the desire and enhance the understanding of the learners in the subject of modern literature, the study proposes to provide the students with cultural information related to the literary text by the teacher, and to prepare a section of the educational content in the form of videos and present them to the learners at home, and to enhance interaction among them to read and study the texts, and to implement the various language exercises as a part complementary in the learning process.

The development of cognitive metaphor theory by Lykoff and Johnson led to much research on metaphor, and was pursued by Forceville with research on visual and multidimensional metaphor. This study in a descriptive-analytical framework to assess the appropriateness of the Forceville framework for analyzing Arbaeen Arabic posters, expressing the similarity of origin and destination in Multidimensional metaphors are used to convey cultural and value concepts through a combination of image and text, with the ultimate goal of creating a cognitive motivation for the Arbaeen. For this purpose, by reviewing about 30 posters in news agencies with Arbaeen content, three posters containing metaphorical concepts were selected and then the posters were examined in terms of matching the metaphorical concept at the level of words and images. Findings show that Arbaeen advertising posters have metaphorical and pictorial schemas; they all have both visual and linguistic components that communicate and complement each other. In posters, the text has a reinforcing function rather than a purely stabilizing function. In addition to linguistic information, other information of the same type of images along with the cultural context helps to establish the factors in the images.

Psychological critique of literary texts and works of art is one of the most prominent methods of critique to identify the personality of the author. This type of literary criticism tries to study the influence of the environment, society and traditions on the development of these currents by explaining the inner flow and inner state of the poet. As the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud was able to provide a new reading of literary texts and works of art through the author's psychological analysis through his work. He stated that the human psyche has tools to relieve stress and self-defense, which are called psychological defense mechanisms. Examining such mechanisms reveals the reasons for some seemingly normal behaviors and speech. Poets' poems are one of the literary types in which the reflection of the personality of the creator of the work is reflected. Ibn Rumi is one of the prominent satirists of the Abbasid era that life did not show him happiness and in his being he felt physical and social humiliations, as a result of which his satires became the arena of his mental complexes. This study tries to explain Ibn Rumi's personality through her satires in the framework of Freud's theory of psychological defense mechanisms with a descriptive-analytical method, with a psychological critique approach. This study tries to explain Ibn Rumi's personality through his satires in the framework of Freud's theory of psychological defense mechanisms with a descriptive-analytical method, with a psychological critique approach and explain the inner conflict of his personality and show its effects on his life and the world outside. The result of the research shows that Ibn Rumi used psychological defense mechanisms such as identification with aggression, displacement in the description of Nature, return to adolescence, compensation, argument.

Since images play a significant role in educational texts, its systematic application could simplify learning and increase learners' cognitive performance. In present study, images of first grade of high school Arabic textbooks were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in terms of various aspects of representation, including development, character and setting based on the social semiotics of Kress & van Leeuwen (2006) and in what manner to convey the meaning of images proper to learners' knowledge and their cognitive and perceptual progress on the basis of Guo and Feng's Ontogenetic perspective (2015). The results displayed that in most images in the modes of representational meaning, there is no appropriate pattern in the selection of images in the seventh to ninth grades in accordance with the procedure of cognitive and perceptual progress of learners; Because in reviewing the development mode, progressive and cognitive changes have not been fully observed from the narrative process method to the concept in the pictures of seventh to ninth grade textbooks. In the character mode, progressive and cognitive changes from cartoon images to real images have not been observed and only individual and group characters have been used to some extent. In terms of setting mode, there are no progressive and cognitive changes from indigenous to non-indigenous environments in the seventh to ninth grade images. The results of this research can assist the authors to select appropriate images with developmental and cognitive modifications of learners to facilitate their learning in future editions of these textbooks.

Stories represent the specific circumstances of human life; therefore, fictional characters can be analyzed based on psychological theories. Abraham Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs is one of the most famous anthropological theories. In this theory, human needs are divided into five categories: physiological needs, security needs, emotional needs, the need for respect, and the need for self-fulfillment. According to Maslow's theory, the needs of the pyramid base must first be met in order for the needs of the top of the pyramid to emerge; That is, man must first meet physiological needs to reach the needs of safety, respect, and love, the stage of self-actualization. Achieving each stage is conditional on meeting the needs of the previous stage. In this article, using the analytical-descriptive method, we seek to examine the main character of the novel Al-Khabz Al-Hafi by Mohammad Shokri based on the Maslow needs pyramid. In this story, first, overcoming physiological needs such as food, clothing and housing, and the need for security is also part of the needs of the main character of the story. The basic needs of this character are not met in the story to the extent that there is no trace of the need for respect or self-fulfillment that lies in the later stages of the pyramid.

Postcolonial critique is one of the important approaches in the field of cultural and literary studies. Spivak, the founder of the post-colonial inferiority theory, by studying the methods of neo-colonialism and internal exploitation and its impact on the societies of the third world, introduced its methods and consequences. Spivak believes that preserving and spreading hidden and open ethnic and gender traditions and prejudices in the long-standing system of patriarchy is one of the most important and common methods of domestic rulers in order to keep oppressed societies backward. Spivak is one of the few thinkers who emphasizes the importance of the presence of intellectuals in the lives of the poor. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, the story of Urs al-Zein, written by Tayyab Saleh, a native writer of Sudan, is examined as a post-colonial text, based on some of Spivak's ideas about inferiorities. Saleh has created and narrated the story in question on the threshold of the first years of independence and relative prosperity of the country of Sudan. For this reason, in this article, an attempt is made to prove that Saleh, in addition to reflecting the needs and problems of the rural society, is positively influenced by this historical and political situation, and describes the process of the gradual growth of the individual and social identity of the indigenous and intellectual characters of the story, and Saleh tries to depict the effective role of their voice and agency in the awakening and formation of liberation movements among the special group of Farudostan. According to Spivak's theories that the formation of a collective thinking that has the ability to transform the views of the subjugated and lead to the establishment of a moral relationship in oppressed societies is a difficult matter and requires a lot of time, Saleh ends the story with a vision, optimistic and reflective and by presenting a symbolic allegory, it makes possible the establishment of this moral relationship in the hypothetical community of his village.

Jahiz, one of the pioneers of ancient literary criticism, that has gone beyond mere verve criticism and introduced the most important principles of criticism, is one of the most influential critics in directing literary criticism towards rhetorical criticism. As a Adib and Mu'tazilite theologian, who pays attention to the order and aesthetic foundations of the Qur'an in order to prove its miracle; he also pays attention to the beauty of form in evaluating a literary work, to the extent that in Jahiz’s era, literature and poetry were called industries. On the other hand, one of the important critical approaches of the early twentieth century is Russian formalism, in which the founders considered the text’s literary nature to be the subject of literary science and, in a scientific way, they established principles for discovering the laws that make up the literary form. Based on the conducted researches, Jahiz's views on critique are not unrelated to the formalist approach and it even may be fully consistent with it. Explaining this issue and how much Jahiz's critical votes support such a claim is a matter for which this article is responsible and, based on the most prominent principles of Russian formalist critique, tries through descriptive-analytical method, to root out Jahiz's important cash votes in his two books, Al-Bayan wa Al-Tabyin and Al-Hayawan. Studies have shown that there is sufficient evidence in Jahiz's works to prove Jahiz's formalistic approach; based on which, this approach can be considered as one of the dominant approaches of ancient Arabic literary criticism.

The Holy Quran contains fascinating and endless wonders and beauties in the field of expression and literature. Some of these beauties are expressed in the form of verses that are the same in terms of subject matter and lexical structure and are only slightly different in letters or words, which are called "literally similar verses". Undoubtedly, the order of words in the verses of the Holy Quran has been done on the basis of a wise system, in which each word has had its proper place in the semantic process of the word, and in between, distances have their role as a beautifying factor. Intervals are letters of the same shape in the passages of verses that lead to a better understanding of the meanings and at the end of the verses have a special place due to their dominance over the content of the verses, which is very effective in interpreting the verse. Accordingly, the present research, by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to find the wisdom of the effect of similar verses on different intervals and to discover the relationship between similar verbal verses and their distances. Also, the pursuit of semantic beauties and introductory, rhetorical and contextual points along with aesthetic interpretation is based on the harmony of distances. After the context, indulgence in eloquence, rhythm and music of the surahs can be the reason for the difference in the distances of each surah, which gives each surah a special melody.

Cognitive linguistics, as a modern interdisciplinary, by examining the relationship between mind and language, believes that language is a mind representation. Thus, by deeply investigating the poems of the pre-Islamic period (622-494 AD) through cognitive semantics methods, we can figure out the mentality of poets according to their environment and living style. Hatim Ta'i is among Pre-Islamic poets, whose poetry's analysis can present his thinking system. Considering "war" as one of the most important life affairs of his period, presenting a new research with a cognitive approach on Hatim Ta'i's poem can help us in identifying the poet's intellectual system in particular, and social life in the pre-Islamic period in general. So metaphorical and metonymic expressions have been extracted and analyzed according to Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The results show that Hatim Ta'i has used the objective matters available in the pre-Islamic period, such as fire and animal, to embody "war" in the mind of the audience in the form of a conceptual metaphor. Moreover, in the conceptual metonymies, mentioning the subtle aspects and details of war, warfare and warriors indicates the very high connection of this social phenomenon with the poet's life.