نشریه علوم ورزش
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1401)

Date palm pollen (DDP), which is found in the male date tree, actually fertilizes the female date tree, which is necessary for the growth of date fruit. It has long been used in traditional medicine as a medicinal plant with fertility effects and increased libido. The information obtained from the studies shows that this pollen, due to its antioxidant and gonadotropin-stimulating compounds, can increase fertility and sexual potency in both women and men with two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is this effect on the stimulation of gonadotrophic hormones and the second is a reduction of oxidative stress in the testicular tissue and consequently a protective effect on the testicular tissue. Due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, the consumption of this pollen also applies its health-enhancing effects to other tissues such as the liver, intestines, and heart. In recent years, researchers have paid attention to this pollen as an important factor to strengthen the health-enhancing effects of physical activity (PA), and researchers have investigated the simultaneous effect of this pollen and PA. Despite the few studies done, it seems that this pollen can enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of regular PAs. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to further studies in this area.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effective factors (causal, intervening and contextual) on development of handball sport of IRAN using the grounded theory. This research was exploratory research and a qualitative in nature. The data gathered through documents and interview for 14 handball experts in deep-interview and semi-structured forms. The sample selected through subjective sampling and snowball approach and interviewing continued to get theoretical saturation. Then, data analyzed by grounded theory in coding process included three steps: open, axial and selective coding. The findings indicated that there were 259 effective items (open code) in the causal factors section, that were formed into 19 sub-categories and four main categories; individual factors, development resources, managerial-organizational factors and sports participation. In the contextual factors section, 53 items were classified in seven categories; handball factors, legal factors, economic factors, geographical factors, social factors, cultural factors and political factors. Also in the intervening section, 34 items were classified in two subcategories: facilitators and limiters. Generally, the effective factors obtained from this study can helpgovernment officials in making decisions and adopting appropriate strategies for the development of handball in the country.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenomenon of exclusion from the workplace in sports and youth departments in western Iran. The present study was field research in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection. To conduct this research, through a comprehensive review of the research and also using the opinion of experts, 23 factors of the phenomenon of exclusion from the workplace were identified. Then, using interpretive structural modeling technique and using a questionnaire, the factors were classified into thirteen groups. Then, after identifying the levels of each factor and also considering the final availability matrix, the final model of the interpretive structure was drawn. In the quantitative part, the research method was descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study consisted of employees of sports and youth departments of Kermanshah, Ilam, Sanandaj and Hamedan (n = 250). The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula equal to 152 people and in order to prevent sample loss, 200 questionnaires were randomly distributed in classes. The instrument used in the quantitative section was a researcher-made scale based on the qualitative section. Cronbach's validity and alpha were also confirmed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that 23 factors including psychological factors, emotional intelligence, belonging to foreign groups in the organization, performance reduction, rejection, organizational factors, negative behaviors at the individual level, organizational status, negative behaviors at the group level, job deviation, rational response, no need for colleagues, personal pride, negative behaviors at the organizational level, emotional response, emotional intelligence, characteristics of working groups, organizational culture, belonging to political groups, gender differences, ethnic differences, meaning and differences in values ​​to The factors involved in the phenomenon of exclusion from the workplace were identified.

The present study aimed to study the impact of war and terrorism on the image of Middle Eastern sport. The research method was correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts in the field of sport and politics. Purposeful sampling was used to identify these samples. The sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 52 individuals were identified as the sample. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were assessed. Structural equation method was used for data analysis. All data analysis was done in SPSS and PLS software. The results of the study showed that military warfare has an effect of -0.198 on the Middle East sport aspect. Also, psychological warfare has an effect of -0.387 on the Middle East sport. The results of the present study showed that terrorism has an effect of -0.540 on the Middle East sport aspect. The present study found that economic warfare and cyber warfare had no significant effect on Middle Eastern sport.

The importance of paying attention to environmental issues has led to the identification of the green information system today as a new move to promote the environment. The purpose of this study was to present an effective barriers model to green information system in Islamic Azad University sport departments. The research type in terms of objective was applied and in terms of data collection was a descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study consisted of all managers and staffs of Islamic Azad University sport departments throughout the country, 340 of whom were selected as the sample of the study. A total of 320 questionnaires were analyzed. The research instrument consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity was assessed using expert opinions, construct validity using factor analysis and its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha calculation method (α = 0.82 ). Statistical analysis method in this study included factor analysis test as well as structural equation test. All data analysis was done in SPSS, MicMac and PLS software. The results showed that all the relationships of the research were significant from 1.96 due to higher T level. Therefore, the structural model specified in the study was approved.

Ambush marketing is a creative and daring method, while in many ways it creates legal barriers to this method, but there are many methods that do ambiguous marketing in a legal way. The aim of this study was to identify the effective factors in the marketing of sports products with the foundation data approach. The research method was qualitative and based on data theorizing. In this study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect information and data analysis was performed by Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. The statistical population of the study includes marketing experts and sports management professors who had an article or writings in the field of research. The reliability of the interviews was 0.85 by intra-subject agreement study. A total of 89 conceptual propositions were created from open source and 6 axes from the process of communication between codes and 6 selected codes to develop the main phenomenon. The results showed that 6 factors affect business ethics, creativity and innovation, citizenship rights, laws and regulations, surprise advertising and utilitarianism. Therefore, novelty and attractive design in advertising, non-social discrimination, attention to citizenship obligations, creation and strengthening of social norms, sustainability of advertising, increasing the desire to share advertising in the audience, cultural utilitarianism are suggested.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the infrastructure of physical education in the Iranian education system. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is combined in terms of method (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population included professors and experts in the field of physical education. Sampling was done purposefully through snowball technique and based on theoretical saturation criteria. In this regard, 18 interviews were conducted. Data collection tools were semi-structured interview and structural self-interaction matrix questionnaire. The data in the first part were analyzed using the themes analysis method and the findings were categorized in the form of basic, organized and comprehensive themes and a network of themes was created. Also, using the interpretive structural model, the leveling of the identified infrastructures was done. The results showed that the infrastructure of physical education as a comprehensive theme includes 127 basic themes and 11 organizational themes that can be classified into 5 levels and the results showed that sustainable financial infrastructure, administrative-managerial infrastructure, facilities and equipment infrastructure and human infrastructure are the most basic infrastructures of physical education. Knowing and paying attention to infrastructure can affect the future of the country's health. In this regard, providing a suitable and equipped sports environment and providing sustainable financial resources and the use of specialized and experienced teachers can ensure the health of students and the future community.

Beach soccer is one of the emerging sports that has attracted the attention of most countries in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the development of beach soccer in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design an interpretive structural model of barriers to the development of beach soccer in Iran. This research is applied in terms of purpose and data collection was done in the field and in a mixed qualitative and quantitative manner. The statistical population in the quantitative part, including the officials of the beach soccer committee of the federation and the football delegations, the managers of the clubs and the coaches of the national beach soccer teams, was equal to 50 in total and in the qualitative part, 18 experts. Due to the limitation of members, the statistical sample was equal to the community. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 16 items which was designed based on a comprehensive study of sources and opinions of the qualitative research sample and using the Delphi method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 university professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.88). Barriers were inserted in the form of structural self-interaction and a qualitative sample was provided as a questionnaire. ISM technique was used to level the obstacles and determine the priority of the action. Based on the findings, the obstacles were classified into seven levels. Obstacles to the lack of a development plan and the lack of attention of federation officials and football delegations to the development of beach soccer were at the basic level of the model. In general, it can be said that more attention of the officials of the Football Federation and the delegations on the design and implementation of the strategic plan will facilitate the removal of many intermediate and top obstacles of the model.

The present study was designed to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of faculty members' empowerment in the field of mass media. The present study was mixed in terms of practical purpose and method of data collection. The instruments used in this study were a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section included some experts aware of the subject of the research who had full knowledge of the issues related to the empowerment of faculty members in the field of mass media. The statistical population also included a small number of faculty members of Iranian universities who were familiar with the subject of research. According to Morgan's table, 118 people were identified as the research sample. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part of the present study was content analysis. Also, elongation and skewness indices were used to investigate the data distribution (normal or abnormal) and to investigate and answer to research questions and to draw and develop a measurement model and a structural model. The results showed that a total of 26 components in 7 categories including reward, technical, cultural, occupational, educational, supervisory and personal factors had an effect on improving the empowerment of faculty members in the field of mass media.

CrossFit is one of the growing high-intensity functional training modes. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a CrossFit training on anthropometric indices, aerobic power and time to exhaustion in female futsal players. Twenty-four female futsal players with mean age of 20 ± 2 years and mean weight of 56.12 ± 6.86 kg were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=12) and control (n=12). Subjects performed the tests including Bruce's test, composition assessment two days before and after the training. The training group performed CrossFit training for four weeks, two days per week and 35-40 minutes per session, and the control group performed only their daily activities during this period. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and independent t-test at the significant level of P<0.05. The results of paired sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference between body weight, BMI, %BF, WHR, BFM, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and time to exhaustion in control and training groups in pre- and post-test. Also, the results of independent sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference between above mentioned variables in control and training groups after 4 weeks. In conclusion, according to the findings of this study, CrossFit training for 4 weeks, two days a week had no effect on improving anthropometric indices, aerobic power and time to exhaustion in female futsal players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social undermining and person - organization fit with Job performance of physical education teachers in Karaj city. The research method was descriptive – correlational.  The population of research was physical teacher in Karaj city. 160 physical education teachers selected by stratified random method and were consisted as sample of this study. Social undermining of Duffy et al. (2002), person - organization fit of Findik et al. (2013) and job performance Monero et al. (2015) were used for measuring research variables.  The results of Pearson correlation showed that there were a negative significant correlation between social undermining and person- organization fit and also social undermining with job performance in physical education teachers. Results of multi regression showed that person- organization fit and social undermining could predict the job performance of physical education teachers. According to the results of this study it is recommended that managers of organization pay attention to factors that could have negative effects on teachers’ job performance.

The purpose of this study was to design and test a model for analyzing the development of workers' sport system in Iran. This research was a descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of managers, experts and trainers in the field of workers' sport. The statistical sample was adequately selected to test the model in the PLS software (n=153- purposeful sampling). The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire with 99 questions and 19 variables on a 5-point Likert scale. Content validity (11 experts), reliability (Cronbach's alpha), and construct validity (model fitting) were evaluated and validated. The conceptual model consisted of six levels with their subset variables: Field level (social support and environmental capacity), Structure level (trustee institutions, strategic executive capability, and division of work across sectors and sub-divisions), Ability level (innovation and diversification in worker sport, knowledge and technology system, human resource management and supply, physical resource management and financing, and financial management and management), Process level (sporting events, sporting needs assessment, sports acculturation, general sport training and sports services to workers), Performance level (workers' athletic ability, workers' athletic achievement and workers' sport participation) and the level of outcome (sustainable development of worker sport). The modeling results showed that the relationships among all the variables of the model were significant, and the model fit. Based on the model it can be said that the development of worker sport in the context of contextual factors, through structural improvement, Upgrading and deploying capabilities, Process Integration and performance effectiveness leads to sustainable development.

Organizational image is an issue that has attracted the attention of many organizations. Organizations can achieve the highest levels of progress by creating a positive organizational image. The aim of this study was to identify the dimensions and components of the organizational picture of Isfahan Sports and Youth Organization. This research was qualitative research and the type of thematic analysis. The statistical population of this study included specialists, experts and people familiar with the subject of research and sampling was available. To extract the main components of the organizational picture, a semi-structured interview was used and 10 specialists and knowledgeable people were interviewed on the research topic. Coding process was used in three stages of open, central and selective coding to analyze the data obtained from the interviews.Then, using Strauss and Corbin method, 12 components (perception of educational performance, perception of public relations performance, perception of organizational technology, perception of physical environment and organizational symbols, perception of human relations index, perception of cultural activities, perception of management, Perceptions of the organization's reputation and background, perceptions of research performance, perceptions of innovation, perceptions of the future, and financial prospects and perceptions of the work environment were identified and presented.