نشریه محیط شناسی راهبردی جمهوری اسلامی ایران
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 21، زمستان 1401)

Iran’s shipping industry, with a share of 88% of total commercial transport, is one of the main drivers of foreign trade and economic development, which has faced severe sanctions.Shipping is of great importance in strategic policies for reasons such as the high share of the country's total commercial transport, its position in the export of oil and non-oil goods, as well as the import of basic goods.Thus, the dependence of a significant part of Iran's trade on shipping, the complex mechanisms of sanctions, along with the development and establishment of a regime to monitor and inspect their implementation, has increased the effectiveness of Iran's shipping sanctions in reducing trade and economic indicators.Accordingly, the important question that arises is,What is the mechanism of imposing shipping sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran and the strategic consequences of these sanctions? In response to this question, using a descriptive-analytical method, first of all, the mechanism and regime of imposing shipping sanctions are discussed, and then the effects of sanctions include "increasing pressure on managers, captains and crew active in the field of shipping", "increasing shipping costs", "linking Iran's shipping industry to Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "Dependency on secondary ports","complicating the process of countering sanctions by Iran","Increasing the Distance of Ships to their destination","declining Labor Force in Shipping" And "increased risk of maritime trade with Iran".

The Mediterranean Sea has sensitive geopolitics for the three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, whose importance has multiplied in recent years due to the discovery of hydrocarbon reserves. The increase in regional tensions, which has caused the expansion of the military presence of trans-regional powers, is an indicator of the increasing military importance of the Mediterranean Sea. The present article seeks to examine the importance of the Mediterranean Sea for trans-regional powers in the discussion of their military presence. It has been carried out as systematic quantitative research with a descriptive method. In order to answer the research questions, the authors used scientific texts and questionnaires and measured their reliability using SPSS software. The statistical population of this research consists of experts and elites in political science, international relations and economics, as well as graduate and doctoral students in Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabai universities, who study in the fields mentioned above, as the sample population of this research. A total of 70 people have been determined. Also, the collected data has been analyzed through the fuzzy Delphi method. The results are as follows; Strengthening NATO against Russia (USA), creating a high capacity for quick reaction in the region (USA), maintaining the security of the sea and land route of the One Road-One Belt initiative (China), countering NATO activities (Russia), reducing vulnerability in times of surprise ( Russia) is one of the most important reasons for the military presence of America, China and Russia in the Mediterranean Sea.

Ethnicity and ethnocentrism, which arise from racial differences, have always been important in social and political studies and researches, which have had an impact on national security, development and growth of societies. Therefore, for this reason, this research with the topic of examining the unequal opportunities among the ethnic groups of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its security consequences, with a descriptive-analytical method and using field and library collection tools, tries to explain the degree of importance and prioritization of each of The criteria and indicators of the inequality of opportunities for ethnic groups, its causes and how to answer convincingly. This research aims to answer the main question, whether unequal opportunities have arisen among the different ethnic groups of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and if so, what are the security implications of that? And what are the ways to eliminate or reduce these unequal opportunities? Finally, the original achievements and results of this article reach five factors such as; "Implementation of social policy", "Implementation of cultural policy", "Implementation of uniform economic development", "Implementation of religious pluralism theory" and "Implementation of ethnic diversity management in the country" J.A. according to the upstream documents" was that these factors were very effective on the variable of examining unequal opportunities among the ethnic groups of the Islamic Republic of Iran, so the above result is consistent with the result of the questionnaire and The validity and reliability of this research increased.

The main purpose of this article is to address the issue of internal security from the perspective of "public persuasion" and "national authority". The main question is how and with what mechanism is the internal security of the Islamic Republic of Iran ensured? The hypothesis of the article is that the current structures of the Islamic Republic lack the necessary talent and capacity to strengthen public persuasion and the application of national authority, and without this important, any external deepening and international authority of the system will not be permanent. Therefore, stable internal security will not be achieved except with a positive view of the security category; Because any political system that does not pay attention to the voice of the people and the differences in the views and political-cultural approaches of the society, and cannot give an authentic answer to social demands, and on the other hand, lacks the necessary unity and cohesion within the government itself, that is, a system that is not persuasive. It focuses on the public and does not have national authority, it will gradually become a self-destructive / self-destructive system. The research method is descriptive-explanatory in terms of research type and qualitative method in terms of research methodology. The method of data collection is library, internet, documents and field studies/experimental observations.

Geopolitical threats are a type of threats that threaten the security and national interests of countries based on existing geopolitical factors and realities. In the meantime, due to its own identity and geopolitics, the Republic of Iran has been threatened and even violated in many cases in the first step of the Islamic Revolution. But in the end, despite the political, economic and military-security ups and downs, he was able to repel the threats and even turn some of them into opportunities and take effective steps in the direction of shaping the desired regional geopolitical order. But now, at the beginning of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, step by step with the progress and successes achieved in the domestic and international arenas, the enmity of the enemies of identity and power has become more visible, the fields of threats have become wider and the horizon of confrontation has become clearer. The current situation and conditions and the prospects ahead in the second step of the Islamic revolution have doubled the need to recognize the regional geopolitical threats against Iran. Therefore, in this research, the trend of the evolution of the geopolitical order in the Southwest Asia region has been investigated and analyzed with the method of qualitative analysis, and further, based on the GT method, the main categories of text extraction, existing and emerging threats against the existence J.A. Iran and the existence of the Islamic Revolution, explained and based on the Strauss-Corbin systematic model, effective strategies to deal with geopolitical threats have been presented.Ukraine's military doctrine is changing from "defensive to deterrence and becoming offensive." Russia's military doctrine has changed from "offensive to defensive" in some areas.