نشریه پاسخ
پیاپی 27 (پاییز 1401)

The issue of the justice of the Companions is one of the most important and challenging issues in the history of early Islam. The great scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah have considered all the Companions to be righteous based on the Qur'an and hadith evidences. The most important reason presented for the justice of the Companions is the verse of Rezvan, according to which, it is claimed that all the Companions or all those present at the pledge of allegiance to Rezvan were righteous. This research evaluates the justice of all companions or participants with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this article show that: First, from the verse of Rizvan, the justice of all the Companions participating in the pledge of allegiance is not proven. Secondly: Rizwan's pledge of allegiance cannot prove the justice of all companions in all times. This verse only indicates God's approval in a conditional way and that too at the same time and from a special group of companions present in the pledge of allegiance. The main reasons for criticizing the justice of the Companions in this verse are two issues; First, God's satisfaction is exclusive to the time of the revelation of this verse. Another thing is that the many mistakes of the Companions, which are also found in the writings of Sunnis, are a kind of violation of their justice.

Paying attention to the sin of Adam (pbuh) and the crucifixion of Jesus (pbuh) are two basic pillars of Christianity. Just imagine, if Adam (pbuh) had not committed a sin at the beginning of creation, there would have been no need for Christ (pbuh) to be crucified centuries later. Considering that the missionary activities of Christians have expanded significantly in recent years, it is necessary to evaluate these concepts. The purpose of this research is the critical analysis of these two principles of Christianity, which was done with the library method. This research has investigated these two pillars of Christianity with a rational criterion. Including: according to the teachings of the Bible, mankind has been punished in this world due to the sin of Adam (PBUH) and there will be no consequences beyond that. In addition to that, it is logically impossible for the sin of Adam (pbuh) to spread to the children of mankind, and humanity is not infected with this sin to need to be redeemed. Even in such a situation, God, with His power, could forgive the sins of mankind without sacrificing Jesus Christ (pbuh).

Like the Prophets of the past, the Prophet of Islam invited people to religion by using his wisdom, preaching, and divine miracles, but some were not convinced and asked for other miracles. ‬‬‬‬‬‬This study, with the methods of descriptive-analytical and library research, has investigated the motivations of asking for miracles of suggestion on behalf of some people and doing it on the part of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). Since this issue has received less attention from researchers, therefore there are not many written works about it. The author's goal is to explain it more by explaining the examples of miracles of suggestion, the motives of petitioners, and the motives of accepting them. This research has been done with the hypothesis that among the motivations of the requesters of such miracles were the fight against the spread of Islam, making excuses, and stubbornness. The results indicate that in most cases, the petitioners' goal was not to recognize the truth and faith in it, but rather it was done with motives such as mockery and denial of the mission, coveting, craving, making excuses, and stubbornness. Acceptance of performing such miracles by the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) has also been done for two reasons proving the veracity of the prophecy and closing the ways of making excuses and completing the proof.

Religious nurture methods are two important parts of the structure of any educational school. Islam, as the last and most comprehensive religion, contains the collection of knowledge and teachings necessary to form a complete and comprehensive school of nurture. However, its scientific structure has not yet been completed as it should be. Some of the opponents of Islam claim that the main and only method of Islamic nurture is to frighten and lure people from childhood, citing one of the Qur'anic methods of nurture, i.e. the method of warning and tidings. Therefore, a kind of animal psychology has been used that ignores the freedom and dignity of the human personality. In the present article, by reviewing Islamic nurture methods in relation to children and teenagers, we have explained briefly the strategies recommended by religious leaders for three consecutive periods of seven years. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library type.

In addition to the great and hopeful support of the people on the way to the Islamic Revolution, he has faced individual declines at the level of political currents and influential political and non-political figures as well as the general public. This phenomenon can be studied and investigated from psychological, sociological, historical, and political perspectives and its results are necessary to increase associations and reduce declines. In this study, with a descriptive-analytical method and a library study, the factors of decline during the Islamic Revolution have been reread from the perspective of the Supreme Leader as a visionary and vigilant observer of the Islamic Revolution. From his point of view, individual declines in the front of the Islamic revolution include a variety of religious, moral, social, and political factors. These factors include weak belief in values and lack of insight and vision, weakness of political analysis, putting people as criteria instead of right, worldliness, extreme party affiliations, lack of knowledge about current conditions and enemies, lack of demarcation with Enemy, lack of endurance, tiredness from continuing the path, ambition, love and hate, mental complexes, and incorrect analysis of events. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬