In order to provide a precise concept of the term health promotion, and especially to explain the position of this concept as an interdisciplinary term, carrying out several purely theoretical discussions, in which one of the audiences works in the field of humanities is a necessity. In other words, it seems essential to seriously consider the relationship between the concept of health promotion as a data and a relatively new term with various fields of humanities. One of the sciences that can be considered in this study, its interaction with health promotion be examined is medical history. The present article endeavors to introduce a set of the most important data related to medical history in Iran, and to discuss how medical history can help the promotion of health. This research is based on the paying attention to history and its branches (including medical history) and the insistence that in the exchange of data between health promotion and medical history, we are faced with a series of interdisciplinary concepts and knowledge, including theoretical precursors. At present, there is a relatively specialized library on the subject of medical history at the Academy of Medical Sciences. Getting familiar with the diverse set of information resources available in this library, along with providing a relatively accurate report of the contribution of some documents, data and institutions to formation of the national health system of the country can elucidate the aforementioned issues. Accordingly, considering history-based researches, several strategies for using medical history in the field of health promotion have been proposed.

Coronaviruses, with single-stranded RNA, are widespread and cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, and neurological diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Padzahr capsules to control clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 in a pilot clinical study.

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial study that was conducted in the summer and autumn of 1400 AD (2021) in Mazandaran province. The statistical population comprised COVID-19 patients based on the Iranian protocol and based on the set criteria. In this study, 68 definitive patients were randomly divided into intervention (Padzahr) and control groups. All patients admitted with COVID-19 in the infectious ward received routine corona treatment drugs, and the intervention group were additionally administered six Padzahr capsules per day (manufactured by NIAK with license number 0385-94). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version: 17) using the ITT method. The criterion for statistical significance was a value of P less than 0.05.

At the time of admission, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of severity of signs and symptoms (p> 0.05); The severity of signs and symptoms during hospitalization did not show a statistically significant difference. At 14-day follow-up, 28 patients in the drug group and 24 patients in the control group responded. Twenty-two patients (78.6%) in the drug group and 11 patients (45.8%) in the control group reported complete improvement of symptoms. No side effects were observed or reported in Padzahr users.

Padzahr caused a decrease in the severity of signs and symptoms of COVID-19 disease, but did not show a statistically significant difference compared to the control group during hospitalization. At follow-up two weeks later, the intervention group had better conditions and fewer symptoms.

Use of anesthetics is one of the main elements of surgery by eliminating the feeling of pain and reaction to painful factors. Due to lower toxicity compared with chemical drugs, herbal medicines can be used to reduce undesirable side effects of these drugs. Persian medicine literature has mentioned use of poppy seed oil to relieve headaches and insomnia in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the topical effect of poppy seed oil on anesthesia parameters such as analgesic, hypnotic and muscle relaxant properties in New Zealand white rabbits.

Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits were evaluated in 5 groups of 5 (one control group and four experimental groups). The control group was anesthetized only by intramuscular injection of Ketamine and Xylazine. Experimental group 1 received 3 drops of poppy seed oil in one ear one hour before anesthesia, experimental group 2 received 10 drops of oil on the inner skin of long cartilage of one ear two hours before anesthesia, experimental group 3 received 3 drops of oil in both ears one hour before anesthesia, and group 4 received 10 drops of oil on the inner skin of the long cartilage of both ears two hours before anesthesia.

In analysis of variance (ANOVA), the anesthesia duration in experimental groups 1, 3 and 4 was significantly equal. In experimental groups 1 and 3, the mean analgesia duration and deep anesthesia duration were significantly increased compared with the control group. In none of the groups were changes in vital signs worrying, and all were within the approved range during rabbit anesthesia.

Topical application of poppy seed oil in New Zealand white rabbits lead to hypnosis, analgesia and deep anesthesia with muscle relaxant property and had anesthetic and hypnotic effects.

Peptic ulcer is one of the ailments of the digestive system. Due to side effects and emergence of drug resistance , there is a tendency to use natural products. Cucurbita moschata Duchesne has medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of this plant on ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in an animal model.

After preparing Cucurbita moschata Duchesne skin extract, gastric ulcer was induced by oral administration of ethanol . Mice were grouped as follows: positive control group (receiving omeprazole at a dose of 2, 10 mg/kg), negative control group, protective group receiving plant extracts at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg (gavage), healthy group, and treatment group (under treatment for one week after ulcer induction). Protective plant extract and omeprazole were administered for one week before ulcer induction. Subsequently, macroscopic and microscopic examination of gastric mucosal tissue and H&E staining were performed.

The rate of ulcer reduction index in the omeprazole-treated group and the protective and extract treatment groups was significant higher compared with the control group. The lowest ulcer index belonged to the group receiving protective extract with a dose of 200 mg/kg and the group receiving therapeutic extract with a dose of 200 mg/kg. Microscopic appearance of gastric mucosa showed mild mucosal ulcers, and reduction of inflammatory cells in groups that had received different doses of squash bark extract. Gastrointestinal microscopic appearance showed no gastric mucosal detachment, mild mucosal bleeding, fragmentary and mild necrosis of gastric mucosal epithelium, and better order and organization of gastric glands in the omeprazole group compared with other groups.

Ethanol use causes peptic ulcer. Also, treatment with Cucurbita moschata Duchesne peel extract improves healing of ulcers, which is significantly difference with the control group.

A wide range of various diseases including auto-immune and autoinflammatory illnesses are associated with inflammatory processes. Most metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, gout and various cancers have an inflammatory nature. Use corticosteroid anti-inflammatory drugs is accompanied by extensive serious side effects. This research was performed considering that swellings mentioned in Persian Medicine (PM) sources are very similar to inflammation in classical medicine in terms of clinical symptoms, and that natural anti-inflammatory drugs usually have less side effects compared with synthetic drugs.

This research is a review study of valuable PM sources including Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Al-Mansouri fi al-Tibb, Makhzan al-Adwiya, Makhazin al-Ta'līm, Tazkirat al-Ilaj, Tuhfat ul-Momineen. Medicinal substances recommended for inflammations and swellings were identified and categorized. For more accuracy, scientific names of these medicinal substances were matched with contemporary botanical references. To confirm the pharmacological activities of these drugs, valuable electronic sources such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were queried.

This research yielded 150 medicinal substances that were categorized by their effects on inflammations and swellings. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of these substances are similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (usually prostaglandin inhibition), anti-inflammatory pathways of glucocorticoids, or combinational anti-inflammatory effects mechanism due to production of secondary metabolites.

Some of the medicinal substances found in this study have specific effects on a disease, while others ameliorate inflammations and swellings via systemic effects. Contemporary research (in vitro and in vivo) confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of some of these drugs, but more studies are needed to prepare these substances as acceptable drug forms.

Throughout the history of human life, epidemics have always been one of the serious threats to human life making their control and prevention of particular importance. One of the leading physicians of Persian Medicine in the Safavid era is Bahā’ al-Dawlah Razi, who in addition to his scientific status, had also a political status. In his book "Khulāsat al-Tajārib", he has discussed a complete set of definitions of the conditions that cause epidemics, the symptoms of the disease, and the ways to prevent and control it. This article intends to categorize the contents of Bahā’ al-Dawlah Razi’s book, which includes his personal experiences and those of other physicians of the Islamic period up to the Safavid period, in relation to epidemics. This is a descriptive-historical study based on library resources, which has studied the subject of epidemics according to Bahā’ al-Dawlah Razi’s book, and then analyzed each section and the conclusions as well as reconciling of results to modern medicine. The contents of Khulāsat al-Tajārib on epidemics can be divided into three sections. Materials related to sections one and two were collected by him. In the third part, we see Bahā’ al-Dawlah Razi` ideas in the prevention section such as referring to use of specific clothes in indoor places, recommending use of mosquito nets and the use of special plants. These methods are unique to Bahā’ al-Dawlah Razi during the epidemics. Razi’s "Khulāsat al-Tajārib” is one of the recent books of Persian Medicine, where he has collected the opinions of scholars before him in addition to mentioning his own experiences. Therefore, research on this book is very important as his recommendations and treatment strategies can be proposed as the basis of further basic and clinical studies.

One of the important entries in philosophy of medicine is the discussion on the reliance of medical knowledge and the health system on fundamental knowledge and the analysis of its philosophical roots. It is noteworthy that, not enough attention has been paid to this issue, to the extent that sometimes it is not deemed necessary for medicine and the health system. This study endeavors to explore a history of philosophical discussions in relation to medical issues among Islamic and contemporary philosophers, physicians, and especially philosopher-physicians. This study also touches on issues such as: What is health? Is health an objective fact or a credit matter? What is the relationship between illness and health? What is the origin of health and illness? Can non-physical things be effective in the health of the human body? What is pain? What are the criteria for classification of diseases? What is a mental illness and what is it like? How should the physician’s relationship with the patient be? Is it possible to prescribe death for reasons such as incurability or suffering? These are among objective and field questions of medical knowledge and the health system. In the attempt to answer the mentioned questions, a researcher is confronted with fundamental philosophical issues, especially philosophical anthropology. Indeed, different philosophical views on basic issues such as anthropology and the stages of man's life, philosophy of science, and the scientific methods can have a significant effect on formation of medical knowledge, and thereby, the health system. As a result, scientific principles and methods of diagnosis and treatment in a range of different medical schools, from modern medicine to traditional and complementary medicines, have undergone fundamental revisions and changes. This can lead to formation of medical systems over time, each of which is recognized in its own epistemological system and arising from unique philosophical foundations.