مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 29، تابستان 1401)

The present study is the historical and descriptive semantics of the word "talla," which is one of the hapax legomena of the Holy Quran. Recognition of words as the main constituent elements of sentence structure plays a vital role in understanding the speaker's meaning. Therefore, we have considered it necessary to study the evolution of words and their semantic relations and have undertaken this research. A brief introduction to semantics and its two historical-descriptive types, a brief reference to the "hapax legomenon" approach and its historical background, the study of this word in the context of history and its semantic implications, especially in the era of revelation, and its analysis within descriptive semantics based on "descriptive-analytical" research method is the primary purpose of this article. In the historical genre, by exploring the course of its semantic evolution, it became clear that in the pre-revelation period, in the Semitic languages, it meant "allaqa" and "rafa'a" and in the pre-Islamic era, the names "talla, talil, metall" meaning "hill, neck, and spear" implies the central meaning of ascension. In the age of revelation, it was concluded that the word "talla" with a semantic expansion approach, meaning "falling on the ground from a height" with a mixture of previous themes, has brought a comprehensive meaning. Through descriptive semantics, we have tried to explain the lexical depth of this word and its alternative and reciprocal propositions. Hence, the paradigmatic axis has a semantic relationship with the verbs "kharra, Hava, Kabba" and on the semantic opposition axis with the verbs rafa'a, Sa'eda, Raqa."

.Arabic poem prose, from the perspective of the literary movement of the Lebanese magazine Shear, as a literary representation of contemporary ontological thinking and contemplation in the Arab world, is based on the discovery of another kind of world and the relationships between objects. In this kind, form and language are depicted from a pre-designed framework and another form of existence. Hence, the comprehension of such texts with an intellectual capacity in the form of merely literary, technical, and methodological theories not only does not represent its semantic scope, But it may also lead to Single meaning arena. Hence the reception of the semantic dimensions of such texts requires the application of philosophical approaches. As an ontological philosophy on interpreting the text, philosophical hermeneutics allows the reader to receive extensive contributions. In this essay, The Germanist philosophy of Gadamer-philosopher and one of the pioneers of philosophical hermeneutics-who has centered on his theorizing of understanding the texts and works of art-has been interpreted in terms of Poem-Prose. On the other hand, the convergence of the theorists of these two areas-philosophical hermeneutics and poem-prose - has been studied and analyzed concerning issues such as tradition, language, and no-method. Regarding the results, especially those obtained from the analysis of the samples, it should be said that the thoughts of Adunis or OnecI al-Haj or other scholars of the Lebanese journal poetry in many of their components are in line with the hermeneutic principles of Gadamer, especially in terms of rejecting the instrumental view of language and its existence, and dynamic approach to tradition.

The need to retell the facts of society compels the author to create works that need to retell the facts of society. The author believes in creating works with a social context. Understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to understanding the community understanding the culture and behavior of individuals leads to Understanding the community. This article explores the position of Arab women in the traditional society depicted in the novels of Al-Khabaa and Noghrat Al-Dhabaa by the Egyptian writer Miral Al-Tahawi through a descriptive-analytical method.The author seems to have created confusion, humiliation, oppression, and tradition domination, a one-dimensional and often one-sided portrayal of a passive Arab woman in a primitive setting, with the novel's central theme centered on women and the dominance of past popular culture. He may portray a person who submits to the prevailing discourse, and if he seldom rebels, this rebellion will not change or improve his situation in the family and society. Women have no place in the author's society, and female heroes not only do not try to break free from the shackles of tradition, but in the oppression of themselves and women like themselves, they synchronize with the dominant discourse to extinguish the hope for change among female characters

Where the structuralist semiotic model Ferdinand de Saussure developed addresses a text's linguistic style and aesthetics without analyzing its implicit meanings, the poststructuralist model propounded by Roland Barthes examines various semantic implications of a text. This study aims to critically read the Surah of Quraysh by applying the two theorists' models on its textuality to examine the formation of meaning and implicit layers of meaning. Pinpointing the difference between the two models and reading the Surah of Quraysh based on the structuralist and poststructuralist semiotic models in order to decode the multiplicity of semantic layers according to Barthes' theories constitute the significance of this study. Also, the linguistic contrasts of the Surah are examined based on Ferdinand de Saussure's model. The research finds that the main difference is between declarative sentences (solidarity among the Quraysh) and imperative sentences (the necessity of worshiping God), which are also manifested in other linguistic elements (lexical and syntactic). Barthes' model examines narrative codes' semantic layers. The hermeneutic code highlights solidarity and unity for all societies and groups, which is reinforced by the repetition of Eilaf and Quraysh as semantic and cultural codes. While symbolic codes depict the consequences of the refusal to worship God, probiotic codes refer to the result of worshiping God in the past. While reading the Surah based on Ferdinand de Saussure's model shows that its literal meaning can be understood in syntagmatic structures, which refer to the invitation of the Quraysh to Islam during the time of the Prophet (PBUH) to make peace, a reading based on Barthes' model indicates that the call to Islam and the promotion of monotheism is not limited to the Quraysh but addressed to different societies and groups throughout the ages.

Deep knowledge, understanding of the text, and finding underground semantic layers require applying scientific, systematic tools. One of these tools presented in Schleiermacher’s hermeneutics theory (1768-1834) is a psychological interpretation used in the present article in the form of an epistemic paradigm named psychological paradigm. The achievement of focusing on this paradigm is to present scientific solutions to Nahj-al-Balaghe’s interpreter to infer meaning from Nahj-al-Balaghe’s text. The psychological paradigm is established by adopting particular approach concepts’ including author individuality, author humanity, and discourse space dominant in the author’s epoch. The present article aims to explain features of Imam Ali (AS)’s individuality concerning the strategic concept of Islamic unity, looking to answer this question according to Schleiermacher’s psychological paradigm of how the approachable concept of the author’s individuality is demonstrated in Nahj-al-Balaghe’s 238th sermon? The unity issue is still one of the challenges of the Islamic world that makes the return to pure Islamic discourse and re-reading its simple principles an unavoidable necessity. Sermon 238, regarding the invitation of unity and forbidding division, is one of the richest sources in this field. The obtained results indicate that subjective order and logical structure are dominant over Imam Ali (AS)’s discourse in confronting the unity issue, precise rooting of dividing elements and then presenting solutions for solving the problem, the special place of rationality and rationalizing in Alavi discourse and positive self-concept while interacting with the audience are among the most notable features of his holiness’s individuality in the mentioned sermon.

In role-oriented linguistics, the textual meaning of the texts is the product of the connection between the text and the situation in which it is produced. The essential function of this type of view in the Holy Quran is to reveal the hidden angles of meaning in it. This type of view is necessary to prove the hypothesis that the context of the situation presented in the role-oriented system, through the precise determination of the meaning as a basic assumption in understanding, can directly affect the purpose of the verses of the Holy Quran. For example, the position of submission and hope in God in Surah Al-Kahf reveals the different aspects of recommendation from the individual, social and religious aspects. In this research, by taking the descriptive-analytical method by examining the verses of Surah Al-Kahf that mention request and hope in God, it has been tried to explain the relationship between the discourse, the position of these categories and the text, and the relationship between the three layers of the text. A situation (scope, nature, and style of speech) should be processed with the semantic layers of language (ideological, interpersonal, and textual). Among the obtained approaches is that. Compound starters (textual-structural) have the highest frequency in the subjunctive position, which shows the connection of conjunctions with the situation. Repetition in the situational context of submission and hope is manifested in several forms. Also, he observed the use of "rab" with the pronoun "na" and "y" in all three events, i.e. (the story of young men, the event of a challenge, and the story of the owners of the garden). The semantic element of this additional combination is the hope for God's mercy, in which the context of the situation plays an essential role in shaping.