مجله فرهنگ و ارتقای سلامت (فرهنگستان علوم پزشکی جمهوری اسلامی ایران)
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، زمستان 1401)

In forty four years after Islamic revolution of Iran Important achievement have been made specially in health system. In this document forty four items in health are mentioned such as integration of teaching and research of Medical Sciences in the field of providing health care and services and establishment of health care network.

The full implementation of the general policies of the health system, which oversees provision, maintenance and comprehensive health improvement of the society and individuals (physical, mental, social and spiritual), is possible exclusively through the country's healthcare network and its development, reconstruction, generalization and deepening in the context of integration of education and research in health care and services. In this document, strategies and measures for this important issue are presented.

Development of mental and cognitive skills of students affects their personal, social, and cultural abilities, as well as giving themcomprehensive views. On the other hand, it seems that this important subject has been neglected in most of the educational curricula. Moreover, the current cultural programs which are implemented by the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education for students, doesnot fully meet this goal. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to review related evidence and interview experts to provide a policy summary and suggestions for improvement of mental and cognitive skills among health students.

Population aging is a phenomenon that will happenin the near future and brings opportunities and threats to the health system. The medical-science education will be affected by this phenomenon and one needs to be prepared to deal with it optimally. This study was conductedwith the aim of expressing some of the effects of the aging phenomenon on medical-science education and solutions to deal with it.

The information was obtained by a systematic review method by searching in databases in the form of Farsi and English articles. For this purpose, keywords related to the subject was searched and after extracting and classifying the contents, the results were presented.

However, the findings indicate that the effects of the aging phenomenon on the education of medical sciences can be investigated in various ways. Three dimensions of these effects were categorized, analyzed, and presented in this study, including formation of aging-friendly Universities, formation of new jobs suitable for aging, and use of innovative approaches in being prepared to face this phenomenon.

Aging is an inevitable event, requiring new policies and methods to deal with its related future issues. This phenomenon impacts the society, especially the education of medical sciences and the business environment, which highlights the need to consider appropriate strategies in facing this isusue. Paying serious attention to the convergence of sciences, interacting with industry, observing and scanning world changes, taking advantage of the experiences of other countries, assessing and planning for human-resource allocation, and applying novel approaches are some strategic samples that can be used in dealing with this phenomenon.

The integration of medical education in healthcare system with the law establishing the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 1985 is one of the important issues in the history of medical developments in Iran. The purpose of this study is to discover and analyze the consequences of this law and the establishment of the ministry.

In this qualitative study, 13 policymakers, legislators, and medical education researchers in Iran were selected to participate through semi-structured interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using conventional content analysis method.

Despite the problems of the integration, this system had positive achievements during about 4 decades. The three main categories built in the research are: human resource development, growth and promotion of the quality of services, and promotion of medical knowledge.

The formation of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education under the law in 1985 had positive achievements for the ministry and the social system. Moreover, paying attention to the weaknesses and challenges of the Integration is one of the important necessities for correcting the mentioned obstacles and limitations.

The Covid-19 pandemichas caused widespread worldwidehuman catastrophe over the past two years. Thus, the global management of Corona disease is of great importance due to its high prevalence and mortality rate as well as the numerous challenges caused by this illness. For this reason, it is of high importance to study the various aspects of this epidemic in order to provide practical solutions and suggestions for better management of similar biological events.

This article has been performedby reviewing international sources and guidelines and summarizing the materials presented in expert meetings.

The study addresses challenges related to reopening of school and universities, empowering people, Covid-19 monitoring process and benefit from support groups, social components of global health, intelligent quarantines and rapid screening and management defects of healthcare system during COVID-19 (Corona Disease) Pandemic Strategies related to challenges in each area are also provided.

The time interval between the possible future waves of Covid-19 provides a good opportunity for health systems at the national (our dear country, Iran) and global levels to make necessary preparations, strengthening, and reforming structure. According to the findings of this study, it is recommended that while continuously evaluating the risk of biological events, the surveillance system and early warning network must be intensified and a comprehensive plan must be compiled in order to respond to biological events. Also, by training healthcare staffs and practicing the above-mentioned program, the essential steps must be taken continuously.

Today, research is the foundation of progress and sustainable development in all fields, and the most important indicator of development is scientific research and technological capabilities. Therefore, investigating the barriers and challenges of research and identifying solutions for scientific and technological progress in health will improve the health of the entire society and achieve sustainable development.

In this study, data was collected using a qualitative method in four,two-hour group discussion sessions with the presence of 15 professors and experts. Subsequently, the information was completed in Delphi and matched with upstream documents.

Via content analysis of the obtained information, research challenges and solutions were categorized into ninemain axes: fundamental, process, managerial, cultural, human resources, ethics and spirituality, evaluation and monitoring, financial and economic,future  studies and future planning.

The information indicated that cooperation of internal and external organizations, social partnerships, strengthening the research culture and ethics, and the commitment of decision makers and policy makersare needed for scientific and technological growth and development in the field of health.

Children's health and weight control, prevention of diseases in adulthood, and institutionalizing a healthy lifestyle are very important. The purpose of this study was to constructof lifestyle model with Health, weight control and obesity approach in children.

This research was conducted by qualitative content analysis method. The study population included ten semi-structured interviews with professors of sociology and sports management and experts in the field who were selected by a targeted sampling method with snowball techniques. The researcher reachedtheoretical saturation by conducting ten interviews. The information received from the interviews was analyzed by coding in three open, central and selective stages, with 189 initial codes, 15 sub-categories and 9 main categories.

The results showed change of attitudes and life skills as causal factors; psychological, family-orientationand proper nutritional pattern as context factors;and cultural development and environmental health as intervening factors. Also axial programming of daily activities, strategy and physical and mental health were identified as the consequences of a healthy lifestyle.

Therefore, in the direction of comprehensive planning for children's physical activity, paying special attention to parental education and the use of healthy and hygienic food sources are recommended.

Nowadays, empowering nurses with the abilities and skills in which the field of creativity and self-efficacy plays a role, is a solution that can lead to the expansion and emergence of thinking.Accordingly, this research aims to connect thinking style with creativity and self-efficacy of nurses. The study was performed in the treatment department of Al-Momenin hospital in Gilan province.

In terms of purpose, application and data collection method, this research is classified as field research. The statistical population of this research was 228 nurses working inAmir Al-Momenin Hospital in Gilan province. Standard questionnaires of thinking styles (TSI), creativity and self-efficacy were used to measure the research variables. To analyze the data, K-S statistical tests, Pearson correlation, multivariate regression and Sobel test were used using SPSS software(version 24).

The results of the regression equation show that thinking style is qualified to predict creativity and thinking style is qualified to predict It is self-efficacy. The results of the Sobel test show that the thinking style variable has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between self-efficacy and creativity. According to the research findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between thinking style, creativity and self-efficacy.

Considering the existence of a significant relationship between the thinking style and the creativity and self-efficacy of nurses, it is necessary for the higher officials of the organization to provide training grounds for all nurses withall thinking styles in this organization.

In recent years, the demand for Traditional-Iranian or traditional medicine has increased, but there is still no comprehensive research to investigate why it is so popular. The aim of this study was to investigate the reasons for the demand for traditional medicine and to present an interactive model of these reasons.

Using a review of the research literature, the key factors affecting Islamic-Iranian medicine were identified, and then the relationships between these factors were drawn using the structural-interpretive model approach. Finally, using MikMac analysis, these key factors wereclassified into four categories: independent (key), Linkage, autonomous and dependent.

By reviewing the research literature, 17 variables affecting consumer demand for traditional medicine were identified. Also, the results of interactive modeling of these factors indicated that “fewer side effects of traditional medicine, naturalness, herbal medicines of traditional medicine, easy access to traditional medicines and tools, easier production of medicines and tools of traditional medicine, and less environmental risks of traditional medicine, long history of use, and religious beliefs” are the key factors in the demand for traditional medicine that affect other components and stimulate the demand for traditional medicine. Finally, these components are the builders of “positive attitudes and public trust” and “socio-cultural acceptance of this type of treatment”, which in turn leads to the creation of “rules and regulations that support traditional medicine”.

Determining the relationships between variables and the type of variables can lead to a better understanding of the subject in order to make appropriate decisions on the issue of factors affecting traditional medical demand and guide production and marketing strategies regardingthis medicine.

Regular exercise along with the consumption of green tea and green coffee exertanti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-obesity properties in addition to containing antioxidant compounds. This study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of progressive aerobic activity along with consumption of green tea and green coffee on fat oxidation and blood pressure in overweight girls.

This research was carried out using a semi-experimental method and a clinical trial in the form of pre-test and post-test. Accordingly, 48 people were invited to participate in the briefing session using Morgan's table. Participants were randomly divided into four experimental groups 1 (exercise + green coffee, 12 people), experimental group 2 (exercise + green tea, 12 people), experimental group 3 (exercise + green coffee + green tea, 12 people), and control group 4 (exercise, 12 people). One day after taking blood in the first stage and measuring physical and physiological indicators in all four groups, the subjects participated in progressive aerobic exercises three days a week for eight weeks. In addition to progressive aerobic training, the experimental groups received green tea or green coffee or both depending on the experimental group for eight weeks.

The statistical operation of the indicators in the research showed that there is no significant difference in the variables of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol between the four groups. However, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio,and triglyceride, the differences between the four groups were significant.

The combination of progressive aerobic exercise, green tea, and green coffee supplements led to a significant change in the indicators studied in the current research onoverweight girls. Obese and overweight women can improve their body composition and general health by combining progressive aerobic exercises and consuming green tea and green coffee supplements.

Sports environments are the most suitable places to release mental pressures and mental conflicts. Athletes have a better coping mechanism and higher self-esteem due to participation in team sports in the face of stress, and their social adaptation is also strengtheneddue to the dynamics of sports activities and communication with the group. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the role of Team sports in social adjustment, self-image and self-efficacy of female students first secondary school in Kermanshah.

The research method was semi-experimental. Thirtyparticipantswere randomly selected from female students in first secondary school in Kermanshah in the academic year 1400-1401 (15 in each control and experimental groups). Bell’s social adjustment questionnaire (1961), Afzal’s self-image questionnaire (1373), and sherer’s self-efficacy questionnaire (1982) were used to collect data. The resulting data were analyzed.

The results showed that in the post-test there is a significant difference between social adjustment in the experimental and control groups. In addition, a significant improvement was observed from pre-test to post-testin the experimental group. It was also observed that there is a significant difference between self-efficacy and self-image in the experimental and control groups after the test. In addition, in the experimental group, significant improvement was observed from pre-test to post-test. Therefore, it can be concludedthat team sports can significantly improve social adaptation, self-esteem and self-image in the sample.

According to the research results, parents and physical education teachers should consider participation in sports as an effective approach. Moreover, using the findings of this research in the school environment can be a positive practical guide for teachers and school parents regarding the physical activity of students (especially precocious adolescent girls).

Nowadays, existential crisis and reduced psychological capital have resulted in anxiety and other mental problems. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effectiveness of ACTgroup therapy using metaphors of spiritual Masnavi and ACTtherapy on psychological capital and existential anxiety.

The research method was quasi-experimental. The population includedall clients at Psychological Clinics of Tehran in 1400. Sixtypeople were selected by random sampling method and allocated to groups of twenty. Interventions for experimental groups consisted of eight weekly sessions. Data were collected through the Luthans (2007) Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Good (1974) Existential Anxiety. The hypotheses were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that both treatments were effective in improving psychological capital. The effectiveness of the combined group therapy based on acceptance and commitment in addition to the metaphors of spiritual Masnavi was greater than the ACTgroup therapy alone on psychological capital. Also, ACTgroup therapy and its combination with the metaphors of the spiritual Masnavi has no significant effect on improving existential anxiety.

The current study supports the idea of integrating acceptance and commitment to therapy with Masnavi’s metaphors to enhance its effectiveness. So, Iranian literature and art can be a useful source to improvetherapeutical and preventive interventions.

Today's modern man is experiencing two parallel trends, a decrease in average sleep duration and an increase in body mass index. As an important process, sleep plays an important role in most body functions. Human and animal studies suggest that short sleep duration is a new risk factor for weight gain and obesity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mutual effect of sleep deprivation and exercise on the response of neural and hormonal mediators of satiety centers in the hypothalamus.

Literature review was performed inresearch databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar with keywords sleep deprivation, sleep deprivation, short sleep, insomnia, obesity, weight gain, body mass index, exercise, and physical activity.

It seems that people participating in special weight loss exercises should be informed about the increase in fasting hunger so that they eat fewer caloriesat least for breakfast. Also, considering the effect of an exercise session on increasing the satiety induced bya meal, it is suggested that breakfast be postponed until after the end of each exercise session as much as possible.

Corona virus has caused psychological problems in humans. The present research was conducted with the aim of providing a conceptual model of Islamic strategies to deal with the stress of the Corona virus using the fundamental theory method.
This research used a qualitative approach and the main method to reach the desired model was the fundamental theory method, whose modeling is based on the paradigm model. The statistical population of the current research included twenty experts who were selected as available. After careful analysis of the interviews, 82 extracted concepts were classified into sixcategories. Then the categories were placed in the form of a paradigm model (causal conditions, background, main category, environmental conditions, strategy, consequence) and the final research model was obtained.
The paradigmatic model of research includes 1- the state of corona disease and 2- Islamic recommendationsin causal conditions;1- beliefs, 2- fulfillment of religious orders, and 3- ethicsin the contexts section;1- Islamic government, and 2-Islamic laws in the section of intervening conditions, and1-Trust in God, 2-Delegating matters to God, 3-Surrendering to God's command, 3-Resenting to God's will 4-Praying, and 5-Preventionin the strategy section.
Considering the religious culture of our country, during the Corona crisis and in order to deal with its stress, first of all, people with religious values should be guided towards religious missionaries and clerics who are familiar with religious concepts, and secondly, specialized forces and counselors with Islamic lifestyle approaches should be trained to provide services to such people.

Emotional eating is highly prevalent among obese Iranian women.We analyzed the lived experiences of young Iranian women with obesity in relation to cultural norms regarding the emotional eating.

A qualitative study was conducted using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. A purposive sampling method was used to select 17 young women who had experienced emotional eating and who a body mass index of 30 or higher. Diekelmann and colleagues’ method was used to analyze the data collected through semistructured, individual, and face-to-face interviews.

In the analysis of the data, two themes have been identified both highlighting the role that cultural norms play in the development of emotional eating behavior. The first theme, "collective eating culture", had two sub-themes: "pleasant manifestation of the feeling of belonging and love" and "symbol of family cohesion". The second theme was titled "a legal and popular pastime", indicating that eating is considered a common entertainment for women in Iran that is undertaken frequently for the purpose of relieving negative emotions. Cultural norms associated with food consumption as a collective activity as well as eating as a legal and popular pastime have been found to be associated with feeling of belonging to family and to eliminate concerns relating to maintaining family cohesion.

Considering that in Iran; "collective food eating " as a solution to improve mood, is a very common cultural norm in this society. It is associated with the feeling of belonging to relatives and eliminates family cohesion concerns. Aside from this, eating has become a popular and legal form of entertainment, especially for women, in which negative emotions are relieved frequently, thus it is considered an alarming trend for society’s public health.

Health is a central part of human capitaland an important challenge indeveloping countries. Due to high out-of-pocket payments and poor access to insurance systems, health issues aresignificant concerns, particularly for the poor. Therefore, any household health shock creates countless consequences at micro and macro levels. This study aims to identify indicators of health shock in developing countries via a qualitative systematic review.

A systematic search was performed in databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Oxford, Emerald, DOAJ and Google Scholar by applying related keywords and without any time limit. Obtained srticles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, required information was extracted and results were reported narratively.

A total of 1608 studieswere retrieved, out of which164 were included in the reviewaccording to a PRISMA method and considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven main indicators including, illness, mortality, self-reported health, health expenses, hospitalization, Body Mass Index(BMI)and Activities of Daily Living(ADL)were used to measure health shock, among which, illness and mortality were the most common and most cited. Ninety-sixof the articles used several indicators.

Considering the adverse consequences of health shock, recognizing its indicators is useful in establishing health promotion interventions and plans. Therefore, governments must focus on health shock indicators, taking into account the severity of the shock, economic status of households, and health system characteristics. Moreover, support policies and mechanisms such as insurance are necessary to compensate household consumption reduction and earning losses resulting from health shocks.

Despite significant improvement in Iran's mortality indices, there are still important disparities in this index in different provinces. After examining the inequality of death rates of different age groups in 2018, this study aimed to identify the capacities to improve life expectancy in the provinces.

This quantitative study was conducted using death data registered by Iran’s civil registration organization. The data were used after evaluation and under-registration correction. Mortality indices were calculated using the MORTPAK software program and depicted in the form of a map using Arc Gis software.

The life expectancy of the country's provinces in 2018 fluctuates about 7 years from Sistan and Baluchistan to Alborz and Tehran provinces. Also, important differences were observed in the mortality of children, adults and the elderly. The highest death rate of children and adults was related to Sistan and Baluchistan province.

The existing inequalities in the level of mortality in different provinces indicate the capacity to improve life expectancy in the coming decades. Provinces with lower life expectancy, such as Sistan and Baluchistan, have a high potential to increase life expectancy, especially at young ages and childhood, which requires reducing inequality in access to health facilities at the provincial level.

Professor Moslem Bahadori (1927–2022), the distinguished pathologist of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, passed away on April 21, 2022 in Tehran. He was a great mentor and superb researcher. Herein, a short review of his life and career is presented.