نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 112، بهمن و اسفند 1401)

Academic burnout in students can be caused by various reasons such as family distance, inability to communicate properly with other peers, and the large volume of courses that hurt academic performance, and achievement. This study investigated the relationship between cell phone addiction and internet addiction, with academic burnout in medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

This was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study performed on medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2020. One-hundred and ninety-nine students in basic sciences, physiopathology, internship, and externship were selected by the simple random method. Research instruments included the Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Koohy Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data were analyzed by the descriptive statistics tests, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test, multiple linear regression, and SPSS-25 software.

The mean score of internet addiction in internship students is lower than in other courses (P< 0.001). Also, the mean score of cell phone addiction in female students was higher than male students. However, the mean score of total burnout was not different based on gender, marital status, educational level, and residence status (P> 0.05). Also, the linear regression results showed that internet use could increase academic burnout in students (P< 0.001). However, cell phone addiction did not affect academic burnout (P> 0.05).

Internet addiction can increase the risk of academic burnout in students. However, cell phone use does not increase this risk.

Neurodevelopmental disabilities, particularly executive function impairments, are currently the most prevalent long-term morbidity in the population with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD). This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with congenital heart disease. 

This was a retrospective cohort study, which was performed during 2002-2018 on patients with CHD referred to the pediatric cardiology clinic of Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Using the census method, all files for which ADHD diagnosis should be included in the study. Diagnosis of CHD was performed clinically and using an echocardiographic machine by an experienced pediatric cardiologist. Demographic, clinical, and para-clinical data of patients and the type of heart intervention were collected and analyzed. The data were analyzed through SPSS software version 16.5, descriptive statistics, and the Chi-square test.

In this study, 136 patients were enrolled. The mean age of participants in the study was 59.12± 45.84 months at the time of diagnosis. An abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) was reported in three cases (2.2%). There was a significant correlation between prematurity and developmental delay (P= 0.01). The mean age was significantly different in patients with minor rather than those with major cardiac disorders (P< 0.05). The prevalence of ADHD in the CHD population was high (31.6%).

This study demonstrated that children born with congenital heart disease are at increased risk of suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

This study aimed to design a model for predicting moral behavior based on parenting styles and ego-strength with the mediating role of the structure of self-transcendence among university students.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all students of Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamadan city-Iran in the 2020-2021 academic year. Two-hundred eighty-five students were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments were the moral behavior scale, parenting styles scale, ego-strength scale, and self-transcendence scale. The data were analyzed by path analysis with LISREL software.

The results indicated that the proposed model fitted the experimental data (GFI= 0.95, IFI= 0.98, and CFI= 0.97). Also, the results of path analysis indicated that the effects of parenting styles on moral behavior and self-transcendence and the effects of ego-strength and self-transcendence on moral behavior were significant. The results of Sobel's test (z) indicated that the self-transcendence variable has a significant mediating role in the relationship between permissive style (Z= -2.68, P< 0.01), authoritative style (Z= -2.55, P< 0.01), authoritarian style (Z= -3.61, P< 0.01), and ego-strength (Z= 4.56, P< 0.01) with moral behavior.

Based on the results, it can be said that pa renting styles, ego-strength, and self-transcendence can predict conducting moral behaviors. Also, self-transcendence can be one of the factors that influence the relationship between pa renting styles and ego-strength with moral behavior.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nonmedical use of Ritalin among medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 607 students of 645 medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018-2019, selected through random sampling. They fulfilled a researcher-made questionnaire about the attitude toward Ritalin consumption, the validity of which was confirmed by five psychiatrists. Data were analyzed through the descriptive tests, Chi-square test, and SPSS-16 software.

In the present study 607 students (292 men and 315 women) were participated. Sixty-eight (11.2%) of them had a history of nonmedical use of Ritalin. Other commonly used drugs among students were alcohol (7%), cigarettes (11%), and benzodiazepines (5.2%). Also, there was no significant relationship between gender, educational stage, and marital status with nonmedical use of Ritalin among students (P> 0.05).

Based on the results, the nonmedical use of Ritalin is more common among students than alcohol and cigarettes. Also, some students have a positive view of using Ritalin to increase concentration and improve performance in exams. Due to the possibility of severe dependence on this substance, more awareness and preventive measures are needed among students.

Everyone's personality develops in childhood. Any educational neglect and abuse cause serious damage to healthy development. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence of educational neglect and educational abuse in elementary students.

The statistical population of this descriptive study consisted of all second-period elementary students of Urmia city-Iran. Three hundred and eighty-five students were selected through random cluster sampling. All of them completed the student’s educational neglect and educational abuse scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19, descriptive statistics, and variance analysis.

The results showed high and very high educational abuse in 23.8% and 19.2% of cases, respectively. Also, the results indicated high and very high educational neglect in 29.6% and 18.2% of the students, respectively. Also, the findings showed no significant difference between educational neglect and educational abuse in the second-period elementary students based on gender and educational grade.

Based on the findings, the prevalence of educational neglect and educational abuse among second-period elementary students was high. Therefore, school counselors should hold workshops for teachers and parents to reduce educational neglect and abuse.

Marital infidelity is an issue many couples’ therapists face and is one of the most important reasons for getting divorced. The factors related to infidelity can be included in three domains: individual differences, the nature of the relationship, and environmental conditions. This study investigated the role of emotional schemas and personality traits (as individual differences) in infidelity.

In the present study conducted in Mashhad, Iran, 320 individuals were selected by the convenience sampling method (including 160 individuals with infidelity experience and 160 individuals without experience of infidelity as controls). They fulfilled the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale and Personality Inventory for DSM-5. The data were analyzed by Multivariable Analyze of Variance and SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that the lack of inhibition personality traits in individuals with the experience of infidelity were higher than in the control group. The “guilt and blame” emotional schemas were higher in group with infidelity experience than in the controls (P= 0.012, P= 0.025). The “validating” emotional schema in individuals with infidelity was lower than in the control group (P= 0.011). No significant differences were found between the other emotional schemas. 

According to the results, infidelity prevention can be done by modifying personality traits and emotional schemas through schema therapy and emotional schema therapy.

Attitudes play a key role in predicting speeding behavior. This study aimed to test: a) whether the positive/negative attitudes towards speeding, and the positive/negative attitudes towards compliance with the speed limit can predict the speed limit compliance behavior; b) which of the positive and negative dimensions of the attitudes have a greater contribution; c) whether the positive/negative attitudes towards compliance with the speed limit can account for variance in the speed limit compliance behavior over and above that explained by the positive/negative attitudes towards speeding.

In  the present study conducted in September 2020 to March 2021, 202 people who drive daily in the city of Mashhad-Iran voluntarily completed self-report questionnaires measuring their driving experiences, positive and negative attitudes towards speeding and compliance with the speed limit, and past behavior of compliance with the speed limit. The data were analyzed by using multiple regression analysis and SPSS-25 software.

The positive-negative attitudes towards speeding independently accounted for a significant proportion of the variance of speed limit compliance behavior (R2= 0.32, P< 0.001), and the negative attitude towards speeding was the stronger predictor (β= 0.35, P< 0.001). The positive/negative attitudes towards compliance with the speed limit also accounted for a significant increment (3.6%, P< 0.01) to explain variance in speed limit compliance behavior.

The results provide more support for the bi-dimensional attitudes towards speeding in predicting speed limit compliance behavior. It demonstrates that the positive/negative attitudes towards compliance with the speed limit improve the prediction of the behavior independently of the positive/negative attitudes towards speeding. Also, negative attitude has a greater contribution in predicting speed limit compliance behavior.

The present study was conducted to test the structural model of the effects of media use on young Iranian women's tendency toward cosmetic surgery, considering the mediating role of media pattern internalization, beliefs about appearance, and body image concerns.

The study design was a descriptive-correlational design performing the structural equation modeling method. In the present study, 325 female students of the University of Isfahan in the 2019-2020 academic year responded to the Media Consumption and Beliefs about Appearance Scales, Body Image Concerns Inventory, Sociocultural Attitudes to Appearance, and Compensatory Tendencies for Beauty and Fitness Questionnaires. Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood estimation method were used for data analysis.  

The results of structural equation modeling showed that the fit indices of the model are good. Also, the results of the direct effects test using the maximum likelihood estimation method showed that all the direct effects of the model, except the effect of beliefs about appearance on the cosmetic surgery tendency, are significant (P˂ 0.01). Finally, the results of the indirect effects using the parametric bootstrap method showed that all the indirect effects of the model are significant (P˂ 0.01).

In general, the results support the importance of internalization of media patterns and body image concerns in the tendency of Iranian women for cosmetic surgery.