نشریه مهندسی زراعی
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Introduction: 

Sansevieria trifasciata is a perennial plant from the liliaceae family, which originates from tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world. Sansevieria trifasciata variateis are one of the most popular ornamental indoor plants due to having types with striped leaves. Today, conventional propagation methods are not adequate to meet the marketable requests of Sansevieria trifasciata due to the slow growth of cutting. So, it is conceivable to use rooting and growth stimulator agents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and biochar application on some morphophysiological parameters in Sansevieria trifasciata var. cuttings.

Materials and Methods: 

This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the faculty of agriculture and environmental science of Arak University with controlled conditions of 25 ◦C, 70% humidity and 10,000 lux of light. The effect of biochar application (5 and 10%) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossea) (6 and 12%) was investigated on propagation and growth of Sansevieria trifaciata var. Laurentii and Sansevieria trifaciata var. Moonshine cutting. The experiment was conducted as factorial an in a completely randomized design at three replicates. The leaf cutting with V-shape end were keep on the lab condition for two days to callus initiation of wound surface. Subsequiently, healed cutting were cultured in pots that were containing cocopeat-perlite and different treatments of arbuscular mycorrhiza and biochar. Morphological and physiological traits were measuremed after 8 months of cultivation, which were included rooting and bud stimulation time, roots number and length, length of the longest root, buds number, length, anddiameter, the amount of cutting rot, the number of leaves, the size of callus based on the rating of 1 to 3, fresh weight (FW) of roots and leaves, the dry weight (DW) of roots and leaves, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll pigment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization was determinded by grid-line intersect method. 

Results and Discussion:

 The results showed that the application of 10% biochar in culture bed had an increasing effect on leaf number, root biomass percentage, root colonization percentage and leaf dry weight in both cultivars but also caused to increase the decay rate of the cuttings of these two cultivars. Application of 6% arbuscular mycorrhizal fingi increased the number of buds, root colonization and bud motivation time, and led to decrease leaf biomass and cuttings rot percentage. The root colonization decreased at lower application level of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar. The maximum root colonization (80%) was observed in the culture medium with 10% biochar and 12% arbuscular mycorrhiza. The application of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the medium of Sansevieria trifaciata cuttings directed to an increase in the biomass compared to the control. The amount of leaf electrolyte leakage of leaf was higher (28.37%) by application of 10% biochar in the culture bed compared with the cuttings treated with 5% biochar and control. Plants from the cuttings grown in the bed containing 10% biochar and 6% mycorrhizal inoculum had the highest number of leaves (2.83). It was approximately two folds compared to the control. The leaf electrolyte leakage was higher (28.37%) than the plants obtained from the cuttings treated with 5% biochar and control by application of 10% biochar. The total chlorophyll content of the leaf in both cultivars increased significantly with the application of different concentrations of biochar compared to the control. Biochar application influenced on microbial biomass through altering the soil porosity, soil moisture and temperature. Also, biochar stimulated plant growth through the positive effects on microbial population. These results suggested that the applications of biochar at an appropriate proportion could change plant growth and microbial community.

Conclusion:

 Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by establishing a symbiotic relationship between fungus and root, stimulated rooting growth. These treatments were able to root in different cultivars of Sansevieria trifaciata propagation. Root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was depended on the variety of plant. The applied treatments showed more impact on morphological and physiological traits in Sansevieria trifaciata var. Moonshine than that in Sansevieria trifaciata var. Laurentii cultivar. The rotting of Sansevieria trifaciata var. Laurentii cuttings was more than that of the Sansevieria trifaciata var. Moonshine. The best treatment for Sansevieria trifaciata variateis cuttings was application of 5% biochar and 6% arbuscular mycorrhiza and cultured in cocopeat-perlite bed.

Introduction:

 In recent years, Underground heating systems are one of the cleanest and best types of heating systems which these techniques have been used in many greenhouses. In this method, a source of thermal energy, which is often a gas or diesel, is used to heat the fluid. Then, the heated fluid is transferred to the entire greenhouse through the pipe networks that are placed on the floor of the greenhouses and under the soil, and creates a pleasant heat. During the cold months of the year, having a proper heating system for the greenhouse is essential. A standard greenhouse heating system could improve the temperature inside the greenhouse and spread it evenly on the entire surface of the greenhouse and finally, it is very effective in the growth and quality of plants and products in all months of the year. Today, fluids play a very important role in industry, especially in heating systems. Common fluids such as water, ethylene glycol and motor oil have a limited conductivity coefficient. Therefore, using the above-mentioned fluids at high temperatures causes heat transfer problems. Nanofluids consist of very small particles (usually less than 400 nm) dispersed in a base fluid. The conducted research shows that due to the high thermal conductivity of nanofluids compared to common fluids, in the future nanofluids will become a new type of fluid used in advanced heat transfer for engineering applications. Therefore, according to the importance of this topic, in this research, the heating system of the greenhouse floor is simulated and analyzed using CFD technique.

Materials and Methods:

In this research, in order to simplify the process of simulation, the inhomogeneity in the fluid flow is ignored and the single-phase flow is considered. In order to investigate the effect of each of the nanofluids on the fluid behavior and heat transfer of the pyramidal greenhouse, analysis and simulation of the greenhouse was performed based on three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. First, the geometry of the control volume of a greenhouse was designed in Solidwork software, and in order to check the simulation, a pyramidal geometry was considered. The boundary conditions for the coldest day and night temperature in the year were extracted according to the environmental conditions by measuring the data of temperature, humidity and air flow. Two parameters of pressure drop value and Nusselt number were selected as target parameters in this research. The flow friction coefficient in the floor heating section was calculated through the pressure drop along the section and its hydraulic diameter. Single-phase fluid pressure drop in all pipes inside the thermal cycle was modeled in this section. Finally, the parametric analysis of the results and the comparison of the heating efficiency of the greenhouse floor for two types of nanofluid alumina and titanium dioxide in volume percentages of 1%, 2% and 3% were used. Besides, the effect of the mentioned parameters on the Nusselt number and in the flow of floor heating was investigated.

Results and Discussion:

Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that an increase in Reynolds number in all volume percentages leads to an increase in Nusselt number and alumina nanofluid has a higher Nusselt number than titanium dioxide nanofluid. Also, in both nanofluids assuming a constant inlet temperature of 40℃ and a diameter of nanoparticles of 5 nm, the Nusselt number also increased with an increase in the volume percentage of particles at a constant Reynolds number. According to the results obtained with the increase in the diameter of nanoparticles, the Nusselt number decreased for both alumina and titanium dioxide nanofluids, which is greater for titanium dioxide nanofluids. Considering the findings related to the pressure drop, with the increase in the volume percentage of nanoparticles in both nanofluids, the pressure drop increased, and this drop is more severe in the alumina nanofluid, and it could be attributed to the higher density and viscosity of the alumina nanofluid compared to the titanium dioxide nanofluid. The results related to the pressure drop showed that, with the increase in the volume percentage of nanoparticles in both nanofluids, the pressure drop increased, and this drop is more intense in the alumina nanofluid and this factor is attributed to the higher density and viscosity of alumina nanofluid compared to titanium dioxide nanofluid. On the other hand, the increase in Reynolds number in both nanofluids has resulted in an increase in pressure drop. The results related to the changes in the friction coefficient in terms of Reynolds number in different volume percentages show that the coefficient decreases with the increase in Reynolds number, and these changes are more intense at lower Reynolds numbers. By comparing the performance coefficient between alumina nanofluid and titanium dioxide nanofluid, it can be concluded that the average value of this coefficient is 14% higher than other nanofluids for alumina nanofluid. But, the sensitivity of the performance coefficient of titanium dioxide nanofluid compared to alumina nanofluid is more intense to the changes of Reynolds number.

Conclusion:

Due to the production of greenhouse products in all seasons and the necessity of precise greenhouse control, it can be concluded that dealing with new and advanced methods in the management and optimization of the country's greenhouses is importance. The results of the present research show the fact that the simulation of heating from the greenhouse floor and its various aspects can be a suitable measure to check the uniformity and proper distribution of heat inside the greenhouse. In order to improve the efficiency of thermal equipment, using nanofluids with higher thermal ability is essential. Besides, comparing the performance coefficient of the system due to the use of nanofluids indicated the high efficiency of the use of nanofluids in comparison with pure water in the greenhouse floor heating system.

Introduction:

 Globally, deforestation is the dominant land use change process and has severe effects on soil biogeochemical properties. Large areas of the north facing slopes of the Alborz mountain range in northern Iran are covered by extensive loess deposits. Loess often contain little clay results in a loss of SOC under cultivation. Deforestation and cultivation on the loess hillslopes in northern Iran have resulted in a deterioration of soil quality, particularly significant reduction in SOC. Loess lands of Golestan province in northern Iran is densely being cultivated following deforestation. Labile fractions of soil organic matter (SOM), rather than total SOM, have been used as sensitive indicators of soils' quality and response to agricultural management changes. Several physical, chemical, and biological methods have been used to distinguish between labile (or biologically active) and recalcitrant pools of SOM. So, this research aims to investigate the effect of land use change from pristine and undisturbed forest as a reference to other land uses on soil organic carbon components and fractions as an important indicator in the sustainable soil management system and maintaining fertility and controlling soil erosion. Also, the effect of these land use changes on total carbon, soil organic carbon, and finally on the physical and chemical components of soil organic carbon.

Materials and Methods:

 The study area is the Toshan watershed, which is located in the northwest of the city of Gorgan (Golestan province) in the north of Iran. Four major and dominant types of land use were considered in the study area, including a) garden (olive), b) agricultural (cotton), c) virgin or untouched forest, d) abandoned (raspberry). Soil carbon fractionation was done by two physical methods (soil aggregate fractionation method) and chemical method (hydrolysis of organic matter with hot water). The selection of soils in different land uses was such that they have similar initial conditions and therefore the change in soil carbon in each use is related to the change in land use. The obtained data were analyzed based on the factorial design in the form of completely randomized design and using SAS software.

Results and Discussion:

 The results showed that the highest amount of total carbon and soil organic carbon was observed in the forest treatment and in the first depth (6.02% and 3.5%, respectively), which had a significant difference compared to other land use treatments studied. The results showed that despite the absence of a significant difference between the two depths, the amount of stable organic carbon increased with increasing soil depth in agricultural and abandoned uses. The forest land use had the highest amount of stable organic carbon at the depth of 0-10 cm at the rate of 2.51%, followed by garden treatment at the same depth. The lowest amount of stable organic carbon was recorded in the abandoned land use treatment. The highest amount of organic carbon dissolved in water at both investigated depths was obtained in the forest management treatments and then in the abandoned management. While no significant difference was observed between the two investigated depths in the abandoned land use. A significant decrease in organic carbon fractions that can be extracted with hot water was observed in abandoned and agricultural uses, as well as their increase in forest land uses. After the forest land use, the olive garden land use had the highest amount of total and organic carbon, however, there was no significant difference between the agricultural and abandoned treatments. In forest and garden treatments, the amount of stable carbon at a depth of 0-10 cm is significantly higher than the amount of stable organic carbon at a depth of 10-20 cm. In the garden use treatment, the amount of organic carbon in the soil at a depth of 10-20 cm showed a significant increase of 35% compared to the first depth.

Conclusion: 

A significant decrease in organic carbon fractions that can be extracted with hot water was observed in abandoned and agricultural uses, as well as their increase in forest uses. In total, the results showed that the carbon of labile fraction was more responsive to the type of land use than other fractions, and among the different methods of carbon fractionation, physical methods showed a clearer response to land use change.

Introduction:

 Chitosan is a biological polymer that is obtained from the chitin of crustaceans, fungi and Arthropoda, and is the most abundant polysaccharide on the earth's surface after cellulose (5). According to some evidences that indicate the improvement of the quality of plant products by chitosan, studying and understanding the effect of chitosan bio stimulant spraying on the quantitative and qualitative performance of important plants such as tomatoes has particular importance in agricultural research.

Materials and Methods:

 was done in order to investigate the effect of chitosan bio stimulant on the growth and yield and some quality characteristics of tomato fruit in a factorial format based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two crop years 2017-2018 in fields belonging to Dasht Sabz Company, Kasht Complex and the RoginTak industry located in the Iran, Kermanshah. In this experiment, the chitosan bio stimulant was evaluated at five levels (control(S0), 1/1000(S1), 2/1000(S2), 3/1000(S3), and Seed coating(K) treatment). The experiment included 15 plots, each plot with a length of 4.2 meters and a width of 2.1 meters. Three rows were planted in each plot and 7 plants in each row and 21 plants in each plot. The distance between the rows was 1.4 meters and the distance on the row was 30 cm. In total, 315 plants were cultivated in this experiment. The planting density was about 2.38 plants per square meter or 23800 plants per hectare. Analysis of total data was collected using MSTAT-C statistical software. 

Results and Discussion:

 The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of chitosan spraying on all studied traits was significant, the highest yield was obtained in the S3 treatment in the second year with the amount of 227tons per hectare. Chitosan spraying in the first and second year increased the yield compared to the treatment. It was seen that in the first year, in the treatments of S1S2, S3 and K, it caused an increase of 20, 27, 47 and 31% respectively, and in the second year it caused an increase of 11, 14, 15 and 1% performance compared to the control (S0) treatment. The highest amount of fresh weight was observed in the treatment of S3. The highest amount of dry weight in the treatment of S2 was 399 grams in the second year, which was significantly different from other treatments, which had a significant difference with other treatments so that in the K treatment compared to the S0, S1, S2, and S3 increased the acidity by 6, 3, 5 and 3%, respectively.The effect of chitosan treatment increased the amount of TSS compared to the control treatment. So that the effect of S1, S2, S3 and K treatments caused an increase of 7, 4, 3 and 10% in the amount of TSS, respectively, compared to the S0 treatment. The percentage of nitrogen on average in the first and second year in the S2, S3 and K treatments was higher than the S0 treatment and this increase was 5, 6 and 1%, respectively. However, in the S1 treatment, this value was less than the S0 treatment (13%). The highest percentage of potassium in the treatment of S2 in the first year was 4.62%. On average, in the treatments of S1 and S2, chitosan foliar spraying increased the amount of potassium by 1 and 15% compared to the S0 treatment. In the treatments of S3 and K, it caused a decrease in the amount of potassium compared to the S0 treatment. The highest percentage of phosphorus in the S1 treatment in the first year was 0.65%, in the first and second year in the S3 treatments and K increased the amount of phosphorus by 9% and 2%, respectively, compared to the S0 treatment. Although, in the S1 treatment. no difference was observed, in the S2 treatment, the amount of phosphorus decreased by 9% compared to the S0 treatment, the highest percentage of calcium was obtained in the S1 treatment in the first year, and the lowest amount of calcium was observed in the second year in the K treatment. Chitosan foliar spraying in the S1 treatment caused an 82% increase in the amount of calcium compared to the S0 treatment. The average comparison results showed that the highest amount of sodium in the S3 treatment in the second year was 0.275 ppm. On average, in the S3 and S2 treatments, chitosan foliar spraying caused an increase of 5 and 11% in the amount of sodium compared to the S0 treatment, but in the treatments of S1 and S2, it caused a decrease of 2 and 15% in the amount of sodium compared to the S0 treatment. The highest amount of ascorbic acid in the S3 treatment was 0.45 PPM, which was significantly different from other treatments. The lowest amount of ascorbic acid was 0.306 PPM in the S2 treatment. except for the S2 treatment, which caused a 9% decrease in the amount of vitamin C, in the S1, S3 treatments, and K increased by 14, 33, and 29%, respectively, compared to the S0 treatment.

Conclusion:

The results of this experiment investigated the effect of chitosan on the growth and yield and some quality characteristics of tomato fruit. Based on the obtained results, the use of chitosan as a biological stimulant improves yield, fresh weight, dry weight, and dissolved solids. And it became ascorbic acid. However, in the case of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and calcium elements, there was no linear trend in the increase of elements. However, in general, chitosan foliar application increased the percentage of the investigated elements compared to the S0 treatment. So that the greatest effect in increasing yield, plant fresh weight, nitrogen, phosphorus and ascorbic acid was observed in the S3 treatment, also the highest amount of PH, TSS and sodium was observed in the K treatment, the highest amount of dry weight and potassium In the S2 treatment and the highest amount of calcium was observed in the S1 treatment.

A variety of precise farming practices in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran require periodic information on soil salinity and sodium content. Sodic soils have unfavorable physical and chemical properties due to the high percentage of exchangeable sodium (ESP). This problem reduces the capacity of available water and growth of plants. To measure the percentage of exchangeable sodium, it is necessary to measure the amount of cation exchange capacity (CEC). Because determining CEC are time consuming, it is appropriate and economical to develop a method that determines ESP indirectly from easy-measured properties. One of the methods to study the relationships and correlations between different soil properties and their quantitative expression is the use of some statistical models. These models, called transfer functions, include data mining, regression models, artificial neural networks, and the coherent neural-fuzzy integrated system (CANFIS).

The aim of this study was to develop an intelligent model (CANFIS) for predicting soil ESP from soil easy-measured properties in approximately 1450 ha of salt affected soils, South East of Urmia Lake, Bonab region, East Azarbaijan Province. For this purpose, 209 soil samples were taken by grid survey method from surface (0-25 cm) and then carried out laboratory for measure necessary soil properties. Soil acidity and electrical conductivity of samples were measured in a ratio of 1: 5 soils to water, soil tissue by hydrometric method, sodium cation by flame photometer and calcium and magnesium by returned titration method.

Pearson correlation method showed that the accuracy of estimating intelligent models depends on the correct choice of first layer input information. Therefore, using the correlation matrix, the relationship between soil parameters (independent variable) and the percentage of exchangeable sodium (dependent variable) was determined. Sodium absorption ratio (0.961), electrical conductivity (0.808), pH (0.638), clay content (0.524), sand (0.482) and silt (0.389) have the greatest effect on estimation Percentage of exchangeable sodium in soil. Also, the positive relationship between soil reaction and the percentage of exchangeable sodium on the one hand and the high correlation between the percentage of exchangeable sodium and electrical conductivity indicate the importance of the fine soil. In this study, the relationship of linear regression between the percentage of exchangeable sodium and the ratio of sodium uptake with an explanation coefficient of 0.91 was calculated, which is significant at the level of 5% probability. Two important targets were designed in this paper. First target is determining performance of Fuzzy Neural Networks (CANFIS) in predicting ESP by sand, clay, pH, SAR, EC as input variable. The second target is evaluation of performance of CANFIS model by selected variable of PCA model. Results showed that the performance of second model was acceptable Model 1 justifies 88% of the changes in the percentage of exchangeable sodium by entering all inputs. But CANFIS model with higher inputs selected by PCA model (principal component analysis) including sodium adsorption ratio, electrical conductivity, soil reaction has higher accuracy. So that the values of root mean square error and correlation coefficient in the test stage for the first model were 0.88 and 3.25 and the second model was 0.96 and 1.0, respectively.

These results demonstrated the superiority of intelligent models in explanation of the relationship between ESP and other soil easily-measured properties. In order to model the soil retrieval properties such as cation exchange capacity and to achieve the most suitable model, it is necessary to pay attention to the number and most effective input variables. Because the main goal is to provide a model with a minimum number of inputs as well as inputs that are easy to measure and in a short time. The results of quantification of the importance of variables in the CANFIS model confirm the use of three characteristics of sodium adsorption ratio, electrical conductivity of soil saturated extract and soil acidity in modeling the percentage of exchangeable sodium. The results of this study can be generalized to soils of similar arid and semi-arid regions. Also, due to the ambiguity of soil-related phenomena or the approximate values of the measured values of different soil properties and the uncertainty in the data, the use of hybrid models such as CANFIS that use fuzzy sets, It can be useful in fitting soil transfer functions.Keywords: Easly-measured Properties, Hard-measured Properties, PCA All right reserved.

Introduction:

With the rapid development of industry and urbanization, soil pollution with heavy metals as a result ecosystem destruction has attracted global attention. Pollutants are considered environmental threats and among pollutants, heavy metals are known for their non-degradability and physiological effects on living organisms even at low concentrations. The close correlation of magnetic properties and heavy metals shows that magnetic measurement is an efficient and cheap tool to detect heavy metal contamination in soils affected by heavy industries and traffic pollution. Magnetic minerals in soil may be inherited from parent rocks (lithogenic origin), pedogenesis (pedogenic origin), or may result from human activities (secondary ferromagnetic materials). The concentration of metals can be influenced by geomorphology and various soil properties such as organic carbon, electrical conductivity. Land use directly or indirectly affects the geochemical behaviors of heavy metals through regulating soil properties. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of land use change on magnetic receptivity and the concentration of some heavy metals including zinc, copper, iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt and manganese in the 20 cm soil surface layers, and to explore spatial distribution of magnetic receptivity and heavy metals under different types of land use and geomorphological units in the studied area.

Materials and Methods:

The present research was conducted in Isfahan province in the center of Iran with an area of 227 Km2. This area has an average temperature of 9.8 oC and an average annual rainfall of 324 mm and an altitude of 2380 meters a.s.l. Based on Kopen's classification, the climate was classified as semi-arid with cold winters. Geologically, it belongs to the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, the dominant rocks of the area include limestone, shale limestone, slate and Quaternary sediments. The most important land uses in the region included pasture, rainfed and irrigated agriculture, and in terms of geomorphology, the region comprised river plains and pediments. Soil sampling was done by stratified random method. A total of 100 samples were collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) in the summer of 2021. Magnetic susceptibility was measured at high and low frequencies using Bartington MS2 dual frequency sensor. The concentration of heavy metals including iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, copper, chromium and cobalt were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, electrical conductivity were measured in all samples. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to check the correlation between different parameters. Analysis of variance was applied to evaluate the effects of geomorphology and land use on heavy metals and magnetic susceptibility. Spatial analysis was performed for heavy metals and magnetic susceptibility, and the maps were prepared in ArcGIS v.10.7 software.

Results and Discussion:

The results showed that there was a negative and significant correlation between calcium carbonate, heavy metals and geomorphology. There was no significant correlation between organic carbon and heavy metals in land uses. But there was a negative correlation in the river plains and alluvium. There is a significant negative correlation between electrical conductivity, copper, manganese, and nickel. In the use of agricultural lands and river plains, there is a positive correlation between low-frequency magnetic susceptibility and high-frequency magnetic receptivity with electrical conductivity. Also, pH showed a significant negative correlation with magnetic susceptibility in pasture land and had no relationship in other land uses. There is a positive correlation between calcium carbonate and frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility in agricultural land use and river plains. There is a significant positive correlation between heavy metals and magnetic susceptibility in pediments and some land uses, especially in rainfed lands. The results of analysis of variance showed significant difference (p*<0.05) in land use regarding heavy metal concentrations. In this analysis, there was a significant difference between cobalt, nickel and manganese elements according to land use, and the magnetic susceptibility among the studied geomorphic surfaces. According to the results of the test, there was a significant difference for heavy metals in various geomorphic surfaces. The content of iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel and manganese in river plains and pediment had significant differences with hills.

Conclusion:

The present study was conducted with the aim of clarifying the effect of land use and geomorphology on magnetic susceptibility and concentration of heavy metals in a part of the Zayandeh River watershed in Isfahan province. The average of nickel and manganese in the soils of the study area is higher than the normal range, due to parent materials effects and agricultural activities (plowing and irrigation) accelerate the soil formation processes and increase the amount of these elements in the soil. The highest concentration of cobalt, iron, zinc, copper, nickel and chromium elements were observed in dryland farming. In addition, investigating the spatial distribution of magnetic receptivity values and heavy metals in different places are significantly different. Higher values of magnetic susceptibility were seen in the center of the studied area. Spatial distribution of heavy metals iron and chromium are concentrated in the center of the region and other metals are concentrated in the west and northwest. Probably, parent materials such as shale, dolomite, limestone and sandstone and weathering and release of elements in the soil increase the concentration of these elements in the region.Keywords: Geomorphology, land use, LSD test, kriging