فهرست مطالب

نامه معماری و شهرسازی - سال پانزدهم شماره 38 (بهار 1402)

نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی
سال پانزدهم شماره 38 (بهار 1402)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1402/02/04
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • بهنود برمایه ور*، علیرضا مستغنی، مسعود حسن زاده صفحات 5-21
    با توجه به اهمیت شناخت آسیب پذیری و مقاوم سازی ساختمان های بنایی غیرمسلح در برابر زلزله در ایران، یکی از راهکارهای بهینه، ایمن سازی فضاها با تاکید بر سطح عملکردی جانی کاربران است. بنابراین، مساله اصلی این پژوهش عبارت است از طرح راهروی ایمن چیست و چگونه جان کاربران ساختمان دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه هنر در پردیس باغ ملی تهران را در برابر تخریب ناشی از زلزله تامین می کند؟ در این پژوهش کاربردی، ابتدا مشاهدات میدانی از بنا صورت گرفته است. سپس، مطالعات کتابخانه‎ای پیرامون ادبیات و پیشینه تحقیق اجرا شده است. در ادامه، واکاوی موشکافانه اسناد، مدارک و نقشه های ساختمان مذکور انجام شده است. بعد از آن، مصاحبه و مشورت با خبرگان صورت پذیرفته است. در نهایت، با بهره گیری از ظرفیت های روش تحلیلی-محاسباتی با تمرکز بر سناریوهای مختلف و آیین نامه ها (زلزله، بارگذاری و فولاد) و نرم افزارهای مربوطه (SAP2000 و...) و همچنین از طریق راهبرد مطالعه موردی، راهروی ایمن طراحی گردیده است. طرح راهروی ایمن، جهت فراهم نمودن فضایی برای پناه گرفتن کاربران ساختمان در زمان وقوع زلزله تا زمان رفع خطر، به عنوان مناسب ترین روش به لحاظ حفظ ماهیت میراث فرهنگی بنا در کنار رعایت محدودیت های اقتصادی تبیین شد. سازه فولادی طرح با ظرفیت های برجسته، پیکربندی خاص، قاب ها و اتصالات ویژه و اجزاء غیرسازه ای آن برمبنای قابلیت انعطاف پذیری و انطباق پذیری با بنای تاریخی موجود طراحی شد.
    کلیدواژگان: راهروی ایمن، زلزله، ایمنی جانی، ساختمان بنایی
  • مژگان قربان زاده، سید حسن تقوائی*، سعید نوروزیان ملکی صفحات 23-42

    اغلب پژوهش ها و گزارش های تخصصی بر نقش مهم روستاها در صیانت از ارزش های محیطی و جلوه های فرهنگی و بومی تاکید دارند. از دیدگاه معماری منظر و در فرایند ارتقاء کیفیت منظر روستایی در ایران، ظرفیت های طبیعی و توان محیطی روستا کمتر مدنظر قرار گرفته است. هدف این مقاله، ارایه بخشی از نتایج مطالعات در زمینه شناخت منظر روستایی و معرفی ارزش ها و برخی از ویژگی های اصلی آن بویژه در ایران است. براین اساس، یافته ها و آموزه ها با استفاده از روش «مرور نظام مند» و با تاکید بر دو جنبه «چارچوب کلی مفاهیم مرتبط با حوزه منظر روستایی» و «ارتباط معنایی میان دو حوزه منظر روستایی و طبیعت گردی متکی بر سکونتگاه های روستایی» طبقه بندی و بررسی شد. در این مورد با استفاده از پایگاه داده های معتبر علمی و بهره گیری از بیانیه پریزما، مستندات مرتبط با «منظر روستایی» در برگیرنده جنبه های کالبدی و محیط طبیعی انتخاب شدند. سپس با استخراج و گزینش کلیدواژه های کلی و تحلیل محتوایی داده ها، سه واژه/مفهوم اصلی اکولوژی منظر، منظر فرهنگی و برنامه ریزی منظر در حوزه موضوعی منظر روستایی و مرتبط با تخصص معماری منظر شناسایی و تبیین شدند. بعلاوه، گردشگری روستایی که یکی از موضوعات مهم در برنامه ریزی منظر است، به عنوان مفهوم موثر در ارتقاء کیفی منظر در فرایند توسعه روستایی ارزیابی و معرفی شد؛ یک مفهوم کلی که می تواند در انجام پژوهش های تخصصی آتی در حوزه روستا و زمینه های مشترک معماری، منظر و گردشگری مورد توجه واقع شود.

    کلیدواژگان: منظر روستایی، مرور نظام مند، گردشگری روستایی، چک لیست پریزما، بهسازی منظر روستایی
  • مجید احمدنژاد کریمی*، مهدی محمودی کامل آبادی، مریم عظیمی صفحات 43-61
    مراحل شکل گیری سازه در یک فرایند طراحی شامل دو گام عمده طراحی سازه و تحلیل سازه است. «طراحی»، آفرینش و طرح کلی سازه را گویند که بیشتر در حیطه وظایف معماران است؛ لذا در این پژوهش، گام «طراحی سازه» انتخاب شده است که دارای بخش های گوناگونی است و برای فعالیت های معمار در مراحل ابتدایی فرایند طراحی معماری (مرحله طراحی مفهومی سازه) ضروری است. مسیله مهم در شکل‎گیری سازه، چگونگی انتقال دانش سازه در مراحل ابتدایی طراحی معماری است. هدف اصلی این تحقیق شناسایی چالش ها، مسایل و دشواری های به کارگیری دانش سازه در فرایند طراحی معماری به ویژه در گام طراحی مفهومی سازه است. روش پژوهش کیفی در قالب یک تحقیق اقدام پژوهی با استفاده از ابزارهای پرسشنامه، مصاحبه، یادداشت برداری و آزمون های عملی برای گردآوری اطلاعات و تحلیل داده ها انتخاب شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، از دانشجویان کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد معماری و فارغ التحصیلان معماری می باشند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که بسیاری از مشارکت کنندگان علی رغم داشتن دانش سازه ای لازم، با چالش هایی درزمینه مشارکت آن در فرایند طراحی معماری مواجه هستند. دلیل بسیاری از این چالش ها در عدم آگاهی کافی مشارکت کنندگان از نسبت میان طراحی معماری و طراحی سازه و عدم توجه به اهمیت شناخت هندسی از دانش سازه و سیستم های سازه‎ای مشاهده می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: طراحی معماری، طراحی سازه، دانش سازه، چالش های طراحی سازه، شناخت هندسی
  • پروین پرتوی، رعنا معتمدی* صفحات 63-79

    توسعه شهری با ایجاد مداخلات رو به افزایش در سیمای طبیعی زمین، چرخه هیدرولوژیکی آب را به شدت تغییر می دهد. مفهوم شهرسازی حساس به آب که از ادغام دو زمینه «مدیریت یکپارچه آب های شهری» و «طراحی شهری و برنامه ریزی شهری» پدید آمده است، به عنوان راه حلی برای مواجهه با چالش های آبی نواحی شهری ظهور پیدا کرده است. تحقق پذیری رویکرد شهرسازی حساس به آب پیچیدگی های بسیار دارد. تجربه نشان داده است، وجود یک چارچوب مفهومی پشتیبان برای ظرفیت سازی و تحقق پذیری شهرسازی حساس به آب حیاتی است. اهداف مقاله حاضر، ارایه تعریف عملیاتی شهرسازی حساس به آب و تدوین چارچوب مفهومی شهرسازی حساس به آب در راستای تدوین ابزاری برای هدایت و ارزیابی سیاست گذاری ها است. بدین منظور با روش اسنادی در گردآوری داده، به مرور سیستماتیک بیش از 170 ماخذ بازبینی شده در رابطه با شهرسازی حساس به آب و رویکردهای مشابه آن در کشورهای جهان پرداخته شده و با بررسی داده ها به روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی، ابعاد و مولفه های چارچوب مفهومی شهرسازی حساس به آب استخراج شده اند. این چارچوب از دو بعد محتوایی و رویه ای و شش مولفه هیدرولوژیک، عملکردی، زیبایی شناختی، اکولوژیک، اجتماعی و مدیریتی-اجرایی تشکیل شده است و اصول زیربنایی برای سیاست گذاری را در اختیار برنامه ریزان و طراحان قرار می دهد.

    کلیدواژگان: شهرسازی حساس به آب، تعریف عملیاتی، چارچوب مفهومی، مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آبی، ابزار سیاست گذاری
  • ناصر براتی*، محمد نیک پیما، مائده محقق منتظری، شهرزاد خوش روش، سارا نیکمرد نمین صفحات 81-103
    پریش خوانی شهری مفهومی نوین برای بازگشت به ذهن انسان در فرایند طراحی شهر است. این مفهوم به عنوان یک پدیده ذهنی، عمدتا وجه معنایی- اجتماعی داشته و در الگوهای رفتاری شهروندان تجلی می یابد. پریش خوانی شهری نوعی اختلال ادراکی- رفتاری در تعامل با محیط است؛ مقولاتی مثل آموزش، فقر، سرمایه اجتماعی، تحولات ارزشی، جامعه پذیری، قانون گرایی، تعلق خاطر، بی تفاوتی و ازخودبیگانگی، در کنار مولفه های کالبدی و نشانه- معناشناختی شهر، بر مقوله پریش خوانی شهری اثرگذار است. هدف این پژوهش معرفی پریش خوانی شهری به عنوان یک مفهوم جدید، طی کاوش روی علل بی اعتنایی مردم به پیام های شهر است. پژوهش حاضر بر اساس روش ترکیبی و از گونه تحقیقات ترکیبی «متوالی- تبیینی» است. ترکیب دو روش کمی و کیفی در مرحله تفسیر وقوع یافته است. مطالعات روی نمونه منتخب از ساکنان تهران انجام شده و رهیافت پژوهش بر روان شناسی اجتماعی استوار است. شهر امروزی پدیده ای مبهم است که ارتباط ساکنان شهر با آن، از قواعد کهن تبعیت نمی کند. اداره چنین شهری با رویکردهای غیرسیستماتیک و ساده انگارانه، ممکن نیست و زندگی در آن، بدون خوانش درست از ماهیت آن، دشوار خواهد بود. این پژوهش علل ناخوانایی شهر را نه الزاما در محیط کالبدی، بلکه در ذهن و رفتار شهروندان جستجو کرده است؛ خروجی این مطالعه معرفی مفهومی نو تحت عنوان «پریش خوانی شهری» است.
    کلیدواژگان: پریش خوانی شهری، ادراک، زبان شهر، روانشناسی محیط، خوانایی
  • الیاس کاظم زاده مس چی*، نوین تولایی، نصرت الله گودرزی صفحات 105-123

    ساکنان شهرهای بزرگ برای گریز از آلودگی ها و آشفتگی های شهر و همچنین تامین محلی برای استراحت و فراغت خود، با تهیه خانه دوم در نواحی آرام با مناظر طبیعی، پاره ای از وقت خود را می گذرانند. فراهم بودن امکانات رفاهی و زیرساختی در کنار آب و هوای مطبوع و چشم اندازهای زیبای دریا در شهرهای ساحلی استان مازندران، تقاضای گردشگران جهت تهیه خانه دوم را افزایش داده است. اما این پدیده از یک سو منافع متعدد و از سوی دیگر، آسیب هایی را به پایداری شهرهای این استان وارد کرده است. هدف از این پژوهش، شناخت برخی از اثرات خانه های دوم بر وضعیت پایداری اجتماعی و اقتصادی شهرهای بابلسر، چالوس و نور در نوار ساحلی مازندران است. برای بررسی این مسیله پس از مطالعات اسنادی، تحلیل داده های ثانویه و مشاهده، اثرات خانه های دوم در تحقق پایداری اجتماعی با مولفه های «مشارکت»، «امنیت» و «کیفیت زندگی» و پایداری اقتصادی با مولفه های «رفاه اقتصادی» و «رشد اقتصادی» برمبنای داده های پرسشنامه های تکمیل شده توسط 381 نفر از ساکنان بومی این سه شهر، سنجیده شد. یافته ها نشان می دهند رشد خانه های دوم در شهرها بر مولفه های پایداری اجتماعی اثری منفی و در پایداری اقتصادی، بر مولفه «رشد اقتصادی» اثری مثبت و بر مولفه «رفاه اقتصادی» اثری منفی داشته است.

    کلیدواژگان: خانه های دوم، توسعه پایدار، ارزیابی اثرات، پایداری اجتماعی، پایداری اقتصادی
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  • Behnod Barmayehvar *, Alireza Mostaghni, Masoud Hasanzadeh Pages 5-21
    Understanding the dangers of earthquakes is essential for all types of buildings, especially masonry buildings, in order to provide the most appropriate solution to reduce damage. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to provide a safe corridor against earthquake damage to ensure the safety of users of the Architecture and Urban Planning Faculty building of the University of Art in Tehran Bagh-e-Melli Campus. In this applied research, initially field research has been conducted in the form of observation of the building. Then, library and documentary studies have been conducted on the theoretical foundations and research background. Finally, using the capacities of the analytical-computational method and the case study strategy, a safe corridor design is presented. This study describes earthquake damage and the main methods of reducing them in masonry buildings and explains the use of safe corridor construction to provide space for building users to shelter during an earthquake until the danger is eliminated, as the most appropriate method in terms of preservation of the historical nature of the building along with observing the economic constraints of the project. In fact, the structure of the safe corridor, using steel materials and special fittings, is designed to be durable, malleable, of appropriate weight, dismantled and recycled, and suitable for historic buildings. In terms of financing, retrofitting methods with a higher level of performance should be used in a way that provides not only the safety of people's lives, but also the static of this valuable historical monument. The new simulation method of the applied element can be used to predict the behavior of the building under earthquake impact and the function of a safe corridor. This method, which has been developed specifically to simulate the failure of buildings, has a very powerful potential for studying this issue. Due to the ease and speed of the earthquake corridor design, it is recommended to use this design in all places that are prone to total or partial damage to the earthquake and where more advanced retrofitting methods can not be used due to economic constraints. Since the design of safe corridors in historic buildings is likely to be unique, it is recommended that the level of service in all historic buildings and cultural monuments be upgraded to match the level of safety (to ensure the safety of users). Due to the fact that this method is not destructive, in addition to implementing basic methods and the cost of strengthening (to achieve a higher level of performance), the safe corridor design method should be used locally or widely. In fact, a safe corridor is for the immediate evacuation of building rooms from the crowd and transferring to the corridors and then exiting the building. In short, due to financial constraints and the inability to use higher performance level designs, implementing a safe corridor design, while preserving the historical character of the building will greatly ensure the safety of building users.
    Keywords: Safe corridor, Earthquake, Life safety, Masonry building
  • Mojgan Ghorbanzadeh, Seyed Hassan Taghvaei *, Saeid Norouzian-Maleki Pages 23-42

    Rural settlements play an important role in preserving and validity of environmental values, cultural manifestations of tribes, and introducing the capacities of the natural environment and its effects on the structure of the "rural landscape". Based on studies and from the perspective of landscape architecture, the process of physical development of the village and the quality of the rural landscape interact with each other and are closely related to most of the values raised and especially in areas such as naturalism, ecotourism, and "rural tourism". In this interaction and process of improving the quality of the rural landscape in Iran, although more attention has been paid to the physical contexts of texture and architecture with emphasis on artificial environment, construction of buildings, and some aspects of rural tourism, in general, environmental capacity, indigenous power and effective natural environment infrastructures are less considered in the rural landscape. Also, there has been limited research on the study and recognition of common concepts and contexts between the two fields of landscape and rural tourism. The present study has entered the conceptual field of rural landscape and categorized the concepts related to the rural landscape during the systematic review of extensive studies that have been conducted in this field. The purpose of this study is to assess the situation, examine the concepts of the rural landscape, and also the common semantic relationships between rural landscape and rural tourism to explain the practice areas in the process of environmental sustainability and qualitative development of the rural landscape. The method is a combination of systematic review to identify and introduce the general framework of concepts related to the rural landscape and content analysis of relevant studies and documents in this field and finally to examine the semantic relationship between rural landscape and rural tourism. In this regard, authentic scientific databases and the Prisma statements have been used to study the documents and analyze data related to rural "landscape" including physical aspects, landscape, and natural environment of selected samples of villages with emphasis on social considerations and rural planning. Accordingly, a list of concepts and documents of 297 external samples from the Web of Science databases and 195 internal rural samples of Iran from the scientific databases of the Ganj, and Magiran were included

    Keywords: Rural Landscape, Systematic review, Ecotourism, Prisma, Quality of Landscape
  • Majid Ahmadnejad Karimi *, Mahdi Mahmoudi Kamel Abadi, Maryam Azimi Pages 43-61
    Extensive research has been conducted on various aspects of structural knowledge. A complete study of the challenges and problems of structural design and its evaluation in the context of architecture within the conceptual process of structural design is not only limited and in its early stages in the structure design literature in the field of architecture and, but also it  has been neglected in the architecture literature in Iran. Therefore, in this research, the approach to the existing problems and challenges of structural design (at least) from two perspectives has been considered, namely its study in the architectural context and conceptual design stage. In the present study, according to the topics of structural theories and design process in the literature, these two perspectives have played a key role in all stages of research, including planning, data collection and data analysis. Structure formation in the design process stages, ranges from creating the form of the structure to computational solutions. Therefore, structure in the field of architecture, which is an integral part of architectural space, is known by examining various aspects of structural knowledge; an important issue in this process is the conversion of structural knowledge into architectural design and how to participate and use it effectively in the architectural design process. In other words, what type and volume of knowledge of structural knowledge in a multitude of design demands can be used in the design process? The stages of structural formation in a design process include two main steps of structural design and structural analysis. Design refers to the creation and overall design of a structure, which is more in the realm of the architects' duties; therefore, in this research, the step of structural design has been selected, which has various sections and is necessary for the activities of the architect in the early stages of the architectural design process (conceptual design stage of the structure). An important issue in the formation of the structure is how the knowledge of the structure is transferred in the early stages of architectural design. The main purpose of this study is to identify the challenges, issues and difficulties of structural knowledge participation in the architectural design process, especially in the conceptual design step of the structure. Qualitative research method has been selected in the form of an action research using questionnaire, interviews, note-taking and practical tests for data collection and analysis. The statistical population of the research is bachelor and master students of architecture and architecture graduates. The research findings show that despite having the necessary structural knowledge, many participants face challenges in terms of their participation in the architectural design process. The reason for many of these challenges is seen in the insufficient awareness of the participants about the relationship between architectural design and structural design and the lack of attention to the importance of geometric recognition of structural knowledge and structural systems.
    Keywords: Architectural design, Structural Design, Structural Knowledge, Structural Design Challenges, geometric Recognition
  • Parvin Partovi, Rana Motamedi * Pages 63-79

    The world is becoming increasingly urbanized with more of the population living in cities. Urban developments drastically change the water cycle. Large amounts of hard infrastructure and changes imposed to the natural landscape leads to formation of impervious surfaces and loss of urban vegetation which will in turn have a noticeable impact on water balance and increases in the volume and rate of stormwater runoff. Iran is a land-abundant and water-short country. The food needs of a rapidly growing population and strategic policy goals to move the country towards food self-sufficiency will only put further pressure on water resources in the coming decades. Adding to these pressures will be even faster growth in demand for industrial and domestic water for an urbanizing population. Recently there has been efforts in the form of different urban design and planning approaches being all over the world, such as water sensitive urban planning and design, Low Impact Development, sustainable urban drainage systems and green infrastructures. Water sensitive urban design and planning is the integration of urban planning and design with sustainable water-cycle management, bringing ‘sensitivity to water’ into urban planning and design, as it aims to ensure that water is given due prominence within the urban planning process. However, Iranian cities still use the conventional approach for urban water management. Capacity building is needed to change the water resources management approach in Iran. One of the necessary measures to facilitate capacity building is providing guiding tools for planners and designers and to ensure that urban plans and practices are supported by an appropriate set of water sensitive principles. Lack of a policy guiding tool will lead to inefficient planning and failure of the implementation process. A supportive conceptual framework is one of the important tools for implementing WSUD. This article aims to:-  Present an operational water sensitive urban planning and design definition
    -  Define dimensions, components and criteria of the water sensitive urban design conceptual framework
    The research methodology is guided by a pragmatist paradigm. It seeks to understand the factors that shape water sensitive urban planning and design concept. In order to do this, a systematic review of over 170 chosen resources, regarding Integrated Urban Water Management, Water Sensitive Urban Planning and Design and similar approaches in different countries was conducted and based on the findings from the literature review, a conceptual model was developed and presented. First, water sensitive urban planning and design descriptive propositions were extracted through qualitative context analysis of the selected literature and an operational definition of water sensitive urban planning and design was presented. According to this definition, components of the conceptual framework were specified. In the next step, principles of water sensitive urban planning and design were extracted and organized by the components. These principles act as criteria of the conceptual framework. The water sensitive urban planning and design conceptual framework consists of procedural and substantial dimensions, hydrological, functional, aesthetical, ecological, social and managerial components and it provides planners and designers with the underpinning principles necessary for water sensitive policy making.

    Keywords: Water sensitive urban planning, design, operational definition, conceptual framework, integrated urban water management, policy making tools
  • Naser Barati *, Mohammad Nikpeyma, Maede Mohaghegh Montazeri, Shahrzad Khoshravesh, Sara Nikmard Namin Pages 81-103
    "Urban Dyslexia" is a new concept to return to the human mind in the process of designing the city. This concept, as a mental phenomenon, is mainly semantic-social in nature and is manifested in the behavioral patterns of citizens. Urban Dyslexia is a kind of perceptual-behavioral disorder of citizens in interaction with the environment; criteria such as poverty, education, social capital, value changes, sociability, legalism, belonging, indifference, environmental intelligence, alienation, etc., along with the physical and semiotic components of the city, determine the degree of Urban Dyslexia. The most important function of this concept is the awareness of urban experts about the mentality of citizens and is useful in providing action plans for the city. The main objective of this research is to introduce urban dyslexia as a new concept, in the process of exploring the causes of people's disregard for the messages that the city provides as instructions. Many cases of behavioral disorders among citizens have psychosocial roots and do not arise solely from the physical or functional deficiencies of the city. The research method is Sequential-Explanatory Mixed Method. Combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has occurred in the interpretation stage; the research was conducted on a selected sample of residents of Tehran. The research approach is based on social psychology and examines the behavior of citizens by focusing on the theoretical-conceptual framework of the research. Today, in the era of the information revolution, the city has become a vague phenomenon where the relationship of the city's inhabitants does not follow the old rules. The current order that governs cities is derived from the philosophical, cultural and scientific foundations that have developed over the centuries and have confronted cities with a wide variety of equipment, functions, uses, spaces, etc. It is not possible to run such a city with unsystematic and simplistic approaches, and it will be difficult to live in it without a proper understanding of its nature. Many studies by urban planners on creating legibility in urban contexts have not been fruitful; simultaneously with the increase of visual and mental stimuli in urban environments, the importance of legibility as a quality in urban space has increased. There are so many cities that, despite careful design and planning, are still not considered legible by the citizens, and people show that they have not properly understood the concepts of the city by their behavior in the city. This study has explored the causes of illegibility in the city not necessarily in the physical environment, but in the minds and perceptions of citizens; the result of this study is the introduction of a new concept called "urban dyslexia" through which some mental areas of communication disorders between humans and the environment can be identified. The most important function of this concept for urban professionals is to become aware of the mentality and gain a deeper understanding of space users; this concept facilitates the recognition of the audience of decisions and actions in the city and can lead to the optimization of operational solutions.
    Keywords: Urban dyslexia, Perception, urban language, Environmental Psychology, legibility
  • Elyas Kazemzadeh Meschi *, Novin Tavallaei, Nosratollah Goudarzi Pages 105-123

    Living closer to nature has emerged as a lifestyle for people who intend to move away from populated and compact urban areas. Residents of populated cities are interested in spending some of their time in second homes in areas with limited noise disturbance and beautiful natural landscapes to escape the urban pollution and unrest, as well as to find places for recreation. The purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of second homes on the social and economic sustainability of the cities in the coastal area of Mazandaran province, including Babolsar, Chalus and Nur. The diverse natural capacities of the northern region in terms of existence of sea, forest, mountains, having a variety of leisure facilities such as water recreation, forestry, mountain climbing, and, the accessibility of northern cities from different part of the country through scenic drives, make these cities more attractive for owning a second home. Following this increasing demand, the abundant constructions of second homes led to significant impacts on spatial and socio-economic dimensions of these cities, including urban sprawl, rising property prices, housing shortages for local people, emerging vacant houses for most of the year, visual degradation of residential patterns as a result of prevailing non-local types of architecture, rapid conversion of agricultural land use to non-productive uses, socio-economic inequalities, and cultural conflicts between local and non-local inhabitants. These were part of the problems which address a specific research question in this article: What is the impact of second homes on the social and economic sustainability of the coastal cities of Mazandaran? Social sustainability refers to the protection and improvement of the well-being of the future and present generations and includes principles such as justice, social inclusion and interactions, security, democracy, social cohesion and communication, and quality of life. Economic sustainability means strengthening the foundations of the economy and achieving economic security in terms of access to sustainable livelihoods, stable conditions of occupations, employment as well as reliable financial resources, and finally, appropriate and environmentally friendly technology with the use of human resources. In this article, the impact of second homes on social sustainability was studied by measuring the variables of "participation", "security" and "quality of life". To measure these impacts on economic sustainability, "economic welfare" and "economic growth" were evaluated. In addition to documentary studies, secondary data analysis and observation, data was mainly collected via systematic questionnaires completed by 381 samples drawn randomly from the population of the selected cities. The findings shows that with the emergence of second homes in these cities, the level of social sustainability decreased significantly; however, economic sustainability was improved in terms of "economic growth" and decreased considering "economic welfare". In conclusion, urban rules and regulations are required to organize the rise in demand for second homes in Mazandaran coastal areas to protect socio-economic sustainability.

    Keywords: Second homes, Sustainable development, Impact assessment, Social sustainability, Economic sustainability