مجله منظر
پیاپی 62 (بهار 1402)

The village of Laft in ‘Qeshm Island’ is placed on a coral reef, the initial reason for its emergence. The rock slope at the edge of the beach has created a natural space for docking huge barges. This feature alone lets this rural place be targeted, where its economy is highly dependent on the sea. The presence of coral reefs does not afford much farming land to its residents. However, in the highest state of adopting Nature, they can take advantage of this natural depth of water on the beach, which provides a suitable space for docking huge barges. As a result of this happening, Laft village has turned into a crucial trade space and a fishing port on Qeshm Island where the residents profit from this flourishing trade.The huge presence of coral reefs, Marjan, neither provides suitable agricultural land, nor even a flat space for building houses. Therefore, there are small houses in a dense village space. However, the land owner is quite satisfied with this affluence business condition, which is resulting from the natural depth of the water at the bottom of the coral reef, which let them establish a luxurious architecture, as the dominant architecture of Laft is iconic to its wind-catcher, central courtyards, and handling air circulation and the wind flowing in the rooms and courtyards, as a symbol of Qeshm Island, which along with the architecture of Bushehr City and Sana'a, is reminiscent of the ‘Persian Gulf’ and the Gulf of Oman. This advantage is also due to the blessing presence of the coral reef. The coral reef by having natural cavities inside it, besides resisting water force, has a function like a sponge, which store huge amount of water among its tiny saclike cavities. This property, in addition to the existence of possible hidden cavities, provides an indefinite source of water storage. Supposing a barrier between the coral reef and the water salt to prevent its permeation into the depth of the reef, let coral reef to stop water permeation, and the holes in the rock be a good source of water desalination. It is supposed to be the exact happening in Telo wells, somewhere inside the coral reef and on the upper edge of the dense and integrated texture of the village, which is protected by the residents and their persistent culture for ages. The upper third of the coral reef is the watershed area of the Laft region. The monsoon rains falling on the rock are finally trapped inside the rock holes are the handmade water reservoir of the village and penetrated the coral reef through numerous shallow and deep wells to be preserved there. Some of this water is transferred into the reservoir ponds after purification for early use by the residents. The water well once functions as a water reservoir of the village, but in the warm months of the year, the residents draw this water by buckets and ropes, and gradually lead the reserves of tiny coral holes to the original head of the well. The dual function of Telo wells, sometimes as a water reservoir and sometimes as a water well has turned them into the most attractive landscape of the village, along with the coral reefs, as the origin of the Laft area. It is believed that the Laft village is identical to coral reefs and Telo wells. The other manifestations of the village appear in photos and architecture, are arising from these two fundamental stones of the life and survival of the village. This continues only if the water softener system does not disturb this natural ecosystem.

The ways how urban gardens need to be dealt with have been a challenging topic in architecture and urban planning. In the metropolis of Tehran with about 7 there are gardens scattered across some urban areas. Their management has been detailed in master and development plans. This research aims to examine the evolution of gardens in Tehran, and their classification based on different criteria as well as their benefits, and beneficiaries. Additionally, the study focuses on three different periods to investigate how the management of these gardens has evolved and scrutinize their impacts on the benefits. The literature and background of the subject have been reviewed to inform this research. This research draws upon architectural and urban interventions to seek strategies and offer integrated solutions to a variety of groups of stakeholders. It hopes that the strategies and solutions guarantee the protection of Tehran’s garden values. Architectural and urban planning intervention refers to building construction rules and regulations, how to use land plots, land use plans, and related issues. In terms of “nature”, this research is “qualitative”, the “developmental or applied” type. The sample included experts and stakeholders. The experts were purposefully selected through a non-random and snowball sampling technique. The stakeholders with private interests in Tehran gardens refer to two main groups: owners and investors. The stakeholders of public interest, in general, stand for the citizens, and the city as a whole. This research also examines the conflicts between private interest and public interest from different legal, managerial, economic, technical, cultural, and social aspects. In conclusion, this study shows that the greatest conflicts between the general public and other stakeholders have been in economic and managerial factors, while the greatest conflicts between private stakeholders have been in cultural and social factors. There is no conflict of interest in economic factors.

Space syntax theory proposes a quantitative and tangible method to recognize and analyze the space configuration and structure. Although it is not a new technique, it is still applied and evolved. In this regard, the current study sought to solve some of the structural and conceptual limitations and deficiencies of the space syntax by providing a novel method through recognizing the landscape aspects. Then, the novel term definition, “Landscape Syntax”, can be obtained using the achievements of this method. This research seeks to answer the question that How different will the indicators and assessment method be if we use landscape syntax instead of space syntax? This study aims to reconcile the definition of landscape with space and syntactic patterns of space, seeks to enable a specific syntactic pattern of landscape to understand the syntax of the landscape. The current basic research is qualitative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. The research process is a mixture of content analysis (descriptive, analytical, and deductive explanation). The space syntax concepts are classified using the content analysis method and are corresponded to the landscape concepts. According to the results of this study, the landscape has neglected aspects in space syntax concepts. (Some of the landscape aspects has been neglected in space syntax.)The main part of the new concepts of the landscape approach that are not in the syntactic system is the semantic factors, especially interpretive-subjective factors. These factors have value indices that must be inserted into the syntactic simple graph calculations. To this end, a network of the new landscape approach indices is put on the syntactic network to determine the valuable points. The newly developed method is the landscape syntax network. The graph obtained from the landscape syntax is a weighted graph, which is weighted through the value of the landscape approach indices. Landscape syntax is developed by adding the new aspects of the landscape approach, which is an upgraded and developed version of the previous versions.

The expansion of communication in today’s world has led to growing relations between different cultures in various fields. The outcome is the emergence of concepts such as the global village, globalization, and culture generation. The challenge faced by the world today is the method with which cultures with different values and structures relate to each other. Architecture, as one of the elements most influenced by culture, is by the same token influenced by expanding communications and requires an adequate response to achieve the rudiments of cultural interaction. Many researchers in the field of architecture and landscape architecture have studied the effects of culture on architecture and presented certain principles on the subject. Presently, the influx of cultural connections worldwide raises the following question: What principles does the environment which is formed under the influence of two or more different cultures follow? To this end, previous research on the influence of culture was first investigated and the discourse continued with the analysis of the cultural characteristics of the two countries of Iran and Oman. The research methodology also includes the comparative analysis of existing theories in the formation of a cross-cultural landscape, culture-influenced architecture, and the adaptation of concepts and theories to the realities on the ground. As a result, by presenting the common identifiers of landscapes influenced by the culture of both countries, it has been stated that the architectural landscape of Iran and Oman have a very close identity and it is possible for the two countries to form a cross-cultural framework. Finally, to achieve the aims of the research, recommendations have included exploiting common cultural values, using mechanisms that have been influenced by compatible cultures to shape the architectural landscape, using architectural and landscape shaping mechanisms influenced by the aligned culture, referring to the common symbols and models of both cultures by relying on religious structures and beliefs and avoiding emphasis on anti-value structures.

The role of human secondary needs in general and the need for recreation in particular as an interface between architecture and the environment in commercial spaces is undeniably important. That is why the quality of recreation-shopping spaces in commercial complexes to meet the recreational needs of users is one of the tasks assigned to architecture. This issue can affect the success rate of a commercial complex. The present study examines the factors affecting the success of commercial complex spaces from the perspective of leisure-shopping spaces and evaluates their relationships and the relative importance of each and measures the success rate of 4 selected new commercial complexes in Tehran (Tiraje, Kourosh, Palladium, and Tiraje2). In organizing leisure-shopping spaces, models are provided for designing the environment of commercial complexes that help to make the architectural space more acceptable to the users. To this end, the main question is what are the factors affecting the success of leisure-shopping spaces? And according to the relative weight of each, what is the relative success rate of the selected commercial complexes? Therefore, after recognizing and extracting the components and effective factors from the opinions of experts in the field of place, through logical analysis and deductive reasoning, the proposed model of factors affecting the success of leisure-shopping spaces in commercial complexes was derived. Then, the accuracy of the proposed model was measured and sifted through the Delphi method, based on the opinions of architecture professors, relationships between these factors were measured, and with the help of the ANP (Analysis Network Process), the importance and weight of each factor were determined. The obtained results show the factors affecting the quality and success of leisure-shopping spaces in three general categories: “functional”, “physical” and “perceptual”, and the most important components based on the number and intensity of its sub-components, respectively, are the physical component. Then the perceptual component and finally the functional component were identified.

Nowadays, continuous urban development has disturbed the ecological conditions of cities by damaging the natural ecosystems within them. Inner city rivers which are natural ecosystems with ecological nature have an impact on the restoration of the ecological conditions of cities. The framework of ecological urbanism emphasizes the continuity of the ecological structures of natural ecosystems in cities and plans and formulates strategies for their restoration. This research, which is framed by ecological urbanism, focuses on restoring the ecosystem of urban rivers. This paper first examines the theoretical foundations of ecological urbanism, the ecological nature of rivers, the ecological damage caused by urban development, and the restoration of urban rivers. Then, it draws upon the analogical-inferential method to analyze reliable scientific sources, and the opinions of researchers, and then extracts components for the process-based ecological restoration of urban rivers. Based on the ecological components, it develops planning strategies on a macro and micro scale to rehabilitate and protect the ecosystem of rivers and their banks and adjacent lands, increase the flexibility of the river ecosystem in the face of future climate disturbances, and prevent human interference in natural processes. Recognizing the main causes of ecosystem destruction, protecting the health of the river, restoring the geomorphology of the river in the city, creating and connecting biological ecological networks, preventing the entry of sewage and polluted urban runoff, and controlling floods by maintaining the conditions of the river ecosystem, developing restoration plans and measures in accordance with urban development, changing people’s attitudes toward protecting the river, and restricting the presence of citizens in the river’s territory are strategies on a macro scale of planning and implementation. Such strategies are made possible by strategies on a micro-scale and can be used in urban development planning under similar conditions and result in ecological urban planning which is the future of contemporary cities.

Urban landscape, as the consequence of the human perception of diverse dimensions of the city, the physical form, action, and meaning, is an objective-subjective phenomenon. Different human senses, including sight, get information about the urban scene as a perceived reality. “Seeing” is a large aspect of how humans get environmental information as part of their perceptual process. Everything seen in space forms the visual system of the urban landscape which makes sense when it is combined with information received through other senses and interplay with the subjective aspect (one’s understanding based on experiences, memories, conditions, and personal-social characteristics), and the urban landscape. Many studies on the visual system of the urban landscape have focused on the “physical form,” its characteristics, and the way its components are organized, rather than the “activity”, which is part of the urban environment as experienced by humans. As a result, the function of activity in forming the visual system of the urban landscape should be addressed. The present study aims to understand the notion of a visual system in the urban landscape by describing its parts and the types of their correlations, which is accomplished through studying the theoretical relationship between the idea of the urban landscape and its components, as well as explaining perception by highlighting the information obtained through the sense of sight. The data of this descriptive and interpretive study were analyzed using documentary and bibliographic analysis and then were categorized and interpreted using logical reasoning. Findings demonstrate that the components of the urban landscape visual system can be explained in terms of visual elements (such as physical form and activity) and visual values (elements and their correlations quality, including the nine qualities of naturalness, sociability, readability, vitality, and dynamism, beauty, coherence and continuity, sense of identity, complexity, diversity, and contextualism) which are conducted through the research.