Prevention of crime and providing public order and security are the primary goals of criminal law. For this reason, the criminal law should be drafted in such a way as to enable the realization of such objectives. In this regard, "the law on aggravating the penalty for acid attack" has considered the criminal response to the said offense to be death if the conditions and limits required by the crime of "corruption on earth" are met. However, according to the opinion of many Imami jurists, such a crime is not foreseen in Islamic jurisprudence, and instead, other topics as hadd and tazir can be considered as a suitable alternative criminal description for this risky behavior. Examining the elements of the crime of acid attack also indicates this point that in order that the aforementioned law be as deterrent as possible, it is necessary to make some modifications in the punishment of the abettor, which has been abolished by the Reduction of the Ta’zir Imprisonment Punishments Act (2020), as well as in other elements of this criminal act.

Taking into account the requirements of collective medicinal benefit, countries may choose to engage in domestic laws related to conclusion and validity of contracts as well as the scope of their effects in order to adjust contractual freedoms. At the international level, one of the derivatives of the principle of free will which has come to be known as the right to free competition (as opposed to the right to intellectual property) has had destructive effects on access to medicine as a human right, the significance of which has dramatically increased with the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic in 2019. Taking this into account, governments adopt different methods to impose restrictions on freedom of will in order to improve the public health of the society and to provide the ground for formulation of coordinated and systematic combat plans against diseases such as Covid-19. The present study was an attempt to review Iran's domestic laws and international documents that can impose restrictions on freedom of will in the field of public health (as during the outbreak of the Corona virus). The results indicate that in international law, restrictions on freedom of will are usually imposed with respect to collective interests (the need to protect public interests) and prohibition of the abuse of rights. As for Covid-19 pandemic, the need to have universal access to the vaccine and effective drugs against the disease makes sense with respect to the theory of social contract, and convinces human rights bodies to lend more weight to the idea of social responsibility of companies producing Covid-19 vaccine and drugs.

The law of the seas is of vital importance mainly due to the special privileges of the seas. Seas have been accorded great importance as routes of maritime transportation in all eras. Thanks to increasing technological advances and huge maritime natural resources, today marine resources have received more attention than ever before, and the need to exploit maritime benefits accounts for the present study. The natural resources of the North Sea of Iran (Caspian) that are shared with regional neighbors and the trawl fishery license granted to china in the southern waters of the country serve as the premises of the present study. Taking into account the official announcement made by authorities regarding their decision to transfer a maritime prowling license (or rent national maritime zones) to china which, according to the reports on the technologies which are to be used for this purpose, could lead to degradation and extinction of living resources, the present study seeks to find out whether the sea prowling licenses are transferable to a third party and whether or not the sovereignty actions within the framework of maritime laws and the act of transferring maritime prowling licenses (with consideration of the need to maintain territorial integrity) to foreigners is legally and jurisprudentially valid.

One of the new concepts in international relations is the decline of government sovereignty, the main principles of which are emphasizing the role of international organizations and new social movements and trying to establish peace, ending the conflict between nations, and establishing new combinations. The decline of sovereignty seeks to limit powers and weaken political borders and national sovereignty. The goal of global governance is under one law in a unified manner. The type and number of actors have evolved in such a way that, in addition to international great powers, regional actors also play a role, along with governments, international civil organizations, international non-governmental organizations, international intergovernmental organizations, informal multilateral organizations, parties, media, ethnic groups, syndicates, multinational companies, individuals and international public opinion have also played a role, which has led to the multilateralization of the international system, thus, according to the changing nature and process of the international system and the interconnectedness of actors and the increasing complexity of their interactions, it is still not an established order. It has not been formed, and the international system is still in a transitional and fluid state. Globalization or the decline of the central state is a thought and idea that takes place in contemporary thinking and policies and arose from the developments of the world, the thoughts of various nations and cultures. Its purpose is to reduce the centrality of state sovereignty and emphasize the role of international organizations and new movements. It has gone through a gradual and evolutionary process and is still progressing.

The constitution is a covenant with the nation and the government, that is a logical and external symbol of the social contract for every country and it reverberates on the background of legal system and protects its sanctity and implementing its principles requires considerable attention. Despite its importance and its legal and political status, the Constitution isn’t exempt from need for interpretation. Also the historical concerns of violation, the separation of powers, abuse of the authority to interpret the law, and the comprehensive claim and obstruction of the subject laws, have caused doubts in the recognition of the establishment of the interpretation of law, especially the constitution. For this reason, the interpretation of constitution and need for scientific analysis and use of reasonable method with a view to the of human rights, become very important. It is obvious that rules and methods of this interpretation should be used in the framework of comprehensive theory, so that on the one hand, they don’t cause difference in the sense of the constitution and on other hand, they bring coherence to the legal system. With realistic interpretation, understanding provisions of the constitution in objective context and taking care of the coherence of legal system provide the most suitable context in this category. In this research by using library resources in a descriptive-analytical way, an effort has been made in order to become familiar with the legislative process, the effect of applying human rights opinions and ideas, the interpretation of the constitution and its role in the development of constitutional rights and also to prevent the crisis in law-abiding governance by applying principles to balance the matter of interpretation; these issues are considered by the authors in this article.

Although oil is a very valuable resource for the production of energy and many chemicals, neglecting the stages of its extraction and transportation can cause a lot of environmental pollution, which is sometimes irreparable. Marine pollution raises the importance of the world community more than any other pollution because human being as an element is directly or indirectly involved in the issue of sea pollution in such a way that this pollution not only harms marine living resources but also harms human health and marine activities as well as sea water. The responsibility resulting from this pollution is a problem that has complex dimensions and has made governments struggle for years to investigate and solve the related issues. Oil pollution caused by oil tankers has always been one of the main complications of sea transportation, which has been able to cause serious damage to the marine environment. Laws of compensation due to marine oil pollution based on civil liability conventions of 1969 and 1971, were amended by protocols of 1992 in order to fix the defects of the previous system and implemented in 1996. Before the establishment of the oil pollution compensation system, responsibility was based on fault, and according to this, in case of pollution, the oil damage sufferer had to prove the ship owner's fault. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran has joined and approved two protocols, CLC 92 and FUND 92, as the framework of the new oil pollution compensation system. These two protocols came into effect for Iran in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In general, the aim of the present study is to examine and explain the compensation of environmental damages in the field of oil pollution (seas) in Iranian and American law.