نشریه روان پرستاری
سال دهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 54، بهمن و اسفند 1401)

Although quarantine is necessary and unavoidable to maintain people's health against infectious diseases, it can cause psychological problems in people, especially parents of children with behavioral problems. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the resilience of parents with children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in quarantine.

The present study was a qualitative phenomenological study. The research community included parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder referred to psychological clinics in Tehran, how had the experience of living in quarantine during the Coronavirus pandemic crisis in 2021. The number of 8 parents was selected using the purposeful sampling method until complete information saturation was reached. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis technique used for data analysis.

Data analysis from the interviews were extracted and classified into 4 main themes (psychological exhaustion, multiple conflicts, dysregulated mood, aggravated cognitive-behavioral problems) and 19 sub-themes.

This study showed that the experience of quarantine life during the Coronavirus disease pandemic can negatively affect the resiliency of parents with children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, experts and psychologists are advised to take effective measures in this field.

Depression is one of the most common postpartum disorders. Also, women with postpartum depression have problems in emotional regulation. The aim of the study was to predict anger expression based on attachment styles with the mediation of experiential avoidance and conscious emotions in women with postpartum depression in 2019.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women with a diagnosis of postpartum depression who referred to health centers in Tehran province in 2019, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, “Revised Adult Attachment Scale”, “Multidimensional Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire”, and the “Beck Depression Inventory”, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory – 2, Kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings Questionnaire and Experience of Shame Scale. The validity of the instruments was confirmed using construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis method and the reliability by internal consistency method was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos .26.

The pattern of structural equations using statistical indices showed secure attachment style (β = -0.223, P≥0.05), attachment style Ambiguous / anxious (β = 0.506, P≥0.05), avoidant attachment style (β = 0.212, P≥0.01) has a significant relationship with experimental avoidance  Also, the direct coefficients of experimental avoidance for anger expression (β=0.10, P≥0.01) and conscious emotions to the expression of anger, experiential avoidance to the expression of anger (β=0.88, P≥0.001). Also, the results of indirect path coefficients between secure attachment style (β=-0.237, P≥0.001), ambivalent/anxious attachment style (β=0.716, P≥0.001) and avoidant attachment style (0.066) =β, P≥0.01) is significant through experimental avoidance with anger expression. The results of indirect path coefficients between secure attachment style (β=-0.202, P≥0.001), ambivalent/anxious attachment style (β=0.580, P≥0.001) and avoidant attachment style (β=0.158 β, P≥0.01) is significant through self-conscious emotions with the expression of anger.

Experiential avoidance and conscious emotions are mediating variables in the relationship between attachment styles and the experience of negative emotions such as expressing anger in women with postpartum depression. Therefore, ambivalent/anxious attachment style to the perception of threat in disturbing situations along with negative self-view and experience of secondary emotions such as shame and guilt lead to experience of anger in women with postpartum depression. It is suggested that psychological interventions in reducing negative emotions and experiential avoidance in women with postpartum depression should be considered by therapists.

One of the most important human relationships is marriage, which due to the extensive changes in the world society as well as in Iran, today the relationship with the opposite sex is considered one of the most challenging relationships. The purpose of the present research was to discover the lived experience of married women who had an emotional relationship with the opposite sex before marriage.

This research was qualitative and phenomenological. The statistical population of the research was all married women of Isfahan city with an age range of 18 to 30 years. The research data reached saturation with 15 people. The content of the interviewees' statements was coded with the help of Maxqda 2020 software.

The findings of the research included 3 main themes, 8 sub-themes and 22 codes of effective factors in entering relationships based on relationship-based experiences after the relationship. The main categories included social and interpersonal contexts, individual factors, family contexts, reasons for continuing the relationship, reasons for ending the relationship, reaction to ending the relationship, quality of married life, and gaining experience and intellectual maturity.

The results of this research can be used by psychologists and counselors in the field of family and pre-marriage, teachers and educational coaches and all people who work in the field of marriage and family and youth.

Defense mechanisms play a very important role in the ability to cope with stress and adaptability of divorced women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comparing the effectiveness of mindful emotion focused psychodrama training, psychodrama and emotion focused training on defense mechanism of divorced women. 

This research was a semi-experimental study with the design of three experimental groups and one control group with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The statistical population was divorced women in the spring of 2022 in Isfahan, Iran. From them, 64 divorced women were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned in three experimental groups and a control group (15 people for each group). Defense mechanism questionnaire of Andrews et al (1993) was used to assess dependent variables in three stages. The three training groups were each trained for 12 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any training. The data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance and post-hoc Bonferroni test by SPSS version 26.

The finding of the research showed that three methods of mindful emotion focused psychodrama training, psychodrama training and emotion focused training were effective in reducing the immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (p<0.01). In increasing the mature defense mechanisms, only psychodrama training with the highest effectiveness and then emotion focused training were effective (p<0.01).

Considering the equal effectiveness of mindful emotion focused psychodrama training, psychodrama and emotion focused training on reducing the neurotic and immature defense mechanisms, as well as psychodrama training as the most effective method and then emotion focused training on the promotion of mature defense mechanisms, it is suggested that these trainings be used for divorced women in counseling and psychotherapy centers.

Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common, chronic, and debilitating anxiety disorders. It is one of the fundamental causes of students' op in social and academic performance. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion-based therapy on the internal and external shame of people with social anxiety.

The semi-experimental research method was a pre-test and post-test with a 2-month follow-up and a control group. The statistical population was all students with social anxiety who were referred to Yazd University Counseling Center in the academic year 2022-2023. Using the available sampling method, 22 people who scored 19 and above in social anxiety were selected and replaced in an experimental group (n=11) and a control group (n=11). The experimental group underwent emotion-based therapy as a group; but the control group did not receive any intervention. Social Anxiety Inventory (SPIN), Internalized Shame Scale, and Other as Shamer Scale were used to collect information. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics (mixed variance analysis and Benferroni post hoc test) through SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the said treatment had a significant effect on reducing internal and external shame in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the control group compared to the pre-test phase (P<0.05)

Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that emotion-based therapy can be used as a suitable treatment method to reduce the internal and external shame of students with social anxiety in psychological counseling and service centers.

Dabetes is one of the chronic medical problem with a varyrapid spread in the world.Diabetes is attracting more attention day by day to the late and dangerous complications and wildspread prevalence

The type of research was quasi -experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes who were members of the Hamedan Diabetes Association in 2020. Among them 48 people were selected based on the input criteria of the research by available sampling method and were placed in three equal groups by hat were selected using the purposive sampling method and with the help of lottery. In order to collect data, venous blood test was used to evaluate glycosylated hemoglobin and the sleep quality questionnaire of Petersburg (1989) was used. In the first group, cognitive behavioral therapy and in the second group, compassion based therapy and the third group was the control group. Treatment sessions were conducted for 90 minutes once a week. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data

Statistical analysis showed that compassion-based therapy is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin (F=3.13, p<0.05) and increasing sleep quality (F=5.8, p<0.01) in diabetic patients.

The effect of compassion-based therapy on reducing glycosylated hemoglobin and increasing sleep quality is greater than cognitive behavioral therapy.Caregivers can use the results of this research as a new perspective to improve the health indicators of patients.

A successful marriage is a dynamic growing relationship in which both partners continue to grow to achieve personal satisfaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of reality-based premarital education on the type of decision making and marriage self-efficacy among single boys in Bushehr.

The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included single boys and students in Bushehr. The research sample consisted of 30 people who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. Participants answered the questionnaires of Scott and Bruce’s Decision Making Style Questionnaires (1995) and the Marital Self-efficacy Scale of Dibaj et al. (2014). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the type of decision-making on increasing the rational style and reducing the intuitive, dependent, instantaneous, avoidant and increasing self-efficacy of marriage was significantly different from the control group (p <0.05).

The results showed the effect of reality-based premarital education on the type of decision-making and marriages self-efficacy of single boys'; And it can be used as an important and key intervention in the field of premarital counseling. Also, the results of this research can be used by family and marriage counseling specialists.

Intruduction:

 Marital relations are one of the most important elements of strengthening the family foundation. Cognitive flexibility can be one of the important variables in preventing marital discord, and on the other hand, getting involved in it will cause turmoil and crisis in marital relationships. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of self-compassion training and mentalization on cognitive flexibility among married women involved in couple boredom.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all married women suffering from Couple Boredom.who referred to the counseling centers of the west of Tehran in 2021. Using the purposeful sampling method, according to the entry and exit criteria, 60 married women were randomly selected into two groups of 20. experimental and a group of 20 people were included as control. Then the participants of experimental group one and two received self-compassion and mindfulness training in 12 separate 90-minute sessions. Couple boredom and cognitive flexibility questionnaires were used to collect information in three measurement stages. In data analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used.

The findings of the research showed that self-improvement and mentalization training is effective in improving the cognitive flexibility of married women involved in couple boredom (P≤0.01); So that it has affected all aspects of cognitive flexibility, including perception of controllability, justification of behavior and different options. Also, comparing the results of the effects of the two mentioned educational methods on improving cognitive flexibility and its dimensions in married women involved in couple boredom, no significant difference was found (P>0.01).

Therefore, from the findings of this research, it can be concluded that self-compassion and mentalization training can be used in tense couple relationships caused by couple boredom in order to increase relaxation and mental health.

Compassion towards the patient and emotional involvement with patients, although it has positive consequences for the patient and the nurse, but it is one of the most difficult parts of nursing. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between emotional labour and resilience of nurses in general wards.

This study is a correlational and cross-sectional study that was conducted between January and March 2022. Two hundred and fifty two nurses working in the general wards of one of Tehran's hospitals were enrolled in in a quota and consus sampling. These nurses had at least one year of experience in general wards. The demographic and occupational information form, and questionnaires of nurses' emotional labour and personal resilience were sent to the participant electronically to collect data. Data analysis was done using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The results showed that the mean score of nurses' emotional labour was 63.37 ± 7.926 and  mean total personal resilience score of nurses was 3.98± 0.553. There was a positive and significant relationship (P <0.001) between emotional labour and personal resiliency of nurses participating in the study.

Considering that there is an emotional burden in general wards’ nurses and it has a positive relationship with their personal resilience, health policy makers and decision makers should use strategies to reduce the emotional burden of nurses so that they can provide quality care based on compassion to patients.

Betrayal In recent years, it has become one of the most problematic and traumatic marital conflicts. In addition, this phenomenon brings with it various psychological problems; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of traumatic childhood experiences, mentalization and alexithymia in predicting depression and suicidal thoughts in women suffering from the trauma of marital betrayal.

The method of this research is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research included all women suffering from the trauma of marital betrayal in Tehran in 2022. For this purpose, 220 of these people were selected by convenience sampling method and they responded to the short form of Bernstein et al.'s Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (2003), Fonagy et al.'s Reflective Function Questionnaire (2016), Toronto alexithymia Scale (1994), Revised Beck Depression Inventory (1996) and Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (1991). The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-24 software.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between traumatic childhood experiences, mentalization (uncertainty component) and alexithymia with depression and suicidal thoughts (P<0.01). Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between mentalization (confidence component) and depression and suicidal thoughts (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 76.9% of the variance of depression and 55.2% of the variance of suicidal thoughts are explained by traumatic childhood experiences, mentalization and alexithymia.

According to the results, it is possible to use mentalizing interventions, alexithymia and training based on childhood trauma treatment in adulthood to reduce depression symptoms and suicidal thoughts in women suffering from marital infidelity.