نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1401)

Hazrat Zahra's speech in Medina mosque, which is known as Fadakiyeh sermon, is one of the most authentic sermons and has valuable and guiding themes. It has been narrated by Fariqin due to its position and importance in various sources, including historical, narrative, and commentary, of course, not in the same and uniform way, but with differences in the text, the main difference is in the final paragraph, which is with the phrase begins. Proving or denying that this part is a sermon forms the basic issue of this article. The result obtained in this work, which was obtained using the analytical descriptive method, is that the disputed paragraph cannot be a part of the sermon. In addition to rejecting the justifications and reasons presented to prove its issuance by Hazrat Fatimah, there are four important reasons and witnesses, i.e. the non-quotation of this passage in the previous sources, contradicting the infallibility of Hazrat Zahra, the contradiction of this section with his other words about Amirul Momineen and The contrast of the mentioned paragraph with other parts of Fadakiyeh's sermon was presented in order to prove the claim.

Hara Waqm is the name of the bloody uprising of the people of Medina in the year 63 AH. From the historical reports, three different motivations can be found about the cause of this uprising. Some reports indicate that the action of the elders of this city and then the people of Medina was a completely God-seeking move. Some others introduce the uprising as a worldly rebellion and some of the narrations consider this uprising in line with Ibn Zubair's hegemonic policies. The importance of this issue is in understanding the social atmosphere and prevailing thoughts in the city of Madinah, with a correct understanding of which one can understand the reasons for the performance of the imams -peace be upon them- in this city. This research has presented the available quotes by searching in historical books close to the incident using descriptive-analytical method and after criticizing the narrations, by validating the influence of multiple factors, it is concluded that Ibn Zubair's power-seeking actions in Mecca and his provocations had the greatest effect in arousing the will of the elders of the city of Medina in advancing the uprising.

Historical dictionaries are one of the various forms of writing Islamic historical sources, such as general, local, Fatuh, genealogical books, etc. The authors of such works have recorded their biographies in alphabetical order under the translations of nobles and elders included in their books. The first person who wrote a multi-century historical encyclopedia is Ibn Khalqan, a Syrian historian. About two centuries later, Ibn Hajar Ashqlani wrote the first historical encyclopedia in imitation of him, of course, in the format of "One Century". This research with a narrative-critical approach and citing mainly first-hand sources as well as the method of library study will examine and criticize this historical work in areas such as: the author's reason or motivation for writing his work, the sources used, the method and Editing method, importance and … The findings of the research indicate that the author wrote this work in order to preserve the memory, and memory of the 8th century nobles, especially his professors and sheikhs, as well as the elders mainly of Egypt and Syria. For this purpose, he has used the written sources of the past, as well as the oral sources of his contemporaries. The importance of the book is that it provides useful information about the celebrities of various fields of this era, especially the elders of Syria and Egypt, which cannot be found anywhere else. This research, which is considered the first of its kind, intends to delve into this historical source while using studies and research.

Majlisi, one of the most famous scholars of the Safavid era, in all his works sought to compile and structure the doctrines of Shia Imamia. The formality of the Persian language in Iran during his era and the abundance of Persian speakers at that time, provided the context of writing the Prophet's biography in Hayat al-Qulub in simple Persian, based on Shia traditions and citing Sunni sources, in line with the propagation of religion and the consolidation of Shia beliefs for In the Safavid era with a larger audience, especially among the common people. This research aims to introduce propositions explaining the approach of the book by using the descriptive-analytical method and according to the temporal and spatial background, based on the theme of the book Hayat al-Qulob, and to show what approach Majlesi tried to use in writing history to explain theological teachings. The findings of the research show that, in Majlisi's view, Prophetic life and historiography are a means to prove the theological beliefs of Shia Imamia, and in the narration and reporting of the events of Prophetic life, he consistently prioritized theological teachings over narrative and historical reports, and history and traditions considered a function of the Shiite theology.

The Uyghur script was used in Iran from the 7th to the 9th century in governmental correspondence, writing manuscripts and documents. Despite its importance for the rulers and court system, limited and often precious copies of this script have been left. But, this fact that: why there are few written works in Uyghur script, or what could be the reasons for its early decline, has not been studied yet. In this research, by using the method of historical analysis and cognitive text, the Uyghur alphabet and its writing style and the problems of writing with it are discussed. While introducing a unique historical thesis, it is assumed that the incompleteness of the Uyghur alphabet, as it does not have an equivalent for some letters of the alphabet and is forced to use the same symbol for several letters of the Persian/Arabic alphabet, are among the main reasons for overthrow of this script in Iranian civilization. The appearance of the Nasta’liq script and the overthrow of the Teimorans in Iran are also other factors of to be abandoned of this script in Iran.

Throughout history, one of the most important activities that Muslims had was the achievement of Greek civilization, and then they transferred it to the Islamic world, and with the advancement of science and culture, they were able to flourish Islamic civilization. Especially the Muslims who had conquered Spain were able to create a great civilization there. When Andalusia had an advanced civilization, Europe was in ignorance and darkness, and no trace of civilization and progress could be seen in Europe. But as soon as the Europeans came to the Islamic world and also when the crusades were formed and many Europeans were able to stay in Islamic areas. Europeans coming and going to Andalusia made Europeans get familiar with Islamic civilization and science and transfer it to Europe, and they also tried to return many scientific books that were translated in the Islamic world to Latin. All these things caused the achievements of Muslims to enter Europe and with the progress of Europe, a new period was established in it, which was called the Age of Renaissance. In this article, we intend to examine the role of Muslims in the transfer of Greek civilization to Europe, and as most historians have acknowledged, Muslims having a peaceful relationship with Europeans at the time of trade or during the study of Europeans in the regions of the Islamic world caused Europeans get to know science. This article is done in a descriptive and analytical way.

The Uyghur script was used in Iran from the 7th to the 9th century in governmental correspondence, writing manuscripts and documents. Despite its importance for the rulers and court system, limited and often precious copies of this script have been left. But, this fact that: why there are few written works in Uyghur script, or what could be the reasons for its early decline, has not been studied yet. In this research, by using the method of historical analysis and cognitive text, the Uyghur alphabet and its writing style and the problems of writing with it are discussed. While introducing a unique historical thesis, it is assumed that the incompleteness of the Uyghur alphabet, as it does not have an equivalent for some letters of the alphabet and is forced to use the same symbol for several letters of the Persian/Arabic alphabet, are among the main reasons for overthrow of this script in Iranian civilization. The appearance of the Nasta’liq script and the overthrow of the Teimorans in Iran are also other factors of to be abandoned of this script in Iran.

The Mu'tazilites were one of the Islamic cults that entered the political arena in the early second century AH and during the Abbasid rule, and was chosen as the official religion of the Caliphate during the Caliphate of Mamun.In this research, by descriptive-analytical method and relying on action research that describes the conditions or phenomena related to a process, the impact of Mu'tazilite theological ideas on their political performance until the end of the first period will be answered. What was the Abbasid Caliphate (232 AH) like?  According to the results of the research, the principle of interfaith status, enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, and its subdivision, Imamate, was contrary to one of the most important theological ideas of the Mu'tazilites.  Had given.  The people of Etzal, in principle, considered the perpetrator of a great sin as neither a believer nor a sinner.  In the matter of the good and the prohibition of the bad, in case of oppression or breaking the ruling covenant, leaving Saif was one of the main beliefs of the Mu'tazilites, which shows the principle of freedom and authority of this school.  Also in the field of Imamate-Caliphate of the Mu'tazilites of Baghdad, the tendency towards text and installation (Shiite) and the Mu'tazilites of Basra believed in choice and allegiance (Sunnis). The ups and downs of the Mu'tazilites' participation in the uprisings, their proximity to the ruling power, the lack of a unified political theory, and the lack of procedural unity led to the early political decline of the school.