فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 75 (زمستان 1401)

Basic question: “How have the dynamism and scientific development of geography been influenced by the dominant approach adopted by Iranian geographers for diversity in the main elements of the published interdisciplinary geography-entrepreneurship papers?” The abstracts of the papers, which had summarized their main contents, were reviewed in order to report their level of diversity in terms of objective, result, topic, area, participants and the entrepreneurship variable type, as the greater diversity in these categories in original scientific works shows the researchers' profundity and efforts to cover more issues and respond to more efficient approaches in society. From the points about the development and dynamism of geography, the following seven concepts are obtained as the signs of its dynamism and development:Removal of specialization-caused limitations,
Contribution to content extension and researchers' profundity,
Diversification of problem solving methods,
Solving new scientific problems,
Diversification of scientific subjects,
Changing the researchers' perspectives towards issues, and
Expanding the area of science.
Geography considers entrepreneurship as a phenomenon that underlies the development of society, especially in deprived areas. It tries to plan its development process in Iran by identifying its factors, capacities and obstacles, as well as the quality of the factors in terms of being natural or human and internal or external, and presenting a development model for it.

This study is based on the meta-analysis method, and its data were collected through the documentary method.
A total of 27 active journals were identified in the first step, and then the relevant terms were searched in the website of each journal. More detailed information was obtained through the advanced search of the websites about the use of the word entrepreneurship among the keywords of papers and they were sorted by chronological order. At this stage, a total of 108 science research papers which had used the word entrepreneurship as one of their keywords were identified. Since this study focuses on the works of geographers, the authors' expertise in geography was also checked. Of the initial number of the papers, 91 papers (84.25%) had been written by Iranian authors and published in geographical journals. The number of research samples was determined 73 papers (over 80%) based on the Morgan table. Titles and abstracts of the papers were selected and studied in order to collect statistical data, as the abstract of any scientific paper has to be written within clear frameworks that researchers and journals are required to observe, and it must sum up the whole content of the paper, although it had not been observed in some cases. The content analysis method was used in this study for data analysis purpose. The sampling unit was the abstracts of the papers prepared by the author(s), and the registration unit consisted of the research objectives, research methods, analysis methods, findings, results (achievements), suggestions extracted from the research abstracts, as well as the topics of the studies, which could be extracted from the titles in the most cases. Research codes were exploratory, and each and every new codeword was written down, and if a single word or a synonym of it was replicated, it was added to the code number.

An Overview of All Categories
According to )T7(, the difference between the actual situation (85 scores) and the desired situation (370 scores) is 285 scores, which means the loss of a 77% score of diversity approach in the papers. Another notable result is that if we subtract the total actual scores (58.77, Column 5 of T7) from 370 (only 15.9% of the total capacity scores of the codes in all categories), the resulting figure will be 311.226.
Assessing the total codes and scores obtained from the papers shows two noticeable points. First, 370 new and diverse codes could have been obtained in the 73 geography-entrepreneurship interdisciplinary papers of Iranian geographers to achieve the essential diversity for the scientific development of geography; however, a total of 85 codes (23%) were actually obtained. Second, many of these codes were replicate codes, and replication was not a sign of the importance of the topic and even the existence of a difference in attitude in the dimensions of the topic. Although this was not discussed in this paper, it is confirmed by the initial reviews. The reasons for the replication of some codes need to be explored even in such a limited community in order for the society, publishers and researchers to benefit from it. However, the current study shows that the replication of some codes brought the authors only nearly 59 scores in terms of diversity, and they have lost a larger part of it, approximately equal to 311.5 scores. This indicates a lack of diversity approach in the papers.

The findings of this study show that Iranian geographers have achieved part of the desired success through the geography-entrepreneurship inter-discipline; however, more changes are needed for them to achieve the deserving position and provide appropriate and timely responses and solutions to the current problems and needs of society.

One of the dimensions of rural development is the management of sustainable rural development at the local and macro level, sustainable rural development is the process of all-round improvement of rural life through the establishment and encouragement of activities compatible with the capabilities and bottlenecks of the environment. Therefore, structural grounding in environmental-ecological, social-cultural, economic, institutional-management and physical-spatial aspects can lead to the proper functioning of this process. In turn, sustainable rural development is realized with the participation of villagers in decision-making, implementation, sharing of benefits and monitoring and evaluation. Diversity is the basis of stability and stability, and the more diverse a system becomes, the more its stability and dynamism is maintained over time and in different places against internal and external tensions. Today, diversifying the rural economy is one of the approaches to realizing sustainable rural development. In a research, they designed a model of rural development planning and policy challenges in Iran based on a data-based theory. The participants in the research consisted of experts in the field of rural planning and development, of which 28 people were selected based on the theoretical saturation criterion and using the purposeful sampling approach and the snowball sampling method.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The method of collecting information was in the form of documentation and field observation, interview and completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is academic experts in the field of rural development, provincial planners in the country's rural and municipal organizations, provincial planners in the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture, and provincial planners in the Ministry of Industries, Program and Budget Organization, and others.

The estimation results, the significance level of the failure variables in relation to the model variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system is less than 0.05, so the relationship between these two variables is significant at the 95% confidence level. Also, according to the value of t-statistic equal to -36.649, which is greater than 1.96, the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that the policy-making system of rural development planning in the country has problems, inadequacies and challenges. According to the estimation results, the significance level of the variables of local and regional factors in relation to the model variable of the policy system of rural development planning of Iran is less than 0.05, so at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Is. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -33.826, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the second hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Basically, centralized planning does not allow policymakers and planners to use local and regional capacities, and this issue itself will keep villages and rural areas away from development. Therefore, during the research process, it was proved that according to the prevailing approach of centralized planning in Iran, local and regional factors play a lesser role in rural development planning policymaking. The results of the model estimation showed that the significance level of the variables of attention and emphasis on decentralized decision-making and action in relation to the variable of the Iranian rural development planning policy system model is less than 0.05, so at the confidence level of 95% The relationship between these two variables is significant. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -27.571, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed. What is important in this connection is that the results prove that decentralization in the country's rural development planning should be respected as a principle and considered as a necessity. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that in the country's rural development planning policy, attention and emphasis on decentralized decision-making and action is necessary. Based on the estimation results, the significance level of the variables of less attention to the position of the village and rural development planning policy in the period before and after the revolution in relation to the variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system model variable is less than 0.05. , therefore, at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -30.694, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Document review shows; In all the programs that have been implemented from the past until now, the village and rural development have been on the sidelines and their place in the planning has not been satisfactory and appropriate. In other words, during the research process, it was proven that in the development programs before and after the Islamic revolution, the role of the village and the policy making of rural development planning were less considered. According to the output of the estimation results, the significance level of trans-sectoral planning variables instead of sectoral in relation to the variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system model is less than 0.05, so at the 95% confidence level, the relationship These two variables are significant. According to the value of t-statistic equal to -28.384, which is greater than 1.96, the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that trans sectoral planning is necessary instead of sectoral planning at different levels in rural development planning.

The policies and plans of construction and development are indicative of the fact that in the country's rural development planning, attention and emphasis has been focused on decision-making and action from top to bottom. One of the main results obtained in this research is that in our country, due to the multiplicity of executive centers in the field of rural development, we are witnessing the fragmentation and lack of coherence of the organization. Therefore, the existence of a level that can aggregate these issues is very important. In fact, it acts as an executive and effective support in decision-making and implementation of rural development policies and has a trans-sectoral role. Therefore, according to the records and experiences of rural development planning in the country during the last few decades and taking into account the possibilities, bottlenecks and challenges in the development process of rural areas, as well as taking into account the approaches and strategies of rural development, the optimal approach for development planning In rural areas of the country, the solution of creating a legislative level is proposed.

 Currently, in the planning of our cities, the form-oriented attitude has been and is dominant, that emphasis mainly on the physical and physical issues of cities. This neglects the fundamental causes that give rise to forms. Various political, social and cultural processes influence the formation of geographical forms of cities. One of these is economic processes.The purpose of this research is that identify the effective economic processes in the formation of geographical forms by studying the historical neighborhoods of Isfahan city.

The research method was combined (quantitative and qualitative). In this way, we can take advantage of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Type of research, according to its subject, is the ptactical. In the present study, the information obtained from the study area is qualitatively analyzed using logic and rational reasoning. Inferential statistical methods have been used for quantitative analysis of data.

The first question of the research is What are the effective economic processes in the formation of geographical forms in the historical neighborhoods of Isfahan? Has been answered through qualitative research method. To answer the above question, 11 experts were interviewed using purposive sampling and the information received from them was supplemented by field and library observations, and 6 items as effective economic processes in the formation of geographical forms in Historical sites of Isfahan were identified. These items are: The importance of endowed places,  The necessity  of small market, The importance of religious spaces such as mosque and shrine in Isfahan market, Non-promotion of consumption and materials unlike modern and modern neighborhoods, The importance of fairness and fatigue among marketers and Citizens access to public services. In the present study, quantitative data analysis is a multi-step process which the initial data of the questionnaire, classification, coding (with Likert scale) and finally are processed. 32 questionnaires were completed by purposive sampling. To analyze the collected data, the main indicators of the research, which are derived from the qualitative method, using mean, standard deviation, variance, skewness, skewness, coefficient of variation, frequency distribution, response percentage and histogram diagrams are described along with the normal distribution curve.
Then, using inferential statistics, we examine the status of indicators. One-sample t-test was used for inferential statistics. Statistical data analysis in this study was performed by SPSS software. Another question that we try to answer using inferential statistics is: What is the most important economic process in the formation of geographical forms in the historical neighborhoods of Isfahan? This was done to answer the question; Considering the items related to economic processes in the city and the scoring method of these questions, the range of scores related to these items is from 1 to 5, and the number 3 was used as a hypothetical average and the criterion for evaluating items. Meaning that values ​​higher than this value and having a significant difference with it represent variables above average and values ​​below this value and have a significant difference with it representing variables below average and a value equal to the hypothetical average representing variables It is moderate.

The results show that the effective economic processes in the formation of geographical forms are: The importance of endowed places, The necessity  of small market, The importance of religious spaces such as mosque and shrine in Isfahan market, Non-promotion of consumption and materials unlike modern and modern neighborhoods, The importance of fairness and fatigue among marketers and Citizens access to public services. Among the processes studied, The importance of endowed places had the highest mean and according to this study, this is the most important of effective economic process in the formation of geographical forms in  historical neighborhoods of Isfahan city.

Although Iran has spent the most material resources on development and planning, but the development record is not proportional to the material resources spent. Researches show that drafting the development plan without taking into account the cultural, social, ethnic, geographical conditions and considerations and the political and security requirements of the country will not lead to much results. In order to get out of the current situation, a vital and extremely reasonable area must be addressed, and that is the issue of linking the development trend with the environmental and geographical conditions, and in considering the environmental conditions, priority is given to the geographical environment for numerous reasons. A very important aspect is the advantage of the institution-oriented approach to socio-economic issues, in this way and with the support of proposals, a meaningful link and relationship between the theory and the environment is established. Institutionalists, including Acemoglu and Robinson, criticized authors such as Sachs and Diamond and introduced the theory of institutions as the missing link in the study of the causes of the development or non-development of societies. Although institutionalists have introduced good institutions as the cause of development, but these same institutionalists consider geography to be the most important factor in the formation of the nature of primary institutions. What caused the institutionalists to place geography in the second order of importance after the institutions was a concept called dependence on the traveled path (following the path dependent on primary institutions).

If the principle of the importance of geography and the need to consider environmental conditions in development planning is accepted, the basic question of this research is the logics and adaptations of including this vital phenomenon in the thought and practice of national development and creating a suitable place for consideration. Geographically, in the process of formulating and implementing national development plans and modifying national resource allocation logics, based on this, what path should be started and followed? In this research, using the analytical and descriptive method based on the library method of data collection (documents), an attempt has been made to explain the role of geography in the concept of development.

It can be stated that many development issues have geographical solutions. Therefore, investigating the location and accessibility, the relationships between residential choices and land use, complete routes for transporting goods, spreading ideas and innovations in geographical frameworks and understanding the relationship between man and the environment and in order to solve development issues are important, and natural and human geographical aspects (cultural, social, economic and political) have an essential role in supporting and ensuring the development and national welfare of the countries of the world. In the continuation of this research, some recommendations for the future development program (the 7th development program of the country) were presented.

Finally, during this research, we have come to the conclusion that although geography and environmental factors may not be among the most determining factors in explaining the causes of development or failure of societies, they are definitely among the most important and determining factors. Globalization does not follow geographical unity. That attitude is living geography and it means accepting the general forces of the world in the pattern of distance. It continues to intensify with globalization, regionalism and localization lead to growth and opposing forces balance the effects. One of these changes is against the growth of localism in globalization. So, with globalization, not only geography will not disappear, but we will also witness the production and reproduction of unbalanced geographies.

The geopolitical environment can be considered as a network within which there are different actors and actors. In this network, each of the actors has a different role, weight, importance, communication, and ability to influence and act. In such a way I can see a hierarchy of power, influence and influence in it. The geopolitical position of countries plays an important role in generating their power. Iran because of its ancient civilization. Having extensive natural resources; The population has a significant geopolitical centrality. Iran is a country whose power is greatly influenced by its geopolitical position. This study intends to make a comparative study of Iran's geopolitical centrality in the Pahlavi and Islamic Republic governments. The Middle East region, as a geopolitical network, has several sub-networks, and in total, we can name 11 geopolitical sub-networks, the most important of which are the sub-network of Islam, energy, democracy, and the sub-network of resistance.

 The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive. The data and information in this article have been done using the library method and by studying articles, books and documents.

The Middle East is a geopolitical network in which different actors compete for control and influence, and this competition takes place in several subnets. The Middle East Geopolitical Network has eleven geopolitical sub-networks Which include:  Resources, Economy and Energy, Shiism, Islam, Sunni, Arabs, Security, West, Resistance, Terrorism, Democracy, Gulf Cooperation Council Iran, as one of the countries in the Middle East region, has had a different position in these sub-networks in different periods.  In the Pahlavi era, the centrality of Iran was mostly related to the security, western and economic sub-networks but in the period of the Islamic Republic, they changed their nature and took on more ideological aspects. Before the 1979 revolution, Iran was more concentrated on the three networks of the West, security, and the economy. Under the Western network, which existed against the communist regime, and all the countries of the Middle East except Syria, South Yemen, and Iraq were present in this sub-network. Iran was highly centralized due to more advanced modernism than other countries
The security network included Iran and several other countries, including Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey in order to counter the influence of communism and to defend the West, they realize that Iran is being considered by the Western powers and is centrally managing this network. The economic sub-network includes the oil countries of the region, in which Iran is the center of energy flow in the Middle East. The occurrence of the Islamic Revolution in February 1978 is the beginning of a new chapter in the contemporary history of Iran and established a republic based on Shiite Islam under the name of the Islamic Republic. This revolution caused many changes in Iran and the region Iran subnets in this period include Shiite subnets, democracy, and resistance. The Shiite sub-network includes Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon, with Iran as a key player, as opposed to the Saudi-led Sunni network. The geopolitical subnet of democracy also includes countries with democratic governments, including the United States and the West, Turkey, Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Israel. There is a fundamental contradiction in this subnet, and that is the presence of the West and Iran together. Iran is not very central in this sub-network. Iran argues for religious democracy in the face of the Western model of democracy. Religious democracy is influenced by the form of government of the Islamic Republic and is based on the two foundations of republic and Islam. Resistance-based subnets include Iraq, Syria, Hezbollah, Lebanon, Ansar al-Yamin, Hamas . These sub-networks have been formed in opposition to the West and seek to confront the West and allied countries with the West, especially Israel.

The Middle East is one of the most challenging regions in the world today due to its strategic location and the abundance of vital resources and the intervention of great powers. As a result, most countries and their governments are in crisis or are looking for weapons and ammunition for fear of war.  Iran, as one of the most important countries in the Middle East, is no exception to this rule. This article comparatively examines the geopolitical centrality of Iran in the two Pahlavi and Islamic Republic periods. Based on the findings of this study, the influential factor in Iran's geopolitical subnets in the Pahlavi period (West, security and economy) has been the West. In 1978, the Islamic Revolution of Iran led by Imam Khomeini won and the Islamic Republic of Iran became a country that did not belong to any of the ideologies of communism and capitalism and established its government based on the religion of Islam.  The victory of the Islamic Revolution causes a change in the geopolitical sub-networks of Iran in comparison with the Pahlavi era and new sub-networks with an ideological nature are formed (democracy, Shiite, resistance).

The ecolodges are among the tourism services, especially in the nature tourism areas and villages. The ecolodges are small-scale businesses whose principles are native design and architecture, cooperative and family management, and provision of local services and products. The ecolodge is an opportunity-creating part of the world's tourism business, which is growing rapidly (Kwan et al., 2008). The ecolodges play a significant role in attracting tourists and developing tourism. Their success and desired performance will have a positive effect on the development of destination tourism and tourist satisfaction. The success of the business of ecolodges due to unique dimensions and features and the emphasis on sustainability requires attention to several underlying factors, and the success of the ecolodge business depends on the recognition and application of these factors by the owners and managers. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the success and sustainability of the ecolodge business to develop and operate optimum solutions and actions for the success of the ecolodge business. The case study is the ecolodges in southeastern counties of Isfahan province, including Isfahan, Jarqouye, Varzaneh, and Kuhpayeh. The study area is one of the most important tourist destinations with a high potential to attract tourists. Also, the area has a high number of ecolodges and ecolodges are one of the important businesses in the study area. The study aims to investigate factors and indicators affecting the success of the ecolodge business in southeastern counties of Isfahan province, including Isfahan, Jarqouye, Varzaneh, and Kuhpayeh.

The research method is a descriptive-analytical type carried out by a survey method. The study area is Isfahan county, which has many of ecolodges and is one of the essential tourism businesses in this county. The statistical population of this study consisted of the owners, managers, and senior staff of the ecolodges in the study area. Due to the limited number of ecolodges in Isfahan county, a census method was used, and the opinions of all 75 managers and senior staff of 34 ecolodges were examined. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used for data collection. First, with the literature review, the indicators affecting the success of the business of ecolodges were identified and categorized into three dimensions: ‘external facilitators’, ‘management and planning innovations’, and ‘operational sustainability practices’. Questionnaire items were measured using a five-point Likert scale from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (5). After applying experts' opinions, the final questionnaire was developed and used for data collection. Before the final field data collection process, a pilot study was conducted on 15 people from the sample population (20% of the total sample). Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate the reliability of the questionnaire. The value of Cronbach’s alpha for all variables of external facilitators 0.786), management and planning innovations (0.836), operational sustainability practices (0.792,) and the success of the business of ecolodges (0.747) were higher than the recommended threshold of 0.7. For data analysis, SPSS and descriptive (percentage, and mean), and inferential statistical methods (regression, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan) were used.

Linear regression model and Enter method were used to predict changes in the dependent variable based on three independent variables. The value of the correlation coefficient (R) is equal to 0.796, which indicates a strong correlation between the set of independent variables and the dependent variable. Also, the value of the adjusted R square coefficient is equal to 0.615, which indicates that 61.5% of the changes in the success of the ecolodge business in the study area are subject to the changes in external facilitators, management and planning innovations and operational sustainability practices. The variable ‘operational sustainability practices’ has the most significant impact on the success of the ecolodge business of Isfahan county. The beta value is 0.355, which is statistically significant at an error level of less than 0.01 (Sig=0.000). Using the path analysis model, the indirect effects of the variables on the success of the ecolodge business were measured. Variables of ‘external facilitators’ and ‘management and planning innovations’ have an indirect effect on the success of the ecolodge business. ‘External facilitators’ from two indirect paths and ‘management and planning innovations’ from an indirect path have affected the success of the ecolodge business. To evaluate the factors affecting the success of the ecolodge business, the one-sample t-test was used. As shown in Table 7, all factors affect the success of the ecolodge business, so the average of all factors is higher than the test value (3). The value of the t-test statistic is also significant at alpha level of 0.05 (Sig=0.000) for all factors. Therefore, at the confidence level of 95%, it can be accepted that all the investigated factors are influential in the success of the ecolodge business. Also, the factor of ‘financial support (M=4.60)’ is the most important factor. Next, the factors of ‘human resources (M= 4.49), and ‘knowledge of the state of the tourism and business market (M= 4.44)’, have been the most important factors affecting the success of the ecolodge business.

The findings indicate that all three variables of ‘external facilitators’, ‘management and planning innovations’, and ‘operational sustainability practices’ have a significantly positive influence on the success of the ecolodge business. Variable of ‘operational sustainability practices’ has the most significant effect on the success of the ecolodge business. For optimum performance, ecolodges should focus on indicators that improve
the level of sustainability, such as the optimum use of resources, and reducing waste production, so that they can attract tourists. The findings show that the variable of ‘external facilitators’ has the greatest effect directly and indirectly through the two variables of ‘management and planning innovations’ and ‘operational sustainability practices’ in the success of the ecolodge business. External facilitators, including financial and non-financial support, laws and regulations, training and local infrastructure can be effective in increasing the success of the ecolodge business by influencing the better implementation of the sustainability practices, and adopting effective measures in planning for the ecolodge. In general, the results show that the success of the ecolodge business depends on the optimum performance of all three sectors. At the macro level, planners and officials in the field of ecolodges should provide facilities necessary for the success of owners. Also, the managers and owners should implement all business principles of ecolodges to attract and satisfy more tourists. For the management and planning, they should know all the principles and criteria necessary for the desired performance and use all the capacities available outside the organization for better performance.

Cities are social entities which is similar to living beings and has grown in the course of its evolution, have evolved and changed and reflected many processes such as shelter, security, social interaction and the place of buying and selling goods and services. But in recent decades, we have witnessed the rapid growth of urbanization which has brought bottlenecks, problems and complications. So that the emergence of poverty, disorganization, environmental pollution, etc. has transformed some parts of the city. And a different color and smell from the past that indicates the decline and deterioration of the region It has made it visible and worn it out. In this connection, in order to solve the mentioned problems, Various policies are offered. In this framework, the latest and most accepted intervention approach in the organization of worn-out tissues, regeneration, has been introduced. In this regard, the present research, with the aim of urban regeneration, has tried to investigate and identify the damages resulting from worn-out structures in Zanjan and their types, with an emphasis on the experts' mentality of the damages resulting from worn-out structures. Based on the mentality of the experts, the mental patterns in regeneration are determined and their performance in reducing the damage of the worn tissues is evaluated..

The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive method and in terms of collected and analyzed data It is of a combined (exploratory) type. In this research, the FMEA technique has been used to evaluate the damages resulting from the worn-out tissues of Zanjan city. Failure Mode And Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic tool that can be used to identify failure modes corresponding to specific system components and functions. Which had the following process; - Identification of system failure states (at this stage, failure states are identified using brainstorming, Delphi, etc. methods). 2- Calculating the risk priority number (the degree of criticality is determined by calculating the priority number that has a range between 1 and 1000. The risk priority number is obtained from the product of three factors: the severity of the risk effect, the probability of occurrence and the ability to be discovered). 3- Reducing failure situations (team members try and plan to reduce known failures. Also, Q factor analysis has been used to analyze and extract mental patterns of experts to intervene in worn-out tissues. In connection with the selection of participants, it should be acknowledged that in choosing the number of participants, attention should be paid to the number of Q propositions, so that the participants should be less than the number of Q propositions. In this research, 10 people were selected based on the purposeful method (snowball). The validity of this research has been confirmed by reviewing the theoretical literature and interviewing the participants and their knowledge by experienced professors in the field of population. Reliability has also been checked through retesting, and its value is 80%, which is the desired value.

The investigations carried out in the form of FMEA technique have shown that 24 risks in the form of 8 potential effects have been directed at the city of Zanjan, and the RPN value of all of them is above 300 and clearly reported. Therefore, it should be stated that the damages resulting from worn tissues were at a serious level and urgent measures were needed. In this regard, it has been determined the mental patterns of experts to intervene in these contexts. For this purpose, Q factor analysis has been used. According to the rotated matrix, each participant is placed in one of three mental models. So that participants 4, 9, 2, 7 are jointly (mental model) the first factor, participants 5, 10, 3 are in the second mental model and participants 1, 8, 6 are in the third mental model.

The results of the research have shown that the worn tissues of Zanjan have caused 24 risks in the form of 8 potential effects. whose RPN value has been evaluated at a significant level. In this connection, 25 propositions (Q) of regeneration in these tissues have been identified based on field-library studies. which can be divided into three mental patterns based on the opinion of experts in the field of recreation. The first mental model has emphasized the integrated urban management for regeneration. Because the management of the urban unit prevents the wastage of money, time and urban resources and prevents duplication and parallel work. While the second mental model pointed out the existing passages of these tissues and considered it as an obstacle to development, On this basis, this group, while facilitating the process of widening the roads, pointed out the commercialization of these tissues And also because of the location of historical monuments in these contexts, they have pointed out the tourist attractions of these contexts To bring financial empowerment to the residents while re-creating. Finally, there were the third mental group who considered employment and income and admitted that due to the same weak economic base of the residents, they had no desire to intervene and organize. Therefore, it is necessary to provide investment platforms and create employment and income To create the sense of belonging of the residents, to provide the ground for regeneration and vitality of these areas. . Therefore, based on the mental model of experts, 9 propositions; Integrated urban management, improving people's participation, improving belonging, organizing narrow roads and commercialization, monitoring the construction and control of buildings, making historical buildings attractive and developing tourism, employment and income, pursuing growth policies. urban, investment in the neighborhood) have been chosen with the most agreement to recreate the dilapidated textures of Zanjan city. which have reduced the risks of worn tissues to an acceptable level.

In urban regions, thermal islands are exacerbated by the heat waves (HWS) effect, and it has the potential to negatively influence the health and welfare of urban residents. Scientists predict that heat waves will intensify and become more persistent in the coming years due to climate change. As a result, the likelihood of these two phenomena occurring simultaneously will increase in the coming years, even in small, non-industrial cities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the impact rate of thermal islands from the occurrence of heat waves in Kermanshah and Ilam cities from 2003 to 2018 and It is tried to determine under the conditions of heat waves, Which of the studied cities and at what time of the day the intensity of urban heat islands has increased?

 In order to identify and extract heat waves, the maximum daily temperature data of Kermanshah and Iilam stations, from 2003 to 2018, by using Fumiaki Index and MATLAB software, days whit temperature above +2 standard deviation or above the mean Normalized Thermal Deviation (NTD) that lasted at least two days, were identified as the day with HWs and calculated by equation 1:                                                                                                                                                                     (1)
Where T (i, j, n) temperature of day i th from month j th in year n th,  the average temperature of day i from month j. To eliminate the noise in the mean, a 9-day moving average filter was performed on these data three times and calculated by equation 2:                                                                                                                                                                 (2)
Where ∆T= (i, j, n) absolute deviation of temperature from the long-term average on day j th of the month i th, in year n th compared to the long-term average temperature of the same day. In order to the values of temperature deviation of different times and places to be comparable at a certain time and place, it is necessary to standardize these absolute values of temperature deviation by means of temperature diffraction. Like day-to-day changes, diffuse T∆ at 31 days for each day is calculated by equation 3, then the 9-day moving average was performed three times
                                                                                                                                                           (3)
The value  is the average temperature deviation in 31 days that is calculated by equation 4:                                                                                                                                                          (4)
Finally, Normalized Thermal Deviation (NTD) is calculated by the following equation:                                                                                                                                                        (5)
Where .Then in MATLAB software, days with temperatures +2 above average (NTD) and lasting at least two days, were selected as the day with the HW (Equation 6).
                                                                                                                                                             (6)
Then the thermal island was calculated in Kermanshah and Iilam cities using Equation 7:                                                                                                                                                              (7)
Where SUHI, is the surface heat island, MLSTurban is the average surface temperature in the urban area and FLSTrural is the surface temperature with the highest frequency of occurrence in the rural area.

The purpose of this study was Comparison the Impact rate of thermal islands from the occurrence of heat waves in Kermanshah and Ilam cities. Which has had an increasing trend in Kermanshah and no trend in Ilam. Also, the highest monthly frequency of heat waves in both cities was in March. Also the maximum duration of this risk was 4 days and short-term in Kermanshah and 6 days and long-term in Ilam. The results also showed that in both the heat wave and no heat wave condition, most of the day the cold island and at night sometimes the heat island (although weak) is formed in the Kermanshah and Ilam city centers, but in the heat wave conditions, especially in daytime and in Kermanshah city, the intensity of thermal islands was higher than normal. Studies also showed that the persistence of heat waves did not play a significant role in the intensification of thermal islands because the impact of thermal islands from the occurrence of two-day and four-day heat waves was almost the same. In the studied cities, in both Heat wave and no heat wave condition, a cold island has been formed in the city center, but in each heat wave, the intensity of the cold island has been more than a normal day for at least one day. In Ilam, even at night, mostly the cold islands have been created in the city center, although its intensity has been less compared to the daily cold islands. However, the most intense heat island in Kermanshah was in normal conditions, which was 3.5 degrees Celsius, but in Ilam, the most intense heat island occurred in heat wave conditions, which was 1.6 degrees Celsius. According to the explanations provided, the occurrence of heat waves did not have an effect on the intensification of thermal islands, especially during the day. In heat wave condition, in both cities the percentage of relative humidity was lower than normal, but the maximum wind speed in both cities was sometimes higher than normal days. to some extent indicates the open development horizons of the progress of the study area.

According to the results, thermal islands in both cities, especially in the daytime, even in the absence of heat waves in the center of the cities under study and have been affected by the occurrence of heat waves. Therefore, because according to scientists, climate change will increase climate risks such as heat waves, and the current small and non-industrial cities will experience more heat waves in the coming years, and will certainly grow and develop. Therefore, in order to prevent the negative consequences of the interaction of heat waves and heat islands in the future, further research is necessary. Also, in order to reduce the intensity of thermal islands and reduce the surface temperature in the center of these cities in the coming years, solutions such as: covering surfaces and buildings with materials with high heat capacity, protection of green spaces and creating green roofs, especially in urban centers, paying attention to the direction of the wind in the constructions so that there is a possibility of wind canalization and heat discharge between the buildings. Adjusting the density of buildings and their decentralized construction in the center of these cities seems necessary.

If in a general sense soft power is considered as the ability to shape the preferences and behavior of the audiences using attractiveness; One of the important issues related to this concept is soft power measurement. In this context, Joseph Nye is the first person to discuss the possibility of measuring this power at the same time as proposing the concept of soft power. According to him, soft power and its availability can be assessed through public opinion polls, interviews with elites, and case studies. However, soft power is a concept that Gives a different measure to assess the international position of a country; For this reason, since the beginning of the term soft power, the discussion of measuring this power, besides other theoretical literature, has enjoyed widespread progress and success among thinkers; Despite the short history of soft power measurement research, various models have been designed by researchers and study centers. But Despite the many efforts, these models were attacked and criticized from different angles. Accordingly, this study tried to design a new model, while measuring the status of the soft power of countries, to draw the geopolitical structure of the world with a focus on soft power.

The first question of this research is what are the most important sources and indicators of the soft power of countries? And the second question, What is the geopolitical structure of the world with a focus on soft power? However, given that these questions were exploratory, no hypothesis has been put forward; In this regard, the method of this research has been descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information has been library and field

In this study, there was a hypothesis that the geopolitical structure of the world has undergone changes due to the emergence of the concept of soft power. Due to this necessity, understanding the global geopolitical structure with a focus on soft power became relevant. Therefore, in the first step, due to the weakness of current models of soft power measurement, the conceptual model of soft power measurement in the form of six components (political, cultural, economic, science and technology, military and geographical), 48 conceptual indicators and 260 operational variables were designed. Then, the importance of each of the capacities and conceptual indicators of soft
power was determined using an online questionnaire by 194 soft power experts opinion from 33 countries. In the next step, among the common methods of measuring power, the matrix measurement method was chosen. Then, based on a number of preconditions,  160 countries were selected. In the next step, referring to databases and valid documents, etc., the amount of data of each of the 260 variables for 160 countries was extracted; At this stage, 57 countries were excluded due to a lack of valid data in some indicators and variables; Also, 15 variables were excluded due to lack of universality. Therefore, the number of countries under study was reduced to 103 countries and the number of variables to 245. In the next step, with the help of four standard methods,  The values of the variables were converted into score; Then the scores obtained for all variables were placed in the same range using the minimum-maximum method. After going through the above steps, the soft power of the countries was calculated based on the matrix method. In the final stage, Richard Muir's model and the writer's creative approach were used to drawing the geopolitical structure of the world with a focus on soft power. Therefore, for the soft power of countries, five levels were considered. Then, the soft power classification of countries was analyzed by six statistical methods. In the next step, among the different methods, the natural failure method was selected based on the number of advantages, and the soft power of the countries based on this method was divided into five levels. In this regard, the results showed that the United States, Germany, Britain, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Canada, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Ireland, South Korea, etc. at the first level, or other words in the highest level; Italy, Singapore, Poland, China, UAE, Israel, Malaysia, etc. in the second level; Russia, India, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Mexico, etc. at the third level; Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Ghana, Senegal, Tunisia, Ecuador, Colombia, etc. in the fourth level and Egypt, Iran, Algeria, Mali, Tanzania, Nigeria, Pakistan, etc in the fifth level or other words, in the lowest levels of soft power are located.

In this study, with the knowledge of the true nature of soft power and the limitations of measuring the elements of this power, an attempt was made to design a soft power measurement model with a focus on countries. In this regard, the results of measuring the soft power of countries showed that despite all the ups and downs of US policy, especially during the Trump administration, the country has relied on the position first of soft power in the world. However, with Biden taking office and revising some of its previous policies, including resolving the Iranian nuclear crisis through multilateral diplomacy, trying to return to the Paris Climate Treaty, Laying the groundwork for the United States to rejoin the World Health Organization, increasing refugee reception in the United States, and so on. The new team is expected to work more than Trump to repair the mental image of the United States and strengthen its soft power.At the same time, it should not be overlooked that the United States's position at the top of the global soft power pyramid is shaky; Because near it is a selection of European countries that can occupy the position of this country by setting and adopting a suitable strategy. The United States, on the other hand, does not have a significant advantage in all aspects of soft power; it has a decisive position only in economic capacities and science and technology, and in cultural capacity, despite occupying the first place, the countries of Britain and France are with a relatively small difference after it. And it is far from the first place in political, geographical, and military capacities. With these interpretations, one can expect this scenario; If the members of the European Union, especially Germany, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Finland, increase their cohesion and solidarity on a variety of issues in such a way as to present a single picture of Europe's soft power; In the post-Corona, the geopolitical structure of soft power will be shifted towards the EU.

The duty of the pre-hospital emergency department is to deal with medical emergencies and provide services to injured and emergency patients. Many components have an effect on the success of emergency services, including the time to reach the accident site, which is affected by the distance and characteristics of the route. Choosing the right place for the establishment of emergency centers in the country and their alignment can help in optimizing and providing better emergency services. On the other hand, some stations may not have been well chosen and have faced many challenges, therefore, implementing a system for potential measurement, spatial screening, choosing the right place can help to make better decisions in this field. Therefore, the emergency location decision support system has been designed to be a step in this direction. The country's emergency department is always one of the factors present in all accident scenes at all scales, from the micro level (accidents, trauma) to the national level (earthquakes, floods, fires, etc.), and the available evidence shows that So far, it has been able to do this well by relying on its intelligent management and elite personnel. Therefore, thematic diversity, wide geographical area, sensitive nature and responsibility, the need to use new systems and methods for better management to reduce the effects of diseases and hazards (conventional and unconventional), increase preparedness, prevention and reduction of the effects of accidents. mortality, injury, disability, etc.) and also diversifying activities on a national and geographical scale. Choosing the right place to establish emergency bases in the country is one of the important issues of emergency management. The purpose of this article is to present an intelligent system to determine the appropriate location for the establishment of emergency bases in the country, and it seeks to intelligently design the spatial decision-making process and design a system to help make better decisions in the emergency organization.

This research is a type of applied research. The indicators required in this survey have been obtained through documentary studies and organizational needs assessment. In the first stage, the review of global experiences was carried out and after that organizational needs assessment was carried out and the indicators required by the organization and global experiences in this field were matched. In the second stage, the location information was collected, based on the data of Iran Statistics Center in the 2015 census, the basic information of the land survey and the location information of the emergency centers of the target database were prepared and finally with the multi-criteria decision-making system based on the goals, compared to Smartening of the proposed emergency locations was done.

Based on the perspective of continuity of activities of organizations in times of crisis and understanding the conditions of the organization and existing gaps that can damage the continuity and continuation of an organization's activity in an event is of particular importance. Continuous evaluation of the status of an organization, periodical review and checklists, and the estimation of the level of organizational resilience, both in terms of infrastructure and human resources, are among the most important indicators in the continuity of activity. Therefore, in this review of the country's emergency organization as an organization involved in crisis management; It should evaluate its existing bases in order to identify the existing risks and damages that affect the activity of this organization's bases in times of crisis based on the evaluations. On the other hand, the proposal of the future bases of this organization requires not only the above conditions, but also the need to identify all the physical and demographic considerations and potential and actual risks in the establishment of new bases, so that based on that, bases can be established with the least damage and the least cost.

In this research, the theoretical foundations related to the indicators of the establishment of a specific emergency base and after that all these indicators were systematized through the location data available at the country level, in order to assess the risks based on a database and an intelligent system. The bases should be considered and decisions should be made in locating the required stations in the future based on an intelligent system based on supporting systems.