مجله تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 41 (زمستان 1401)

In some sources, such as Biḥār al-Anwār a long narrative has been related, according to which Abdullah ibn ʿUmar started a protest movement against Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya after the martyrdom of Imam Ḥusayn (a.s.). As a response to ibn ʿUmar, Yazīd showed the letter that the Second Caliph had sent to Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān. In this letter many events of the Early Islam have been described, especially the actions of the hypocrites to usurp the caliphate, and there has been some recommendations for Muʿāwiya. In this report, there are many historical and literary errors. In this article, by conducting a thorough search and examining the Isnad and the text of the narrative, it has been proved that al-Ḥusayn ibn Ḥamdān al-Khaṣībī is the main accused of falsifying this narration. Although his name has not been mentioned in the Isnad. Furthermore, based on manuscripts, another version of the story has been presented, which may have been unrelated to al-Khaṣībī's version and based on an earlier source. In this research, other topics such as the related account attributed to al-Balādhurī have also been discussed.

The following article is a continuation of another article about genealogical legitimacy and its effect on the theory of Imamate.  While in the previous article, the inconsistencies between the pre-Islamic genealogical culture of the Arabs and the issue of the transfer of the Imamate of Ali and his descendants were investigated, in this article, the difference between the Imāmīyyah and the Zaidīyyah in the genealogical explanation of the Imamate in the period of the third to fifth century A.H. will be analyzed. It shows that those two groups, in an attempt to explain the chain of imams with a coherent theory, put forward different understandings of the genealogical legitimacy, and based on it, when interpreting the important texts of the Ḥadith of Ṯhaqlayn and the verse of Taṭhīr, as well as the story of Mubāhilah, presented various definitions of the genealogical terms Ahl al-Bayt and 'Itrat". Regarding the mixing of Mu'tazila with Shiites and their participation in these discussions, the opinion of Qāzī 'Abdul Jabbār Mu'tazilī has also been examined. Finally, it can be said that while in the general attitude of Zaidīyyah, the mechanism of inheritance was accepted based on the concept of Zurrīyyah as the basis of genealogical legitimacy, Imāmīyyah In order to explain the chain of imams, which usually but not always followed the paternal mechanism, also use the criteria of virtue and Naṣṣ.

The term “Shûnȋzȋyya” is derived from Persian term “Shūnīz” (Nigella Sativa) that frequently mentioned throughout Sufi writings. According to the biographers, geographers, and historians, Shûnȋzȋyya is the name of five places in Baghdād: the cemetery, mosque, convent, district and the monastery of Shûnȋzȋyya. But the Shûnȋzȋyya cemetery and mosque are mentioned in Sufi writings more than others. Famous Sufis who had close ties with Shûnȋzȋyya mosque were buried in the Shûnȋzȋyya cemetery. In spite of the fact that the mosque was distinguished and characterized by Sufi congregations, and the cemetery was well known in the history of Sufism, but their history, geography, and situation in Sufism have not been examined so far. The present study focuses on so-called locations as Shûnȋzȋyya and particularly studied the situation and significance of Shûnȋzȋyya mosque and cemetery in the history of Sufism.

The process of coinage system is considered as an important part of bureaucracy in local government of Tughā Timurs (737-812 A.H) who governed some regions of Khorasan after the death of Abu Saeed Ilkhanid in 736 A.H. This monetary system was based on metal coin which provides some comprehensive information about territory governed by governors, regional slogans, competitions and their relations. Using a historical method based on an analytic - descriptive approach and historical sources especially the available coins, the present study tries to answer the following question: how were the relationships between Tughā Timurs and Sarbidārāns and what were the factors which influenced those relationships? The findings based on coins about the kind of relations between Tughā Timurs and Sarbedarans indicate that given the establishment of Sarbedaran`s government and their political life, the Mongol identity of Tugha Timur had not been noticed by Sarbidārān`s governors and then in the time of battle between Tughā Timur and sarbidārān it was recognized and a coin with his name was minted. The main reason of this case was political circumstances of society in those days especially the threats of Kurt dynasty. So, as a result Sarbidārāns used the policy of interaction with Tughā Timur in order to develop their territory and maintain security in borders, but after the death of Tugha Timur, Sarbidārāns tried to gain independence and develop Shiite doctrines.

After gaining power, Reza Shah Pahlavī started political, administrative and social reforms with authoritarian centralist policies and modernization. The management of urban affairs and municipalities was one of the areas where structural and administrative reforms took place. One of the duties of municipalities in that period was monitoring the price of bread. The hoarding of grain and flour and the shortage and increase in the price of bread had created a chaotic situation in Tehran. This article, relying on written sources and especially official documents, has answered the question, what solution did Tehran municipality take to solve the problem of bread shortage and monitor its price and what actions did it take? The Pahlavī government tried to manage urban affairs, especially the issue of bread, by choosing a military person, Colonel Karim Khan Bouzarjamhari, as the head of Tehran municipality. This measure was effective and Tehran municipality took control of the affairs to a large extent and started a fundamental reform. Reforms that included the issuance of health booklets, inspection of bakery shops, determination of working hours of bakeries, reduction of prices and the writing of regulations for the punishment of high-priced sellers, and the approval and application of trade union and food regulations

The architecture of the 7th century in Azerbaijan is the manifestation of the glory of Islamic art in Iran, and the peak of it is the Tabrīz school of architecture, which has become more beautiful and richer with the emergence of political and religious developments in the Ilkhanate period and changes in previous styles, especially in the arrangement and decoration of buildings. Therefore, the aim of the above research is to know those changes and the concepts hidden in them, which have taken place by examining the geometric arrays, as the dominant decorations in the buildings of this period, in one of the prominent buildings of the Tabriz school, namely the Sultanīyah dome. The building, which is used as a tomb, is a manifestation of the religious and religious beliefs of its era and is considered a window to reach the secrets hidden in the arrangement of the remaining works of this school. In this regard, the recognition of linguistic commonalities in mysticism and architecture and the investigation of mystical themes hidden in geometric arrays are among the goals of the above research, and the results show the influence of mysticism on the geometric arrays of Sultanīyah Dome.