نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضایی
پیاپی 1 (Winter 2018)

In general, citizens' lives in cities and metropolitans are subject to a wide range of risks and crises. The urban management and planning in reducing the social spatial disagreements of the urban community has become especially important. Management of crisis means the planning and operation of governmental, nongovernmental, municipal and public authorities and executive bodies by observing, integrated comprehensive and coordinated crisis analysis using existing tools try to prevent crises or, in case of occurrence, take the necessary measures to reduce the effects, prepare the necessary requirements, cope, speed up the relief and improve the situation to normal and routine reconstruction. Space justice is a fair and democratic distribution of social interests and responsibilities in space with different levels. In addition to the military and political content of defense on the urban, national, and regional scale, defenses of established space constituents are also used. Therefore, the overall purpose of this research is to analyze the role of passive defense in the safety of cities in the event of natural crises, in particular, earthquakes in the metropolitan area of Tabriz. In this survey study, the method is descriptive and the type of research is applied. In order to collect data from 1600000 participants in Tabriz, two types of questionnaires were used. The first type (384 persons) was 180 people from target areas (Yusef Abad, Ahmad Abad, Seylab and Rezvan Shahr) and 204 people from other neighborhoods. The second type, among the experts and managers of crisis management, was 118 individuals, selected by random sampling according to the Morgan table. The participants were selected through simple cluster random sampling. SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a relationship between urban planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments. The positive, direct and incremental relationship between the two variables "urban planning" and "economic planning" with "passive defense" was confirmed with a high confidence of 99%. There was also a positive, direct and incremental relationship between the two variables "social planning" and "passive defense" with a high confidence of 95%.

The existence of urban open spaces that have a quality of meaning in their bodies; reinforces social and cultural encounters among society and thus creates a sense of belonging to the place. The main objective of this research is the pedestrian impact analysis on people's sense of belonging using simulation method. To achieve this, the research strategy is quantitative-qualitative. Data analysis has been done using the Space Syntax method in the Rasht urban pedestrian. In this method, the city map has been analyzed in the UCL Depth Map 10 software. The data have shown that the sense of belonging in simulating the urban pedestrian pathway, a legibility factor that influences the formation of a sense of security and ultimately reinforcing the sense of belonging has correlation coefficient below 0.4 and also in the context of analyzing whole-part integration (radius of 3 km) correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.46 indicating the moderate presence of these parameters within the scope of the study. As a result, to enhance conceptual quality of this route requires attention and review in the design of this pedestrian.

Islamic Republic of Iran hosts the largest refugee populations in the world. According to the statistics officially announced in 2007, there are 1,025,000 refugees in Iran, among whom 940,400 refugees are Afghan and 54,400 refugees are Iraqi. After a period of settling and living in the host community, changes begin to occur in the immigrants' quality of life over time and the lives of the second generation of immigrants undergo greater changes than those of the first generation. The present study aims to explore the differences between the two groups of first- and second- generation of Afghan refugees living in Iran in terms of their quality of life in general and their job quality in particular. The present study has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical approach and the required data have been collected using questionnaires, interviews and field investigations by the researchers. Using Cochran's formula, the researchers randomly selected 404 refugees from the study area. In order to analyze the research variables, they used one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression analysis in SPSS. The findings revealed that job differences between the two generations of immigrants were such that the majority of the first-generation migrants were mostly engaged in non-specialized jobs such as construction, cattle breeding, agriculture, waste purchases, and sales. However, most youths of the second generation tend to be involved in jobs such as sewing, car engine repairs, bodywork repairs and even electrical work. Therefore, the clear job differences between the two generations of Afghan immigrants are the immigrant youths' tendency toward highly specialized and freelance jobs and they are in a better position rather than the first-generation immigrants in terms of income and job security. In general, due to the great progress having occurred in the first-generation immigrants' lives, neither the first nor the second generation of Afghan immigrants tend to migrate and return to their country, although the second generation immigrants, unlike the first generation ones, tend to emigrate to European countries.

An analysis of the commuting pattern in the towns of a conurbation requires the study of a variety of factors such as social, economic, environment, and so forth. Studying and evaluating the main factors affecting the commuting patterns of conurbation, by taking environmental potentials, population, existing status, activity poles, population centers, traffic volume, and transportation into account to analyze the observations, data, documentation, and information obtained from relevant organizations. Accordingly, this research has evaluated the towns and villages of the Qazvin conurbation with the help of four factors of average household size, average household income, average unit price of housing, and activity rate. Considering the spatial structure of connection networks, location and distance of towns from the city center (Qazvin) and the rate of changes of the factors have been analyzed. The type of present research is applied, the paradigm governing the research space is also of a positivist nature, the purpose or approach of the research attained with the help of analyzing data and information is descriptive as well. In terms of research strategy, our research benefits from deductive reasoning. In terms of method, it uses mixed method. Accordingly, in order to change the commuting pattern, we know that the volume of transportation is in direct relationship with spatial balancing of the structure of the Qazvin conurbation with the factors of household income. The price of newly built housing units and the rate of activity, and it is in inverse relationship and with the household factor. Therefore, the spatial mobility of the population from the surrounding towns to Qazvin and Alvand is high.

Institute for the intellectual development of children and young adults has been established to focus on this group. In spite of its proximity to the city center, this institute has not been paid attention well by citizens. This research is intended to evaluate wayfinding and visual relationship in order to create sociability and vitality of the institute environment. To achieve this goal, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used. On the one hand, the effective foundations of research were gathered in library. On the other hand, space configuration has been analyzed using space syntax method which is a quantitative method and computer simulation and Depth map software was also used. In order to measure the status quo (present situation) and survey operations, observation was used in the gate, directional splits, and people following. The findings indicate that given that motor potential and access are based on the simulation to reach the convenient center, but gate observation showed that traffic and traffic levels of pedestrians were very low in this path. The evaluation of the dynamic and static behavior of humans within space showed that the trend reaching the institute spaces was inappropriate. Due to the high traffic of pedestrians around the space and the problem of their orientation because of motor obstacles and cutting its movement paths by various factors, and on the other hand, desirable visual inaccessibility to other spaces, changing movement path is proposed. The axial and visual analysis of the present and proposed position showed that changes can be made in the movement trend and the replacement of micro-spaces in the Institute space. Improving access and visual space can be effective in the vitality and social sustainability of the center space.

Development and establishment of process and supplementary industries of agricultural products is one of the most advantageous relationships between the two sectors of agriculture and industry which has a major role in reducing corruption and waste of agricultural products in addition to reducing regional inequality. This research has been conducted to study the feasibility of establishment of process and supplementary industries of agriculture sector in the form of a field research, as a cross-sectional case study relying on the previous studies. In the library method, documents, reports, yearbooks, and other resources have been used, and in the field method, regarding the large number of villages in the rural district, 27 villages were chosen, and the obtained data were processed using SPSS software. In order to prepare the tables and charts, Excel was used, and for the purpose of preparing the maps, GIS environment was utilized. L.Q. index (local coefficient), one-sample t-test, and Pearson correlation were used for studying and analyzing the components affecting the establishment of process and supplementary industries. Measuring the quality and level of correlation between the variables were done by regression method. The results of the research showed that regarding the production of products such as wheat, barley, chickpea, and sugar beet, East Kakavand rural district has a comparative advantage of higher than one, and it has had a better performance compared to the city and the province. Therefore, this rural district has the capacity of investment and development regarding the production of the above mentioned products. In this regard, the industries suggested for this rural district include warehouse and silo, sugar factory, forage packing, beans packing, production of flour, bran, and animal concentrates, paper and carton industry, etc. According to the findings of this research, development of process industries has been able to predict the variable of employment rate. In other words, the standardized coefficient of Beta indicates that for one unit of change in process industry, a 22% change is expected in employment rate.

No emotion would exist without social relation and interaction. In social sciences, the feeling of freedom to perform social interactions and activities is known as the sense of social security. Since this sense originates from people’s experiences and interpretations, correct and incorrect experience and interpretation of social conditions may give people a true or false sense of security. Regardless of its accuracy, people’s perception of their own social environment or that of others may induce a feeling of insecurity. Another important multidisciplinary concept of particular interest to humanities scholars is the notion of social capital. This concept contributes to the social and economic analysis of rural developments by explaining the role played in this regard by local resources available to rural settlements such as human relationships, networks, and institutions in social structures. The present study aimed to investigate the role of social security in the social capital and the mediating role that psychological security of citizens may play in this regard in rural areas of Hashtrood County, Iran. The study was applied in its objective and a descriptive survey in its methodology. From the population, which consisted of rural households residing in Hashtrood County, a sample of 440 rural households was formed through stratified random sampling. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula. The research instrument was a standard questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed in advance by content validity analysis and Cronbach’s alpha method. Research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with the help of Amos. The results showed, at 95% confidence level, that social security has a significant positive impact on social capital and psychological security of rural citizens. It was also found that the psychological security of these citizens mediates the impact of social security on social capital.

The importance of entrepreneurship and the environmental factors affecting it is so much that during two recent decades it has become an essential topic among researchers and scholars; such that some researchers have called this period as the age of entrepreneurship. The present study aims at identifying and prioritizing the environmental factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial components among rural farmers. The methodology of the study is applied from the point of view of purpose. The area studies in this research includes the inhabitants of the villages with more than 50 households in Sardouyeh rural district; and the research units are the owners of successful businesses and innovators in agriculture sector. The criteria for selecting the sample population was being engaged in the challenges in development of entrepreneurship. 50 people were selected as the sample society randomly, and then the questionnaires were distributed among them. The obtained results were analyzed by using grey TOPSIS and fuzzy TOPSIS models; combining these models by merging technique indicated that the studied rural areas affect the development of entrepreneurial components at different levels among which Kahnoudj Sadat rural area (1.16) and Dareh Roud (2.5) are at the highest levels, while Garikan rural area (9.5) and Dowlatabad (8.66) are the lowest levels.

The healthcare as one of the most important social sections has decisive role in the health of the community members in every community. The present study aims to evaluate Ardabil's rural districts to possess Healthcare services with space justice approach.This research is practical and descriptive-evaluative in terms of purpose and nature respectively. For this purpose, 13 healthcare indicators were selected according to different texts and available statistics and they were weighed by entropy method and they were determined using this data in order to analyze in different methods (Topsis, Vicor, Saw) and the Copland method was finally determined for development level of healthcare services from the view point of spatial justice in Ardabil's villages.The obtained results of each method reveals that each of the models indicates different levels of healthcare development. So, an integration technique was used as Copeland in order to get general consensus. there is a meaningful relationship between the rural districts' development with the population and their distance from civil centers. According to the research results, it is proposed that the rural districts with lower grade in terms of the healthcare indicators (more deprived) should be in priority for planning and application of development projects.