فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 87 (زمستان 1401)

Corruption, as a deterrent to equitable development, is recognized as a contentious issue in the field of institutional quality and political economy. The literature on the impact of corruption on economic growth often addresses the issue that corruption has had a negative impact on economic growth and development. But some economists believe that corruption has had a positive effect on economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of corruption on human development in the long and short term for developing Islamic countries during the period of 2000 to 2017.

The method of this study is the use of panel statistical data based on the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) model. The corruption index used in this study is the corruption control index introduced by the World Bank. The control variables in this study include trade openness and economic growth.

The results showed that in the long run, the corruption reduction index has improved the human development index. But in the short run, this index has had a positive effect on the human development index in the selected countries.

The negative impact of corruption on human development shows that corruption hinders the improvement of human development indicators, which are education, health, and economic growth in the long run. Therefore, policymakers must adopt the necessary policies to reduce corruption in order to improve the status of the human development index and therefore human welfare.

 Poverty reduction is one of the important macroeconomic goals of any country, but achieving this important issue requires examining the factors affecting it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the effective factors in reducing poverty in countries. Therefore, governments can make the most of their population, given the capacity of countries and providing the necessary conditions, and as a result, achieve high growth and development among countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on poverty in Iran.

 The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. First, theoretical topics and experimental studies and research data are collected, and the appropriate analysis model is selected. Then, with the Generalized Method of Momen for Iran since 1975 until 2017, the desired research models have been estimated, and finally, using statistical and econometric inferences, the research results have been studied.

 In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the dependent population of the child and years of schooling have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable, the elderly dependent population has a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable and also the percentage of trade in GDP and Physical capital inventories have a negative relationship with the dependent variable.

 In this study, the years of schooling, the percentage of trade in GDP, as well as capital stock are based on a coefficient that agrees with the theory. The positive effect of the elderly population on poverty reduction indicates the existence of high savings in old age. Paying attention to the growth of highly educated employees as well as employing specialized personnel increases the productivity of the labor force and also creates the possibility of creating new production methods that have significant effects on poverty reduction.

Although the use of the happiness economy approach does not have much history, since policy makers generally make decisions in the direction of increasing well-being and public satisfaction, it becomes important to quantify the concept of mental well-being and examine the factors affecting it in order to improve happiness in society.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of government size on people's happiness in two different regimes according to the level of human development in 110 selected countries for the period of 2006 to 2017. For this purpose, threshold panel regression has been used. The information needed for this research includes the happiness variable from the World Happiness Information Bank, economic growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate and government size from the World Bank database and human development index from the United Nations Development Program.

The model estimation results show that the variables of government size, economic growth, inflation and unemployment have a significant effect on happiness. According to the threshold limit calculated for the human development variable (0.577), the effect of government size on happiness is different in two regimes.

According to the findings of the research, increasing the size of the government below the threshold of human development leads to a decrease in the happiness of the people of the society, but after crossing the threshold of human development with the increase in the size of the government, the happiness of the people increases, which shows the efficiency of the government policies. Also, with the increase in economic growth, happiness increases and with the increase in inflation and unemployment, happiness decreases, and the noteworthy point is that the negative effect of unemployment is greater than the negative effect of inflation.

The vector auto regression model was used to investigate the effect of real sector shocks on the social welfare in Iran during the period of 1980-2019.The results of the impulse response test showed that the Amartya Sen welfare index showed a rapid response to the shocks of total factor productivity growth in the first period, which had a zero effect over time. The utility-oriented welfare index reacts positively to the shocks of total factor productivity growth in the first period, which has decreased from the second period and has become negative even from the fifth period. Amartya Sen Welfare Index and utility-oriented welfare index shows a positive and rapid response to real GDP per capita shocks in the first period, which is adjusted over time, and from the seventh period. The Amartyasen Welfare Index reacts negatively to oil revenue shocks and is very weak. If the utility-oriented welfare index shows a positive response in the first period, but in the following periods, its effect is adjusted and remains partially positive. Amartya Sen welfare index shows a leap and positive response to employment shocks from the first period and its trend continues and from the fifth period it continues in a positive and stable manner and the utility welfare index has a similar trend to Amartya Sen welfare index. Discussion In the Iranian economy, employment leads to increased social welfare, while in the long run, oil revenues, GDP per capita and growth in total factor productivity have led to a decrease in social welfare. Therefore, in the Iranian economy, creating employment and reducing unemployment is the most appropriate factor to increase welfare.

Female-headed households’s lives face challenges due to the absence or weakness of male supervision. Factors such as human biological and social changes have broadened the upward trend of this particular type of female guardianship, and from another perspective, cognition based on the Emic method means cognition from within and awareness of the biological experience and quality of life of these social groups, which will be an effective step in their planning and management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the narrative and identify their dimensions of women heads of households about the concept of poverty in Tehran's 19th district.

The method of this research is qualitative. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 women heads of households in the area. The sample size was determined based on the theoretical saturation criterion as 15. Thematic analysis of narration based on Brown and Clark method in Nvivo 10 software was used to analyze the interview data.

 Analysis eventually led to the emergence of the following four main categories: biotic erosion, social reconstruction of motherhood, rejection, and reproduction of poverty. These findings show that despite the difficult situation and the poor quality of life of this group of women, financial assistance and support from official institutions, even at low levels along with public assistance, play an important role in their lives.

 The important point is that in many cases, these formal and informal protections have only helped to maintain their status quo and have rarely empowered them. That is, it only ensures the survival of their current status with the mentioned characteristics, therefore, directing support is very effective, especially in the field of their employment.

Joy and cheerfulness is the missing thing of contemporary man and the common desire of all people. Man is a purposeful being who seeks joy, happiness, and prosperity, and he does not feel joy, happiness, and prosperity until he achieves what he wants. The cheerfulness is one of the factors affecting economic, social, cultural, and political development and promotes sustainable development.

The present study was conducted with a phenomenological social approach and with the aim of examining psychologists' experiences of social vitality. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 psychologists with PhD degrees and at least five years of teaching experience in the academic level.

 Smith's phenomenological method was used to analyze the data, during which eight main themes and 46 sub-themes were extracted from the data.

The results showed that in some sub-themes such as the definition of social vitality, consequences, obstacles, and causes, there is some alignment between the views of psychologists and the background; However, there are different results in the solutions. Psychologists, based on their psychological perspectives and experiences, have proposed various solutions for parents and organizations at the micro and macro levels. For example, their proposed solutions include not politicizing social vitality, careful selection of officials and meritocracy, reducing the distance between social classes, organizing the economic situation, having a scientific view on the issue of social vitality and several other strategies. The results of this study will pave the way for further research in the field of interventions related to social vitality.

One of the basic goals of development is to achieve universal social welfare and the existence of social welfare in any society is considered as one of the most important characteristics of the development of that society and the reproducer of its development. Laying the groundwork for creating a suitable business and employment environment in any country is one of the important factors in creating economic growth and prosperity and ultimately increasing the economic and social welfare of the people. Therefore, considering the important role that employment can play in realizing the concept of social welfare, in the present study, attempts have been made to identify and rank the key factors and components affecting the employment and social welfare status in Iran.

In this study, in order to identify and accurately define the components affecting employment and welfare, the documentary method and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the experts and specialists of the field of employment and welfare working in the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. Hierarchy factorization (AHP) and Expert Choice software have been used.

The results show that the investment sub-criterion with a relative weight of 0.115 has the highest priority, and then the sub-criteria respectively are policy-making, banking system, production, and business environment, laws. Then regulations, tax system, international relations, economic indicators, payment system, insurance and social security, justice and equality, manpower, domestic technologies, culture, foreign technologies, and education system were also the sub-criteria identified in the study.

The most important and key factor that can affect the employment and welfare in the country is the concept of investment. In economic theories, investment is known as the engine of economic growth, and is necessary for economic and social development, and it is one of the most important pillars in the growth and development of production units and enterprises.

The rapid growth of informal settlements has many negative consequences for cities and urban management and has caused a decline in the quality of life of the residents of those areas and the residents of Urmia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of life of residents of informal settlements in target areas in the city of Urmia.

Using   cluster   sampling   method, four settlements   of   Islamabad1, HajiPirloo, Islamabad2, and Tarzilo were selected as the target areas. Data analysis was performed using Excel, Spss software and  T-test.

The average general quality of life of informal settlements of Islamabad2 and HajiPirloo, based on the Likert scale, at an average level of 1<3.06 ,2.92<5, and Islamabad1settlement with an average level of 2.77 below the average level and Tarzilo settlement has been evaluated with an average of 3.22 in the average range with moderate theory 3 and urban regeneration policies have had a moderate and favorable effect on the quality of life of the target areas except Islamabad1 settlement.

One of the important tasks of urban planners and city managers is to identify inequalities in quality of life indicators at the level of disordered neighborhoods. Because urban planners believe that planning should be in line with improving the quality of life as one of the most important goals of public policy. In fact, the results of the work help to improve the organization of deprived areas of the city and create equal opportunities for citizens and improve the level of factors that affect residents' satisfaction with the quality of life.

The experiences of different countries as well as the results of numerous research studies show that health-promoting behaviors are necessary to maintain the health of citizens, and people with inadequate health literacy have poorer health status. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of health literacy in coping with anxiety caused by Covid-19 pandemic among Tehran citizens.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 384 citizens over the age of 20 in Tehran. Sampling was conducted using Sample Power software and data were collected using two questionnaires of health literacy of Iranians from Montazeri et al. and anxiety caused by Corona from Alipour et al. (2009). Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability have been used to calculate validity, and face validity has been used to obtain the necessary validity.

Findings indicate that the mean scores of anxiety caused by Covid-19 pandemic were lower in men than those of women. Also, based on analytical results it can be said that the dimensions of health literacy (reading, assessment, comprehension, decision making, and behavior and access) are able to approximately account for 47% of anxiety caused by Covid-19.In general, anxiety caused by Covid-19 is high among citizens and due to the direct relationship between health literacy and control of Covid-19, the need for health-oriented education programs based on the areas of health-promoting behaviors and health literacy components is suggested.

The purpose of this research is to study the lifestyle damage of students during the Corona Pandemic.

The current research is a qualitative type of research study. Its participants were 13 managers and officials, experts, experts and prominent professors in the field of both Corona virus Epidemiology and students' lifestyles, who were selected by purposeful sampling. The tool of data collection was an interview, which continued until reaching theoretical saturation as regards the research topic. For data analysis, the method of database theory has been used.

The damage to students' lifestyles during the Corona Pandemic was identified categorized into six categories, including academic performance decline, reduction of interpersonal relationships (social relationships), problematic use of the Internet, nutrition and exercise, mental health, and livelihood.

Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the spread of the Corona virus has caused adverse effects in various aspects of students' lifestyles. Therefore, prevention and management of adverse effects is vitally important. Also, it is necessary to pay special attention to students in psychological interventions and other types of interventions, and special programs are necessary to reduce their problems.