نشریه تاریخ اندیش
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Having started its trend of flowering, the City of Tabriz opened a new chapter in its political and economic life after the Safavids came to power and during the reign of Safavid, in terms of industry and trade became the most important city of Iran, absorbing many foreign merchants. Tabriz was a populous city, in which, there were every kind of industries and businesses. The textile industry, carpet, leather and ironsmith had remarkable progress and its products was exported to other countries. As a result of trade flowering, many bazaars were in this city, so the wealthiest merchants of Iran lived there. It seems that the prosperity of Tabriz which began from some centuries ago, came to its zenith in the late of the Safavid period. Having used the descriptivelibrary method, the paper is going to survey the condition of Tabriz city in the late of the Safavid period.

This paper aims to shed light on the name Tur/Turanian in Avestan texts which is an ethnic name referring to a hostile group of people but sharing the same origins with Avestan Iranians. In middle Iranian and Islamic texts, Tur/Turan finds a more accurate meaning in case of geological concept, and just along with the ancient Iranian traditions was attributed to a piece of land in southeast of Iran. However, it appears that close to the end of Sasanian age, Tur/Turanian name, based on its Avestan background, had probably been redefined in an ideological context and had been applied to refer to Turk Khaqanat who had turned into hostile forces against Iran on the eastern border.

The constitution decree was issued by Muzaffar al-Din Shah, but when Muhammad Ali Shah came to power, began to oppose constitution and could bombard the parliament. As a result, many freedom fighters rose all over the country. One of them was the Bakhtiyari tribe who played an outstanding role in restoring constitution. They at first, under Ibrahim Khan Zarqam al- Saltana and Najaf Quli Khan Samsam al- Saltana captured Isfahan, then by joining Haj Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad the second departed to Tehran and restored the lost constitution. after restoration of constitution, Muhammad Ali Shah tried to get his lost crown and throne, but came to nothing. The Bakhtiyari Mujahids could suppressed all revolts after Tehran conquest and even formed a tribunal headed by Shaikh Ibrahim Zanjani and put to death some of constitution opponents including Shaikh Fazl-Allah Nuri. Having used the descriptive-library method, the paper is going to survey the role of Bakhtiyaries in the constitutional revolution.

Oral history is a relatively new method in historical studiesthat tries to record the memories, observations and hearings of an activist or witness of a historical event in a verbal format using audio and video recording tools. Inside Iran, in the last few decades,a lot of memoirs have been produced in this genre. “From Naziabad to Qasr Prison” is one of the most recent examples of oral history published in Iran, which is dedicated to the oral memories of Dr. Mohsen Beheshti Sarsht, a researcher, university professor, and Iranian politician. In addition to the general introduction and description of this work, this note has tried to find the salient and distinguishing points of this book from other similar books in this type of historiography and to provide a book review note to the audience as much as possible. The author believes that reasons such as avoiding “central person” and “central narrator”; focusing on portraying the political, social and cultural environment of the society at that time; Avoid slogans and ideologies; The honest tone of the narrator and the appropriate and appropriate use of language subtleties such as irony and... has turned this book into a valuable and readable text that arouses the audience’s sympathy and companionship and compels him to reread the history of two sensitive decades of contemporary Iran.

However, there have not been deep, extensive and long distinguishable encountering between Iran and Egypt historically, but pharaoh , grand name for longitude dynasties in Egypt, has been entered in Islamic tradition through Quran. So pharaoh has had a negative image and uses of this name should be limited in naming/renaming of persons and places. Some exceptional cases are in Jebal district of Iran near Kashan (ancient city of Dram) for nominating and assigning some places and attribution into pharaoh. This essay dedicated to illuminate and analyze this phenomenon. Traces of pharaoh determined and analyzed by 3 factors: Amalek,Judaism, and old Persian history and situation. It has supposed that Kashan had a nodal position for interconnection of these factors and causes, specially settlement of Jews who emigrated to Susa and Yahoudiea (Isfahan) and so living of some exiled Jews (2 ethnics of Amalek and Israelis ) who came Kashan peripheral districts and lived long time there. Some indicators which presented are old Dram city near Kashan, references to Judaism and pharaoh in Saveh and Amalekites construction activities in Qom. Finally it has demonstrated that 3 cultures and civilizations- Egyptian, Judaism and Persia - by integrating and interconnecting in this place, probably created special Jews minority and community ,and so particular reading and version of pharaonic image. However this attitude and conjecture should be researched ,empowered and extended furthermore and farthermost.

One of the important events of the saljukian history is the collapsing of the dynasty and to know about its effective factors. The Turkish tribes who attained empire from desert dwelling, with creating a disciplined army and benefitting from Iranian governmental rules established a powerful kingdom, ruled Georgia, asia minor till Mediterranean sea. However, not after a long time, internal and international changing caused dividing and downful. One of the unique factors such as grazing powerful bureaucrats and politicians have adopted a cynical and impact of their actions that brought down and collapse the hierarchy of government of the great Seljuks the internal.

The puzzle of a mysterious death in the Middle Ages has been hypothesized in terms of contemporary forensic legal and scientific methods. That al-Hasan ibn-‘Ali died in 669 aged just 45 has been forensically that dictate eyewitness accounts of historical events. The report of the contemporaneous poisoning of another individual analyzed based on written sources who resided under the same household as al-Hasan’s and experienced similar, yet non-lethal, symptoms has served as the beginning of the analysis. In light of ancient (medieval) documents and through using mineralogical, medical, and chemical facts, it has been hypothesized that mineral calomel (mercury (I) chloride, Hg2Cl2) from a certain region in the Byzantine Empire (present-day western Turkey) was the substance primarily responsible for the murder of al-Hasan