فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 180 (زمستان 1401)

The indigenous patterns of the house in the villages are a rich treasure of identity, culture, customs and architectural identity of each border and environment, which can be studied by understanding the cultural roots and values ​​that govern different societies. In recent years, various researches have been conducted on the analysis of the architectural systems of indigenous rural houses in the country; However, the share of steppe villages in these studies has been very small. Sar Aghasid village is one of the functions of Koohrang city in Charmahal and Bakhtiari province. It is one of the stepped villages in the country that despite the extensive changes that are taking place in the physical appearance of the villages, the physical texture of this village is still safe. This led to the present study to examine the patterns of indigenous architecture in this village and to analyze its spatial, functional and structural systems. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical based on the field observations of the authors in the village. The results showed that the slope of the land is the most important factor in the formation of housing patterns in this village, so that the existence of different slopes has made possible the class construction of buildings; Also, due to the cold and cold weather, the construction of handicraft spaces to use the heat capacity of the earth is one of the construction methods in this village. Socio-culturally, the houses of Saragha Seyed village can be divided into two categories, including houses with a neighborhood unit and houses without a neighborhood unit. In front of you is in front of the house. Also, the houses have a hierarchical pattern in terms of spatial structure, which extends linearly from the passage as a yard to Dastkand space as the interior of the house.

The set of effects of natural light on humans can be examined in the two forms of psychological and biological processes. Today, people spend most of their life indoor during the day. Therefore, providing the possibility of suitable daylight to enter these closed spaces is considered completely desirable to improve the biological quality and to increase their level of health, comfort, and efficiency. The main purpose of the current study is to provide design strategies and present appropriate spatial arrangement in order to benefit from day-light and improve the life quality of residents living in low-rise houses. To this aim, descriptive-analytical and survey method as well as the Light Meter tool have been used. The statistical population of the study includes the residents of six low-rise residential houses in Shahkola neighborhood of Babol who have a neighborly relationship with each other. The research finds that in spring and summer, the largest amount of natural light enters the interior of the houses. It is worthy to mention that after the deep interviews, the results showed that people felt more relaxed in spaces with sufficient natural light especially the southern light. In contrast, they felt unmotivated in spaces with poor natural light. Consequently, by using different type of design strategies such as large window expanded from floor to ceiling and wider openings on the east and west fronts, more natural light can be received in the interior spaces. Additionally, it is better to use the U-shaped system in the arrangement of spaces such as living rooms or receptions to divide equally day-light for all residents.

One of the most effective factors in creating thermal comfort is natural ventilation, therefore, windcatcher is considered as one of the most important achievements of traditional Iranian architecture. The issue of natural ventilation is especially important in a hot and humid climate because it removes moisture from the space and causes cooling and increasing thermal comfort. The windcatcher in Pohl port is one of the solutions to achieve thermal comfort in the face of the unbearable heat and humidity of the Persian Gulf. The present study introduces the windcatcher and the parameters affecting it. Extensive research has been done on windcatcher and increasing its performance, one of the most important of which has been changes in existing proportions. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, a sample of hot and humid climate windcatcher is studied and analyzed. The data was collected by library research and field survey, then it was modeled and evaluated using DesignBuilder. The purpose of this study is to investigate the precise performance of windcatcher in creating natural ventilation in hot and humid climates to increase the thermal comfort in the building and minimize the use of non-renewable energy by modeling these key elements in the design of modern architectures, to take a step towards preserving the endangered environment. The results indicate that the thermal comfort of the windcatcher room compared to the adjacent room has increased significantly and the room temperature has decreased, which indicates the direct effect of the windcatcher on the thermal comfort of the room.

Economically, housing is a commodity with special characteristics that distinguish it from other commodities and complicate its market analysis (supply and demand). Housing price fluctuations have a very important effect on the national and regional economy. Fluctuations may potentially affect migration and capital mobility between regions. Investigating the long-term equilibrium relationship between housing prices in all regions of the country can answer the question of whether housing prices in all regions will converge or not. This research examines the convergence of housing prices from spatial econometric methods and dynamic panel data among Iranian cities. For this purpose, the housing prices of 31 Iranian cities from 1379 to 1397 are examined. This study is based on the theory that housing price shocks in one region can have a ripple effect on other regions due to migration, asset conversion and spatial arbitrage. If this hypothesis is acceptable, the relative price ratios of the regions should be stable. Although there may be a difference in the short term, it should converge in the long term. Therefore, when a housing price shock hits one of Iran's cities, due to the ripple effect of this shock, it affects the housing prices of other cities, and finally, the housing prices of all cities converge in the long term. In such a case, considering that regional planning policies have the same long-term effects for all regions, macroeconomic policy makers cannot independently control the housing prices of a region. However, planning policies are still effective on the short-term path of prices. The results show that there is a convergence of housing prices between cities in Iran. Moreover, the spatial effects are influential in the convergence of housing prices in cities, and the result confirms the hypothesis of a wave effect in the convergence of housing prices in regions. In such a case, regional planning policies will have the same long-term effects for all regions.

Symbolism and aesthetics of people are reflected in their arts and are readable by exploration. Other researchers of nomad’s black tent architecture focused on technique, detail, structural or climatic properties, and their lifestyle. They admired the beauty of tent architecture, but have not investigated its aesthetic characteristics. In this research, Qashqai black tent is considered as a manifestation of vernacular architecture and its aesthetic symbols and massages are discovered by phenomenological exploration. The research aims at identifying the meaning of Qashqai black tent architecture. Aesthetic and symbolism as the highest level of meaning of nomad architecture have not been studied before. Data was collected through observation of one group of nomad’s summer black tents and interviewing with women and was analyzed by phenomenological hermeneutics. The theoretical framework was developed based on the cultural theory of Rapaport and phenomenological theory of Bashlar. Based on this theoretical structure, the components of the cradle, borders, inside/outside, big/small, ideal, nest, shapes, and colors are analyzed in three layers of imagination, dream, and fiction. The research question is how do the aesthetic and symbolic features shape Qashqai nomad’s black tent? The results confirm the effects of symbols of unlimited dreaming, the boundlessness of the realm of residence, the elements of nature, the sanctity of the stove, shelter, perfectionism, the human appearance of the black tent, love of home, a miniature of an ideal mansion, intimacy and relative boundaries. It is concluded that the whole set of black tents with surrounding activities form a home, and it can be defined as the formation of spaces in a spiral structure around the nomad woman. Therefore, beside other factors of shelter and lifestyle, the perceptual concept of shelter, meaning, and symbols play a fundamental role in creation of the vernacular architecture of the black tent

Iranians have faced the problem of water shortage since ancient times, and this has caused great ideas in various fields of water extraction, storage, and transfer, such as reservoirs and Qanats. On the other hand, the high consumption of water for various purposes of drinking, agriculture, and industry has reduced the running and underground water resources. With the help of technology and science, new methods have been created to absorb water from air humidity. In one of these methods, obstacles are placed in the path of air movement, and when the air hits them, water molecules suspended in the air are absorbed and transferred to a specific tank. In this research, we investigated the process of absorbing water from air humidity, aiming to achieve the composition of the water extraction device with the help of architectural elements such as solar chimneys, towers, volume, and aspect of the building. Descriptive-analytical research methods and library studies (examination of similar samples in different regions of the world), related software (drawing, analysis), field surveys have been used, and villages that have the necessary capacity in terms of climate have been identified. The results show that The villages of Tehran's Firouzkoh region, including Amin Abad village, are suitable areas for extracting water from air humidity; because these areas are located on the southern slope of the Alborz mountain range and have characteristics such as humidity above 50%, the required direction and prevailing wind, sunlight, slope and suitable features of the land. These factors cause the production of fog in the valleys and create the ability to harvest water from the fog. The method of extracting water from the fog by three-dimensional water-absorbing fabric is proposed. By selecting and placing the device, architectural design in harmony with the specific features of the region, and the use of absorbent curtains with a high percentage of water absorption, the desired result can be achieved. The proposed method can provide water for the daily use of 8 selected residential units in this village without depending on water sources and energy generators.

The concept of functional efficiency of the space in the architecture is related to the degree of coordination and coexistence of different elements of the space together to be able to respond to the wishes and needs of users and the possibility of performing different functions at different time intervals, which is of particular importance in the home. In this sense, the research aims to achieve an architectural and practical plan to guide the overall design process in an architectural format according to the concept of functional efficiency of the space, and to create a desirable residential architecture, and ultimately, improve people’s satisfaction. This research is applied research in terms of objective and descriptive non-experimental and case study research in terms of data collection method. The first goal is to prioritize the semantic indicators of the components that improve the functional efficiency of space on improving the satisfaction of people in the first Pahlavi period houses in Shiraz, and the second goal is to compare the importance of their effects with the average. Accordingly, due to the uncertainty of the exact number of statistical population, purposive non-probability sampling method according to Cochran's formula was used and 384 people were interviewed. The data were then transferred to »SPSS24« for data analysis, which was used to determine whether the data were normal or not from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Friedman nonparametric test was used to achieve the first goal and univariate T-test was used to achieve the second goal. The results show that there is a significant correlation between the functional efficiency of space and satisfaction of people. Thus, the semantic indicators of the components that improve the functional efficiency of the space on improving the satisfaction of people in the houses of the first Pahlavi period of Shiraz should be considered by the architects so that the necessary arrangements can be implemented to achieve the desired residential architecture. Their effects are significantly above average.

One of the adverse consequences of the country's development policies in the border areas is the rupture in the spatial structure, which reflects these policies in the form of disruption of the balance in the endogenous growth of settlements at different levels, disorder in the spatial system of human assemblies, and discontinuity in spatial relations and disorder in the economic, social, cultural, administrative, and physical function and finally geographical isolation and underdevelopment. A general overview shows the weak position of the border and marginal regions in comparison with the central regions of the country in the process of spatial development, comprehensive security, and social justice. The current research with the statistical community of rural settlements of Piranshahr county in West Azarbaijan province is of applied research, with a descriptive-analytical method, a systemic problem-solving approach and library-documentary and survey-field data collection. The study is based on rural development plans and emphasizes on the passive defense approach as a security-oriented and defense-based approach. The spatial findings were analyzed using GIS, the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP), and fuzzy logic. The results indicate that out of 147 villages of the county, more than 60 villages, which constitute to more than 40% of the population of rural areas, are very vulnerable. Also, the highest level of vulnerability is observed in the rural settlements of three western counties of Lahijan, Piran, and Western Mangoor which are border counties.

Rural management is a collection of knowledge, information, techniques, and skills that organizes the planning process with the art of management in order to achieve rural development. On the one hand, reviewing this record contains significant points in the methods of village administration, and on the other hand, it is influenced by past experiences, which clarifies various challenges, especially for future use. Rural management is one of the main and inseparable pillars of rural development; because in the absence of organized management in rural areas, development programs will face countless problems. Rural management in Iran has not been able to solve the problems due to the changing conditions, time requirements, and the previous traditional structures of management in rural areas. The new structure of rural management, especially since the 1970s, which is based on people's participation in the affairs and bottom-up planning, due to many reasons, such as not localizing and extensive government intervention, is not fully institutionalized to solve the problems of today's villages. Currently, rural management in Iran is facing issues and problems that require attention from officials and policymakers. These challenges can be found in cases such as lack of explanation of theoretical foundations, lack of rural unit management, lack of stable financial resources, lack of local people's participation, the state of manpower training, access to equipment, tools, and facilities. Based on this, in the present article, while presenting an overview of the changes in the structure of rural management, the pathology of the rural management system in the villages of Ardabil has been studied. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and library, documentary, and data center sources have been used to collect data. The results show that the new rural management needs effective managers who can rely on the will of the people and maintain the social structure and formal and logical relationship with the government, guaranteeing the establishment of a stable relationship between the people and the government, which is part of the management's duty, and be responsible for the transformation in the society.

Iran is the fourth flood-prone country in the world in terms of vulnerability to floods, and Khorasan-Razavi province, in the north-east of Iran, is at a relatively high risk of flooding that suffer from damage caused by floods every year. This province is the first in the number of floods, the third in damage, and the sixth in casualties in the country, therefore, the annual flood causes extensive damage to the villagers, especially in the residential area. The present study examines the physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in facing floods. The research method is descriptive, analytical, and based on field survey. The housing vulnerability structure is quantified in 6 components of body, content, superstructure, infrastructure, living space, facilities, and equipment using 18 indicators in the Likert spectrum. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 and favorable. In this study, out of all the villages affected by floods in the county, 9 villages that were most vulnerable to floods in Dargaz county were selected as samples. In total, these villages have 1514 residential units, of which 225 were selected as samples using Cochran's formula. The results showed that among the examined components, the average vulnerability of the infrastructure or foundation with a number of 2.55 is higher than other components. Although the level of physical vulnerability of houses of rural households in Dargaz county in the face of floods has been evaluated with an average of 2.16 less than the theoretical average and in the low to medium range, the amount of damage caused to 38 surveyed households is over 50%, which is not a low figure. Since it is not possible to completely protect against the flood risk, it is necessary to implement appropriate policies to reduce housing vulnerability when living in a flood-prone area.

This research is conducted to answer the question, what are the factors affecting the health of urban residential areas based on traditional medicine? and it also answers these questions, whether the residential areas of Kashan are consistent with the criteria emphasized by traditional medicine? Which urban areas of Kashan are suitable for choosing the location of health-oriented housing? The aim of this research is to determine the health level of residential areas in Kashan city based on the knowledge of the climatic, natural, and artificial environment, relying on the results of traditional medicine documentation and also to provide an example of the method of applied studies on an urban scale to achieve health-oriented residential areas. The research is case study in the city of Kashan, which was done with a descriptive and analytical method. According to the findings, traditional medicine for the location selection of urban residential areas, knowledge of factors such as climate including latitude, altitude, winds, land type, mines, natural waters, and how to organize buildings to adapt to the climate (as natural and artificial substrate) and considers the characteristics of the city's residents necessary. To determine the health level of residential areas, first, the climatic conditions, natural and artificial effects of the city, and the healthiness of the air should be checked, and then the efficiency of the structure of residential blocks should be evaluated and solutions for improving the health of the residence should be proposed. The most important environmental factors that reduce the health level of residential areas of Kashan are hot and dry air in hot seasons, the fine dust in spring and summer, pollutants in autumn and winter, and the extroverted structure and the one-way openness of residential blocks. The health-oriented solutions of residential areas are: adapting the structure of urban passages to the passage of surface water, tilting of residential blocks based on taking advantage of the health-oriented conditions of wind and sun, the centrality of open space in the structure of the block and the elevation of residential blocks to reduce external openings and immunity from dry and polluted air. The results of the analysis show that the highest level of health in the city of Kashan, based on the sum of physical factors in architecture and urban planning, is in the traditional context and gardens of Dasht Fin, and the lowest level is in the southeastern context of the city. In general, the level of health in the architecture and urban planning of Kashan is medium to healthy.