نشریه اقتصاد توسعه و برنامه ریزی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Corruption is one of the main realities for oil countries and especially for Iran's economy.. Based on this, many studies and researches have been conducted in relation to investigating factors affecting corruption in different countries. The present study investigates the long-term and short-term effects of expansionary monetary policy on corruption by using the statistical evidence of Iran's economy for the period of 2015-2018 and applying the ARDL econometric approach. The results of the estimates show that the ratio of liquidity to GDP has increased corruption due to the creation of rent in the economy, but the favorable quality of institutions can improve the effective direction of liquidity towards activities with higher added value, causing a positive effect of liquidity on the reduction be corruption In fact, what can be said about the relationship between liquidity and corruption is the incorrect direction of money towards activities without added value and rent, which has caused an increase in corruption in the economy. Also, the estimates show that the increase in the size of the government has caused an increase in corruption due to its nature, inflation has caused an increase in corruption due to economic instability, And finally, human capital has reduced corruption due to the increase in labor productivity and the increase in the level of social class of people., and it requires a long-term plan to fight corruption, and short-term policies cannot be considered as a desirable solution.

Economic security is necessary for national security, and economic progress also leads to social, cultural, and military progress. Without it, all the aforementioned activities will be disrupted. One of the things that endangers the economic security of countries is the crimes committed in Myanmar. Which includes crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war, and this article seeks to investigate how the crimes committed in Myanmar affect economic instability. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and data collection is also in the form of data collection. The method of carrying out the research is qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that as a result of the crimes committed in Myanmar, the economic instability of the countries also increases, and also the crimes have occurred, and as a result, the increase in immigration, the decrease in the gross national product, the killing of Muslims, destruction And killing and looting in Myanmar will cause economic instability in countries.

Customary international law apparently provides a set of specific, known and established principles to control the legal actions of expropriation of foreign investors. Expropriation of property from foreigners can also lead to the creation of international responsibility for the expropriating government; Unless this work is done based on special conditions, i.e. public interest and in a non-discriminatory manner, and in exchange for compensation. This compensation must be fair, immediate and complete. Considering the vagueness of each of the above three terms and the lack of a clear definition of them on the one hand, as well as providing a precise framework on the other hand, the current practice of international arbitration authorities considers case study to be the best tool in resolving disputes arising from foreign investment expropriation claims. Our attempt in this research will be to examine each of these conditions in the domestic legal system, international documents, and especially the perception of each of them by arbitration authorities

In this paper, in order to deal with systematic banking crises that lead to turmoil in various economic sectors, using the multiple logit method, the factors affecting the probability of banking crises in 27 selected developed countries during the period 1994-2018 were predicted. The results indicate the positive effect of inflation rate variables in the pre- and post-crisis period and the positive effect of the percentage of real interest rate changes in the post-crisis period on the probability of banking crisis. Economic growth rate and per capita production had a positive effect on the likelihood of a banking crisis in the pre-crisis period, but given the negative effect of these two variables in the post-crisis period, Granting bank loans to the private sector in the pre-crisis period had a negative effect on the likelihood of a banking crisis and doing it in the post-crisis period had a positive effect on it.

The first goal of any economy to move on the path of growth and development is to achieve sustainable growth. Hence, countries are working to reduce volatility in economic growth. One of the factors affecting the volatility of economic growth is foreign trade. The effect of this variable on the volatility of economic growth is different in different countries and one of the reasons is the difference in the institutions of countries. The present study seeks to answer the question of how trade openness considering the situation of government institutions has an effect on the volatility of Iran's economic growth. For this purpose, the volatility of economic growth was obtained by calculating the standard deviation of economic growth. The ratio of exports plus imports to GDP as a degree of trade openness, an average of six indicators of good governance including the Voice and Accountability, Political stability, Government Effectiveness , Regulatory Quality , Rule of Law and Control of Corruption as indicators of political governance and the ratio of government debt to GDP were also used as alternative to government economic governance. In order to achieve the research goal for the Iranian economy during the period 1996-2019, the model was estimated by ARDL method. The results showed that during the study period, increasing trade openness and improving good governance has led to a decrease in the volatility of Iran's economic growth. On the other hand, the increase in the government's economic governance has increased the instability of Iran's economic growth.

Improving efficiency and productivity has an impact on the main economic, social and political phenomena of societies, such as reducing the level of inflation, increasing the level of public welfare, increasing the level of employment and increasing competitiveness. Efficiency explains the degree of success of an economic unit or a country in the optimal use of inputs to produce output in comparison with other economic units and other countries, therefore, examining the effects of efficiency on macroeconomic variables is very important. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the effects of the goods market efficiency pillar in the global competitiveness index on economic growth with an emphasis on the factors affecting this efficiency (technology, trade and investment) in Asian countries with a moderately high competitiveness index during the period of 2008-2018. For this purpose, the effects of goods market efficiency on the economic growth of these countries were investigated using the panel vector error correction model (PVECM). In general, the results indicate that the positive shock of this type of efficiency (improving the efficiency of the goods market) in the medium and long run leads to an increase in the economic growth rate and a decrease in the unemployment rate. Also, the results showed that the most effective variable on the efficiency of the goods market is investment, which has the greatest impact on the efficiency of the goods market in the long run.

The most important effect of the political institution on the economic institution is in respecting or not the market system, which can ultimately strengthen or weaken the economic growth. In oil countries, abundant rent of oil income for government shapes the economic incentives of the political institution in such a way that provides special interests through public resources. While in the free market, the pursuit of private interests will lead to public welfare. Such a different approach in some oil countries provides the context of limiting and continuous interfering in the market mechanism, so it leads to a decrease in economic growth. Due to the importance of determining the real exchange rate in achieving the desired economic growth, in this article attempt to investigate the impact of political institutions on economic growth in an oil country. The game theory method used to substantiate the presented concepts. In this regard, the different motivations of the policy makers (as political institutions) of the oil countries in determining the exchange rate investigated. The reaction of entrepreneurs to this policy in choosing the level of investment considered as an indicator of economic growth. Based on the results, ellits in motivation of maximizing government revenue determine the optimal exchange rate. Assuming economic competition, they tend to misalign exchange rate in order to weaken competitors. Adding the assumption of political competition will lead to higher exchange rate misalignment and further weaken economic growth.

One of the most important issues that has a direct connection with internal security and as a result disorder and chaos in governments is the issue of economy in countries. In fact, the economy is one of the strong foundations of any government, and economic instability causes the destruction of this foundation, and as a result, the governments will be weakened. Western governments, and global arrogance at the top of them, have been able to influence the economy of governments through the use of Harp technology and by destabilizing it, spread disorder and chaos in societies. Harp technology is one of the unconventional weapons in the hands of global arrogance, whose criminal applications have helped them. Due to the fact that this weapon is secret and newly emerging, and not only governments but also international organizations have been unable to prove its uses, for this reason, the owners of this technology, without any fear of punishment, to disturb the economies of the governments have not stopped doing anything. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the instability of governments by means of HARP technology. The research method in this article is descriptive, analytical, and data collection is also in the form of phishing. The method of conducting the research is qualitative and the findings of the research indicate that Harp technology has been able to play a major role in destabilizing the economy of governments by destroying the environment, reducing the population, causing earthquakes, floods.

Electronic banking is a special type of banking system that uses the electronic environment to provide services to its customers, and in addition, all banking operations such as receiving or depositing money, verifying signatures, checking the balance and other banking operations are also done electronically. will be It is obvious that with the increase of people's access to the Internet and its unique features, and because in this type of banking, advanced software and hardware technologies based on network and telecommunications are used to exchange resources and financial information, therefore the possibility of committing Crimes in the electronic banking system will also increase. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of committing banking crimes in the electronic banking system. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and the research findings indicate that unauthorized access to banking data and systems, electronic signature forgery, and internet fraud are the most important and common crimes that occur in the electronic banking system.

The import of food products is an economic problem that has created harmful effects for various parts of the country's system in recent years. This import threatens food security and national security and ultimately national identity. In the present research, the issue of jurisprudence rulings on the import of foodstuffs and its effects on economic instability has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way. Paying attention to Islamic and jurisprudential values can help us in solving this social problem. Jurisprudence is the basic foundation of the laws of every Islamic society and is effective in creating economic stability. For this purpose, the mandatory ruling on the import of foodstuffs was examined in terms of importation against the law of the country and the importation of forbidden and suspicious foodstuff, and the ruling was given regarding the sanctity of illegal and forbidden importation, and in the case of questionable importation, based on the public and the application of evidence, the ruling was in favor of Halit. was given and regarding the status ruling related to the importation of food products, validity, invalidity and guarantee of this import, it was examined and in some cases, referring to jurisprudence rules, the ruling was given as valid and in some cases, the ruling was given as invalid, and considering All food import transactions are guaranteed according to the rule of "the whole guarantee is correct, and the guarantee is corrupt".

In this article, the analysis and calculation of the Household Risk Preparation in Iran during 2000-2021 was discussed. For this purpose, following Foa (2014), four main components of the said index, including the household's access to financial resources, social support, human capital, and the economic capacity of the government, were considered. According to the conditions of Iran and the available data, Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) and the index of Strength of Legal Rights as components of household access to financial resources, the number of workers with wages and salaries and the amount of compensation payments to employees as components of social protection, average year Education and measles vaccination rate were considered as components of human capital, government debts and access to advanced health facilities as components of economic capacity of the government.The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to weight the constituent components of the index. The results indicated that compensation payments to employees had the most weight and the number of workers with wages and salaries had the least weight in forming the index. Other variables affecting the index, in order of estimated weight, are Domestic credit to private sector, measles vaccination rate, the level of access to advanced health facilities, government debts, and the strength of legal rights.

To analyze the data of this research descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used and experts selection software, MATLAB SPSS and PLS software were employed.Using theoretical foundations and libraries, six effective factors and variables predicting the success or failure of Investment projects in the free and special economic zones of the country were identified. After describing the variables and testing the normality,using the PLS software, a confirmatory factor analysis of the variables was carried out, in which all of the factors had a good confirmatory factor analysis and all the questions were approvedThen, using linear regression and ANOVA, the effect of each of the factors on the success or failure of investment projects was investigated, and the results of this test showed confirmation of the impact of each of the factors, and then the results of the hierarchical analysis indicated this was the first rank of product and service, followed by the second-rank ,that is geographical considerations, and the characteristics of the investor's psychology, the third rank, the product market characteristics, the fourth rank, the investor's ability to rank fifth, and financial considerations ,also, earned the last rank. Considering this prioritization, the neural network used in this research contained data from 6 variables as an input variable, with two intermediate layers with 30 nodes in the first layer, and three nodes in the second layer,which had one outlet. The results indicated that the neural network model had the power to predict the success of the investment projects to1.2%of the error