Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Engineering
Volume:10 Issue: 40, Winter 2022

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are built based on the increasing needs of various industries, which are considered the main and important components of the controller in automation projects. In the past, before the invention of PLC, a combination of electromechanical relays and pneumatic systems were used in automation control projects. The smallest change in the command circuit requires changing the hardware, high energy consumption, lack of programmable logic, etc., which has led to the use of PLC for the automation work of various industries. Because changing its command circuit is possible with minimal hardware changes and only by adding or subtracting a few lines on the letter. In this thesis, the programming process of multi-floor warehouse control of products is done automatically by a PLC-based crane. The advantage of this work is to significantly reduce energy consumption, increase the productivity of industrial units, increase the security of human resources, etc. So the question is here? How to implement the ready project of this paper in the real industrial workshop? This is a major problem that may arise in all PLC projects. To solve this problem, we have used the possibility of communicating the combination of two PLC software programs STEP7-300 and Factory io software in the multi-storey warehouse control project of products automatically by a PLC-based crane. In this situation, it is possible to create a 3D graphic industrial environment. The advantage of this work is not needing a real industrial workshop, better understanding and image of the industrial workshop, better attention to the role of PLC in the switchboard and production line, etc. Another important result of this paper is reducing the cost and time of the project.

In this paper, we employed the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique to theoretically and experimentally measure the thickness of metal thin films and compare together them. The computations of the present study were carried out using characteristics matrix method. The ATR technique is based on the excitation of surface polaritons. In the ATR spectra polariton, the surface polaritons manifest themselves as sharp reflectivity minima. We used this minimum to measure the thickness of a silver layer coated on the surface of a prism. We observed that the measured value has a good agreement with the real thickness of the layer.

Digital watermarking has been an effective technique for copy protection, copyright protection, medical application, data authentication, fingerprinting and other applications over recent years. In this technique, certain information called watermark is embedded inside the original data. The main data can be an image, video, audio and text. Requirements of a watermarking system will be different depending on the type of the host media and for what purpose it is used. In this article, a study on digital image watermarking is presented. In the study, general concepts of watermarking, different types of digital image watermarking, and the watermark embedding and extraction techniques are discussed in brief.

The reconfiguration problem consists of finding a new network topology with minimal power losses, while all the system constraints such as radial structure, lines power flow below capacity limits, node voltage magnitude within limits and all nodes connected are satisfied. This is a combinational optimization problem where the aim is to specify the final status of all switches (open/closed,) in a large-scale distribution system. Although there are a plenty of methods in the literature, but comprehensive analysis of bus and line failure has not been accomplished and just a limited version of failure has been studied. This paper presents a learning automaton-based algorithm for reconfiguration of large-scale distribution systems with assumption of probabilistic failure in both of the buses and lines. The main objective of the proposed algorithm is to minimize the power loss and voltage deviation, and also to maintain the distribution system in radial structure. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm, it is tested on two standard IEEE sample systems and the obtained results are compared with other methods. Also, the numerical result indicates that the proposed method supplying power to the non-faulted areas with minimal power loss and maintains the radial structure of distribution system under abnormal conditions.

Todays, the multilevel inverters are becoming popular for medium/high power applications. In the meantime, the cascaded multilevel inverters use less power electronic elements. In this paper, first, a new basic unit is proposed for cascaded multilevel inverters. The basic unit is capable of producing four positive output voltage levels. Then, to achieve a higher number of voltage levels at the output side, several basic units are used in series connection. Because the proposed basic unit cannot produce zero and negative levels, so to solve this problem, one H-bridge is used to obtain zero and negative output voltage levels. The proposed topology is analyzed and different factors such as rating voltage, number of levels, required DC voltages sources, power electronics components, and gate driver circuits are calculated. Moreover, the proposed inverter is compared with several other topologies. As a result, the proposed topology needs to less number of power electronic elements, DC voltage sources and gate driver circuits. To prove the correct operation of the proposed topology, the simulation results of a nine-level inverter in PSCAD/EMTDC software program are used.

In this paper, some optical characteristics of superluminescent light emitting diode (SLED) have been studied. The output power of SLED has been described by assuming a uniform carrier density distribution and zero reflection from the faces. In SLEDs, the the total optical power depends on the drive current and the output intensity, does not exhibit a sharp threshold. Typical values for SLED modules are for the optical bandwidth between 5 nm and 100 nm with central wavelengths covering the range between 400 nm and 1700 nm. The structure and the material composition used for the SLED chip affect the gain.