پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 36 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The aim of this study was to identify and classifying stakeholders and providing framework of stakeholders’ participation in school sport decisions.

Methodologically the study was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study consists of experts of the physical education department and health of education ministry, general offices of provinces, cities and towns as well as physical education teachers. Data gathering was done in two steps. First a systematic interview was conducted with 16 specialists in the field of students’ sport to identify the stakeholders, and then a researcher-made questionnaire in line with Freeman's Classification method (2007) and Mitchel’s stakeholders’ salience with confirmed reliability and validity was distributed among the samples for stakeholders’ categorization. For data analysis SPSS software was used.

The results of the study showed that students, teachers and physical education and health department are the most important and primary stakeholders’ and parents and government organizations are the secondary stakeholders’.

The results of the study showed that effective relationship between primary and secondary stakeholders’ and their participation in decision-makings are the most significant factor for the proper performance of schools’ sport.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on the accuracy and concentration of professional chess players. The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all male and female chess athletes in Tabriz city in 2016 (N =120). From this population, a sample of 36 people was selected through the available sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups of 12 people (experimental, dummy, and control groups). Experimental intervention in the form of alpha enhancement protocol was implemented during 12 15-minute sessions three times a week, meanwhile, the research data were collected in two phases, pre-test and post-test, using the standard Stroop task (checking accuracy and concentration). Data analysis was done using MANCOVA in the SPSS program. The analysis of data showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of the experimental, dummy, and control groups in the post-test of the reaction time subscales (f = 17/437, p = 0.0001) and the error rate (f = 29/863, p = 0.0001). According to the results, participants in the experimental group have a lower reaction time and error rate (better performance) than the participants of the dummy and control groups.

The development of all aspects of a child's existence originates from movement. Environmental providers are emerging as a stimulating factor for greater use of opportunities and promoting developmental changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental dynamics on children’s cognitive and emotional characteristics.

The present study was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study was 7-10-year-old children in Tabriz, 30 of whom were selected through a purposive sampling method and divided into two groups of active-in-nature school (outdoor) and active-in-Badminton sports classroom (indoor space). At first, both groups completed the Boyardee test to measure selective attention and the Physical Activity Enjoyment questionnaire as pre-tests. After the activity period in the mentioned spaces, a post-test was taken from the children of both groups. The data were analyzed using the two-way mixed ANOVA and SPSS22 software at a significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that the activity in the nature school had a more positive effect on selective attention and enjoyment of physical activity than the activity in the Badminton class, so that in the active–in-nature school group, 63% of changes in the selective attention and 92% of changes in the physical activity enjoyment were identified to be related to the activity in this environment, while in the active-in-Badminton class group, 35% of the changes in selective attention and 31% of the changes in the physical activity enjoyment were identified to be related to the children’s activity in the Badminton class.

According to ecological theory, the different effects of two environments on cognitive and mental characteristics can be attributed to environmental conditions. The natural environment is an environment rich in stimuli that has significant impacts on growth. Therefore, it is better to provide children with more experience of playing in the natural environment during childhood.

The purpose of this research was to value sport as a public good (case study: Iran's participation in the Asian Nations Cup).

The research method was descriptive and it was in the category of applied research. The statistical population of this study included the population of Kermanshah province in an unlimited number, from whom 385 people were selected based on Morgan’s table and random stratified sampling. To investigate the research variables, the Humphreys et al. (2018) questionnaire, consisting of 15 yes/no items, was used. To analyze the data, the inferential statistics of logistic regression and diagnostic logistic regression were used by SPSS software.

The findings showed that the variables of honor, encouragement, satisfaction, performance and interest in paying attention to the community were more important than other factors. The age groups of above 61 years old, 60-46 years old, and income groups of above 5 million and 3-5 million were more willing to pay more for winning the championship title than other age and income groups. Findings also revealed that 0.38% were willing to pay to win the title of the national football team in the Nations Cup, and 0.62% were reluctant to pay.

Therefore, community policymakers should focus on solving peoples’ economic problems, so that by increasing income and improving people's livelihoods, they will be more inclined to support the national football team. The relevant authorities can help improve the performance of the national football team in international competitions by providing full support to those teams in terms of finances, technology, facilities, equipment, etc., so that the reputation of the national team will rise globally, creating pride for the people of the country and increase their willingness to pay.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of effective marketing chaotic management in Iran’s championship sports development environment.

The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and professors of sports management, marketing experts, presidents and vice-presidents of federations, employees of the marketing department of the sports federations and National Olympic Committee, coaches and elite athletes, whose number is 396 based on the available statistics. Based on Morgan’s table, 250 people from the statistical population were selected by the available sampling method and finally, 220 questionnaires were referred to the researchers. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire designed for Marketing Chaotic Management, the validity of which was verified by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Its content validity was also confirmed by ten professors of sports management. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.91. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and structural equation modeling were used.

The findings showed that marketing chaotic management in Iran’s championship sports is composed of five factors, including economic and social factors, leverage and chaotic points, sports organization structure, media and public relations factors, and technology and innovations.

It can be concluded that in the chaotic management of sports marketing in all organizations active in championship sports, critical and chaotic points should be determined and the necessary plans should be presented to take advantage of these points and manage them.

Spectators are an important part of sports events. With this knowledge, marketers have always attempted to recognize their demands, requests, and behavioral intentions to clarify the reason and quality of spectators’ behaviors during their presence in sports events. The aim of the present research was to examine the impact of experiential marketing on the behavioral intentions of the spectators of the Iranian professional football league through the satisfaction of the event. The methodology of the study was a descriptive correlative type, which was implemented in the field. The statistical population of the research was the spectators of the teams present in the seventeenth Iranian football premier league (2017-2018). Among sixteen clubs present in the premier league, eight clubs were selected based on geographical zoning (stratified sampling method) and questionnaires were distributed among them (917 people) and then collected. To collect data, questionnaires of Experiential Marketing by Tasser, Chiaw, and Wang (2007), the Brand Equity by Acer (2009), and the Behavioral Intentions by Theodrakis et al. (2013) were used. In order to confirm the validity of the tools for measuring the components related to the main variables of the research in the studied society, content validity and structure of the confirmatory factor analysis approach were used. And to verify the reliability of the tools, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, the values ​​of which are 0.89, 0.76, and 0.91 for the questionnaires of experiential marketing, brand equity, and behavioral intentions, respectively. Data analysis was done using the structural equation model (Smart PLS software) at the significance level of P < 0.05. The results revealed that experiential marketing has a positive and significant effect on brand equity (0.63) and behavioral intentions (0.20). Brand equity played the role of mediating variable in the relationship between experiential marketing and behavioral intentions, and finally, the research model was confirmed. According to the results of the research, it can be stated that part of spectators’ behavioral intentions can be justified through experiential marketing and brand equity. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities provide the necessary grounds for increasing these variables. To achieve this goal, sports clubs should try to improve their interaction with sports spectators.

The purpose of this study was to design and build a device to measure and record the function of visual error and its adaptation time as well as to obtain the reliability of this tool.

By carrying out numerous investigations and according to articles and research, the prototype of the device was built by performing repeated tests. Due to the lack of a similar device in the country, the electrical circuit, the program, and the appearance of the device were changed several times during the manufacturing and measurement stages. Finally, based on the parts inside, the original sample was produced. The device includes a hardware section for performing various movement patterns by the subject and a software section for collecting and analyzing the obtained information.

To obtain the reliability of the device and to ensure its stability in repeated measurements, 50 students (35 males and 15 females) from Ferdowsi University were selected as available samples and tested in two stages with a 20-minutes interval.

The results were calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha by SPSS20. The validity of the device is equal to 0.88 and its reliabilities in recording visual error and  the time of movement are 0/86 and 0/70, respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of educational self-talk on the quiet eye period and the accuracy of beginner darts players.

For this purpose, 30 male students who were beginners in the sport of darts and ranged in age from 19 to 25 were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into two groups of self-talk and control.  The study included the pre-test, intervention, and retention stages. In the pre-test stage, participants threw 10 darts and the information of the visual system was recorded using an eye-tracking device. In the intervention phase, participants in both groups threw darts in two sessions (60 darts in each session). At the end of each session, the participants threw 10 darts as a performance. At the intervention stage, the self-talk group was given instructions for throwing darts, while the control group did not receive any instructions. The retention phase was performed 24 hours after the last intervention session and the participants again tried to throw 10 darts while the information of their visual system was recorded simultaneously. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and one-way ANOVA at a significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that educational self-talk had a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of dart-throwing and the length of the quiet eye period.

According to the results, it can be said that the basic mechanism of attention in self-talk is the quiet eye period, and this educational self-talk can be used as an effective tool in the training of the quiet eye.

One of the most important goals of any athlete is optimum performance during competitions, and biofeedback is one of the new and growing ways to improve athletes’ performance. This study investigated the effect of biofeedback exercises on some physiological factors and the performance of skilled archers.

The present study was a semi-experimental type with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. Twenty four young men with an average age of 22.5 years were purposefully recruited among the participants who attended national ranking archery competitions and randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group, each consisting of 12 participants. After the pre-test (archery performance test), the experimental group first attended 10 sessions of biofeedback training related to heart rate control and breathing control based on the training protocol and then attended 10 sessions of the same biofeedback exercises with skin conduction guidance. Both groups continued their routine archery exercises under the supervision of the researchers during this period. After completing 20 training sessions, the archery performance was taken again as the post-test with the same pre-test condition from both groups.

The results showed that the heart rate of the participants was higher in tension and stress conditions compared to the resting state (p < 0.05). Also, at the post-test, the experimental group showed a lower heart rate under stress conditions compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the analysis of covariance showed that the performance of both groups improved compared to the pre-test, but the experimental group performed better than the control group (p < 0.05). 

According to the findings of this study, more attention should be given to biofeedback exercises, and it is suggested to emphasize its use along with other training protocols.

This paper aimed to reduce the tort law of sports and youth organizations in incidents that occurred during sports activities.

This research had a qualitative approach that was carried out by the Grounded Theory. The statistical population included professors of sports management who were knowledgeable about sports law issues, official judicial experts in sports events, and the authorities of sports and youth organizations of Isfahan province. Sampling was done purposefully using the snowball method. The obtained data were analyzed and then investigated using three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. In the three stages of coding, the main and sub-categories were identified and related to each other.

The results showed that in tort law of sports and youth organizations in sports incidents, causal conditions include non-compliance with standards and non-compliance with laws and regulations, underlying conditions include lack of awareness, negligence in supervision, poor technical management, poor human resources management, and lack of liability insurance, and intervening conditions include individual factors, organizational factors, legal factors, and environmental factors. Also, to reduce the tort law of sports and youth organizations, the strategies include training, information, preventive measures, and privatization, and the implementation of these strategies would result in many financial (such as cost reductions) and non-financial (such as improving performance and organizational effectiveness) consequences.

 It is necessary that the authorities of sports and youth organizations launch some activities to reduce their tort law related to sports events, by increasing awareness of the rules and regulations of sports law and informing others, increasing the supervision of the sports facilities, infrastructure standardization, educating, and taking preventive measures.

Since the role of associative and dissociative attentional focus in manipulating various constraints of the task and individual has not been clarified yet, the present study aimed to examine the role of associative and dissociative attentional focus with internal and external dimensions on blood lactate and Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale in beginners.

The method of the present study is semi-experimental in terms of practical purpose and based on the method of data collection. The statistical population of this study was all beginner females aged 18 to 30 years old at the Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran. Among them, twelve females were selected as the participants to run on the treadmill. For this purpose, the maximum speed (Vmax) of each participant was measured. The speed used in each of the test conditions (internal associative (attention to muscle), external associative (counting the running steps), internal dissociative (counting down the numbers), and external dissociative (attention to video)) was 70% of the maximum speed of each individual. During running, the questionnaire of Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale was used. After running for one minute in each condition, blood samples were taken to measure the participants’ blood lactate

The results of one-way ANOVA revealed that dissociative attentional focus with internal/external dimension resulted in lower blood lactate and lower Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale which caused higher running economy in beginners than associative attentional focus.

Based on the results of the present study, dissociative attention is the most economical method in running for beginners.

The purpose of this study was to design and present a model of the learning organization in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. This research was carried out through, a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The statistical population consisted of experts in sports management who were familiar with the concept of the learning organization, among whom 14 sport management professors were selected by snowball sampling and interviewed. Data were analyzed through three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and then the qualitative research model was designed. The results of the present study identified occupational, individual, and organizational factors as causal factors, and family, managerial, co-workers, and physical environment factors as contextual factors. Moreover, macroeconomic, socio-cultural, and micro factors including organizational structure, organizational culture, organizational climate, and organizational policies were identified as intervening factors. Specific strategies include developing communications, diversifying the organization’s atmosphere, designing jobs, training employees, meeting the needs of employees, employees’ participation in decisions, establishing justice, and meritocracy, providing appropriate equipment and facilities, and appropriate leadership style. The identified outcomes include the development of organizational learning, increasing productivity, employee empowerment, creating new ideas in the field of sports management, and developing sports infrastructure and physical education. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the mentioned causal, contextual, and intervening conditions in order to create a learning organization in the Ministry of Sports and Youth.

In adolescence, people's attitude toward barriers and benefits of participation in activity is considered as an effective factor. This research aims to measure the rate of high school first grade student's participation in sposts and investigate psychological factor for leaving it in Mashhad.

This research is done on 386 students between 13 to 15 years old based on randomized clustering and three questionnaires including self-report,attitudes toward sport and obstacles in participation of Carrol and Alexandria were used.

revealed that 75 percents of students are active and 25 percents are detractive. Also major obstacles in nonparticipating are personal obstacles (lack of time,lack of interest,risk of injuries ,tiredness), environmental obstacles (lack of facilities,inappropriate educational spaces), social obstacles (lack of accompanying,lack of family support,social pressure) and internal factors(physical healthy,pleasure,mental health,recreation and entertainment) and external factors (being with friends,finding new friends,social growth,competition) can be noted.

Doing this research in this age range can be a way to reflect on how to promote adolescent sports to achieve a dynamic society.

Purpose and Research field:

 Investigating bilateral transfer has drawn considerable attention among researchers studying motor control for a long time. However, the fact that bilateral transfer can also be seen in a reaction time task is an issue that has not been addressed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the bilateral transfer in a choice reaction time (CRT) task.

The present research was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. Participants were randomly divided into three groups of 15 individuals (training by hands, training by legs, and control groups). Participants in the experimental groups practiced the choice reaction time task in three sessions (during a week), and each session consisted of three blocks of 25 trials. To evaluate CRT, the RT-888 device was used. The Edinburgh questionnaire was also utilized to determine the participants’ dominant hands and legs. Data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test and multivariate analysis of variance at a significance level of p < 0.05.

The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. The groups training with hands (hands P = 0/001, legs P = 0/001) and legs (hands P = 0/001, legs P = 0/005) showed significantly shorter CRTs compared to the control group. Moreover, the CRT significantly decreased in the post-test in both experimental groups.

The effect of practice on reaction time could transfer through limbs, despite their anatomical differences.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spectators’ presence on action-specific Perception and performance in the distal and proximal external focus condition. The current research was a semi-experimental study with a practical purpose. Among the female undergraduate students of the physical education faculty of Urmia University who had no professional and competitive sports experience in darts, forty people were selected randomly and divided into two groups based on the type of instruction: the distal external focusgroup and the proximal external focus group. In this research, the task of throwing darts was used and the participants made 20 attempts based on the type of instruction of their group, including proximal external focus (focus on the flight of the dart) and distal external focus (focus on the target), in two different conditions (with the presence of spectators and absence of spectators). The perceived target size test was performed at the end of the efforts, and before performing the dart-throwing task, participants filled out the Immediate Anxiety Measurement Scale (IAMS) to measure their anxiety in both conditions. To analyze the data, independent and paired samples t-tests were used to examine the differences between the two groups. The results indicated that the performance and perceived target size of both groups decreased in the presence of spectators compared to the absence of spectators, but this decrease was less in the distal external focus group. The findings recommend that athletes should benefit from effective and appropriate strategies to control anxiety, and also to reduce the destructive effect of anxiety caused by the presence of spectators on action-specific perception and performance, instructions of distal external focus should be used

Considering the role and importance of job characteristics in the further development of job design, the purpose of this research was to investigate the main characteristics of the occupation of official football agents in Iran with the help of Jacko’s (2004) enriched model of job characteristics.

The methodology behind the research study was based on a survey through developing a questionnaire with the objective of the practical application of its outcome. The population of the study was based on carefully selecting from the limited number of Iranian official football agents available. The participants consisted of all official Iranian football agents (18 people), who responded to the purposefully designed occupational questionnaire based on Jacko’s model (2004). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts and its reliability was calculated as 0.91. Independent one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data representing demographic characteristics and their differences.

According to the official football agents’ viewpoints, all the elements of the main characteristics of the job were of acceptable importance.  Among these elements, the importance of work, identity, independence, and skill diversity were prioritized in order. The findings of this research revealed that the meaningfulness of a job predicts the consequences of satisfaction with the amount of growth, internal motivation of the job, and efficiency.

According to the results of the present research, problem-solving and independence in a job are less apparent in the official agents’ jobs. It was also found that among the three new variables that were added to the components of Oldham and Hackman's (1976) job characteristics, only “Problem Solving” had a significant relationship with “Responsibility for The Results”. Finally, the official agents regarded this profession as bearing responsibility, technically demanding, valuable, and vitally important.