فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 147، زمستان 1401)

Today, the challenges of the new age such as inequality, poverty, violence, migration, pandemic diseases, reduction of energy resources, etc. have turned into global concerns. Cities are under pressure from these challenges and if not properly managed, they become increasingly fragile. Accordingly, the main goal of the current research is to identify and prioritize urban fragility drivers in Iran cities.

This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out between 2019 and 2022 based on the mixed pragmatism paradigm in Tehran. For this purpose, considering the drivers of fragility mentioned in the theoretical foundations of the research, the factors affecting the fragility of Iran's cities were identified by interviewing14 experts in the field of urban planning using the environmental survey technique and the structural analysis method. Then, these drivers were categorized into levels using the structural-interpretive modeling technique and a questionnaire. After determining the level of each factor and considering the final reachability matrix, the final ISM was drawn.

Based on the results of structural-interpretive modeling, twenty drivers of urban fragility in Iran's cities were classified into eleven levels to determine the priority of each one to be addressed in order to reduce fragility.

Social inequality, gender inequality, political instability and sanctions are the strongest drivers of fragility in Iran, respectively.

Progress and development are the results of a special attitude towards the world, and without creating this special attitude, progress and development is not possible, and this special attitude indicates the need for a socio-cultural infrastructure suitable for development. Therefore, socio-cultural factors have a special position in development, and neglecting them will make all development programs fail. The purpose of this study was to investigate socio-cultural barriers affecting the underdevelopment of Bileh Savar city from the citizens' viewpoint.

This research was conducted with a quantitative approach, using a survey method in 2022 in the Bileh Savar city, Iran. Effective indicators were prepared by using library studies and examining the theories of indicators. 400 people were randomly selected from citizens over 20 years old with at least a diploma education. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the tool was confirmed using the opinions of 30 experts in two periods, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the data. Shannon entropy, Vicor and Topsis methods were used to prioritize the criteria, and finally, the Copeland integration technique was used.

There was a significant relationship between the indicators of social capital, cultural capital, human capital, social capital, modernist attitude and way of thinking, spirit of ambition and dependence on the government with the underdevelopment of Bileh Savar city. Among the analyzed indicators, the most and the least important were related to dependence on the government and modernist way of thinking, respectively.

In Bileh Savar citizens’ viewpoint, the lack of attention to socio-cultural indicators affects the underdevelopment of Bileh Savar city.

Housing is one of the basic and important dimensions of quality of life to achieve development, it is urban and regional stable and plays a vital role in the Economic development of Society. Since the need for housing is one of the most basic human needs, this research it was done with the aim of ranking the status of construction and housing industry in Iran.

In this retrospective study, the data of the construction and housing industry in 2018 was collected in 31 provinces of Iran through statistical yearbooks. Analysis the indicators of this industry using the preference selection index which is one of the latest multi-criteria decision-making techniques were carried out.

Tehran and Isfahan provinces were placed in the very preferred group with Preference selection index of 0.7076 and 0.5747 respectively, and the condition of building and housing indicators in these provinces was evaluated as good. The provinces of Bushehr, Golestan, Semnan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad were in the low preference group with Preference selection index of 0.0632, 0.0624, 0.0537, 0.0303 and 0.0276 respectively, and the condition of building and their housing was bad.

Preference selection index is a suitable method for ranking the situation Building and housing in Iran. The provinces of Tehran and Isfahan are best and Ilam and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad have the worst condition of buildings and housing.

The objective of this research is to measure nitrogen dioxide in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and model the release of this pollutant.

In 3 selected stations, sampling was done once a month during the year and three days a month and 3 times a day. For sampling, NIOSH method No. 6004 and Saltzman method were used with the help of Impinger and Saltzman absorbent solution with a flow rate of 0.2 L/min and then the concentration of this pollutant was determined using a spectrophotometer. Austal view, version 7 software was used for modeling.

In both scenarios regarding the one-hour distribution, the pollutant concentration is high at the beginning, and then due to atmospheric conditions and pollutant chemistry, the pollutant concentration decreases, especially in the western direction, but in 3 directions, south, north, and west, from a maximum distance of 300 meters. , the pollutant concentration is greatly reduced. Of course, it decreases much faster from the western side, and the pollution zone continues more towards the east. According to the American National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), the allowable amount of this pollutant in a 1-hour average is 100 ppb, no area is in this zone. Also, according to the standard of the World Health Organization, the hourly limit of this pollutant is 200 ppb, and on this basis, there is no limit beyond the standard.

By using management and engineering solutions such as reducing the stopping time of cars, not turning on in place and using exhaust absorbent filters, it is possible to reduce pollutant emissions.

Land use mapping is very important in optimal land management. There are different methods of land use mapping that each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. This research aimed to land use mapping by combining supervised, unsupervised, object-oriented, spectral methods and using vegetation and soil indices and ancillary maps (DEM and slope) in the Fandoghlo region.

This research was carried out by a descriptive-analytical method in the Fandoghlo region. At the first, the Landsat8 image was pre-processed and then the normalized difference vegetation index and brightness index were extracted and stacked with image bands. Agriculture, fallow, pasture, and water body classes were extracted using the maximum likelihood method. Then matched filtering analysis and density slice methods were used to extract barren lands and forest classes respectively. Residential and garden classes’ were extracted using object-oriented method. Finally, using expert knowledge and recognition of the study area and based on ancillary maps (slope and DEM), the final land use map was extracted.

The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of the synthetic method were 97.28% and 0.96, respectively, that is more suitable and practical for land use planning and management than the conventional methods of satellite image classification and land use mapping.

Based on the results of this research, it can be said that in order to land use mapping, according to the characteristics of each region in terms of homogeneity and the number of classes, as well as the type of satellite image, it is better to use different combinations of methods, indices, and ancillary maps are used for land use mapping.

The aim of this research was to analyze the spatial structure of the worn-out fabric of Shahrood city using the space layout approach.

This mixed research was conducted in the spring and summer of 2022 by the method of combined analysis of space layout in Shahrood city. "Axis lines" analysis was chosen as the appropriate research method. Each of the elements of the spatial arrangement, including macro and local connection, average depth, control and the number of connections of Shahrood city were calculated. The analysis of the findings was presented graphically and the calculation of spatial indices using the Depth Map Cityengine software, 2015.

The average correlation in the radius n or comprehensive correlation of Shahrood city was 0.22±1.14 (maximum 1.73 and minimum 0.35). The average connection of Shahrood city was 1.34±6.72 (maximum 10 and minimum 1). The average depth of Shahrood city was 3.66±0.23 (maximum 4.23 and minimum 1.5). The average trust index, which is an important factor in creating movement in the city and the points of origin and destination, was 0.025±0.133 (maximum 1.4 and minimum 0.001).

The spatial structure of the worn-out fabric of Shahrood, by absorbing a high degree of interconnection, connection and selection from other spaces of the city, plays an essential role in the spatial configuration of the city, and the distribution and development of the main axes should be transferred from the center to the periphery

Office workplace are designed with the aim of providing a place to better perform the tasks of employees. Hence, it is important to know the environmental factors that affect productivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the spatial configuration of high-rise office buildings in Karaj city on the internal and external scale on employee productivity and compare it with the effect of the physical factors stated in the Haynes model.

This descriptive research was conducted in the 2022 in Karaj. The main variables were extracted according to the Haines model and classified using the variance analysis test. Data was collected with a questionnaire. The analysis (ANOVA) of the space syntax of buildings including three variables "integration", "depth" and "connectivity" was performed in UCL.Depthmap.10 three levels "macro", "immediate" and "internal" in the software. In the inferential analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis using "partial least square" method were used in LISREL 10.2.

Physical factors including "temperature and ventilation", "noise and acoustics", "light", "dimensions" and "ergonomics" had the greatest impact on self-reported productivity in high-rise office building employees. Among other factors, the spatial structure had an impact on the productivity of employees at three macro levels (city scale), immediate area (surrounding area) and internal (architectural plan). The impact of spatial structure was less than that of physical factors, and there were differences in the sub variables of "integration", "depth" and "connectivity” and they were not equal. Among the variables of space syntax, "connectivity" has no relation with productivity It was the staff. The two variables of c integration and depth also had different effects at the urban level and immediately.

In office workplace, physical factors are effective in the productivity of employees, regardless of the work pattern. The internal space syntax is related to the interaction and concentration of employees, and this issue has a different effect depending on the working model. At the urban scale, "integration" has a weak and direct relationship with productivity.

In order to have a correct understanding of the oil economy factors affecting the spatial developments of Mahshahr port, it is necessary to know the key driving forces affecting it. This article was done with the aim of studying the drivers of the oil economy affecting the spatial developments of Mahshahr port.

This descriptive-analytical study was carried out based on the new methods of explanatory future research in 2021 in Mahshahr port, Iran. The drivers under study were extracted using the method of documentary studies and evaluated and measured using the opinions of 20 experts based on the Delphi method. In data processing, structural interaction analysis method was used in MICMAC software.

The increase in population growth due to immigration, the existence of incompatible urban uses (railways and oil depots), the increase in open space and urban fragmentation, the inefficiency of construction plans, programs and policies, the dominance of private means of transportation, population growth, the inefficient use of urban land, the increase Rural-urban migrations, political division and lack of integration in the decision-making and decision-making system and differentiation of land uses were the key drivers of the oil economy influencing the spatial developments of Mahshahr port.

The dispersion pattern of the drivers of the oil economy affecting the spatial developments of Mahshahr port shows the state of an unstable system.

One of the obstacles facing the regeneration of urban spaces is the failure of regeneration projects to resolve the conflicts of the stakeholders, which leads to delays their exploitation for several years. The purpose of this research was to identify the existing conflicts between the stakeholders of "30-Tir Street" and to analyzing about how these conflicts are understood and valued among the stakeholders.

This survey research was conducted with a qualitative-quantitative approach in 2022 in 5 groups of stakeholders and those related to the space of "30-Tir Street" in Tehran. 20 people from the studied population were selected in the qualitative part by purposive sampling and 190 people were selected in the quantitative part by available sampling. Data analysis was implemented using open and axial coding method and mean comparison test and one-way Anova.

64 conflicts between 5 groups of main stakeholders were identified, 41 of which were conflicts of interests and the rest were behavioral, cognitive and normative conflicts. The pattern of stakeholders' encounter with each other in 30-Tir Street" was a bipolar type in which the mayor and stallholders were on one side and residents, shopkeepers, pedestrians and other stakeholders were on the other side. A significant difference was observed between the perceived conflicts between the stakeholder groups (p=0.001).

"30-Tir Street" project is a kind of gentrification of the public space for the function of urban tourism and is not concerned with preserving the originality and cultural identity of this urban texture. In this program, only the interests of tourists and citizens whose purpose is to have fun and spend their free time have been taken into account and the original identity of Street has been ignored.

The purpose of this research was to prepare a model of the underlying factors of the occurrence of social creativity in the urban environment and zoning the urban areas of Ahvaz city.

This qualitative-quantitative descriptive research was done in 2022 in Ahvaz city, Iran. The literature study of the research field was done using the meta-analysis strategy. After the final version of the questionnaire was approved and prepared, a combination of field method and visits to urban areas was used, as well as measuring the opinions of the citizens of urban areas. The required sample number, which was estimated to be 680 people based on Morgan's table, was selected using simple random sampling. Data analysis was done using factor analysis method in SPSS 23 software. The Vicor method was used to weight the status of the examined indicators in each of the urban areas. To zone urban areas in terms of urban creativity, the weights obtained in ArcGIS 10.8 software were added to each area and the final map was prepared.

Place context, general social characteristics, social characteristics of creativity, individual characteristics and economic characteristics were extracted as 5 main dimensions of creativity in urban places. Exploratory factor analysis led to the identification of 13 factors that explained a total of 68.546% of the variance of the questionnaire. Social creativity in regions 1, 2 and 4 was very high (0.8), high (0.7) and high (0.6), respectively. Regions 3 (0.42), 6 (0.4) and 7 (0.5) in terms of the status of social creativity indicators are in average condition, as well as regions 8 and 5 that were, respectively in low (0.3) and very low conditions (0.2).

The status of the factors affecting the occurrence of social creativity in urban areas 5 and 8 of Ahvaz compared to other areas needs special attention. While the situation of these factors in urban areas 1, 2 and 4 of Ahvaz is better than other areas.

Gender equality, as one of the factors affecting human development, indicates non-discrimination in terms of employment, education, health, social participation, etc. between women and men in the society. The purpose of this research was to investigate the level of development of Iran's provinces in terms of the degree of deprivation and gender advantage.

This retrospective research was conducted based on the results of the census of 2009 and 2019 in the provinces of Iran. The data of Iran's provinces regarding the type of settlement, population density (manpower), distance from the capital, level of human development and gross domestic index were extracted using a checklist from the statistical yearbooks of 2009 and 2019. The data were extracted using coefficient Pearson correlation and multivariate regression test were analyzed through SPSS 22 software.

Gender advantage and gender deprivation were correlated with the level of human development, distance from the capital, population density and type of settlement. Also, the level of human development, distance from the capital, population density and type of settlement in 2009 and 2019 significantly explained the variance of indicators of gender advantage and gender deprivation.

Human development indicators (type of settlement, population density, distance from the capital, level of human development) and gross domestic index have an effect on gender deprivation and gender advantage.

The continuation of the drought in East Azerbaijan requires that the water consumption in the agricultural sector be reduced by modifying the cultivation pattern and replacing the current crops with crops with low water requirements. The aim of this research was to investigate the feasibility of quinoa cultivation in Harzandat Marand plain by considering the agro-ecological needs of this product using the hierarchical analysis method.

This experimental field research was conducted in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the Zarandat plain of Marand. The characteristics of the soils of the region were collected from the soil studies report of Harzandat Marand Plain. In order to prepare spatial distribution maps and study spatial patterns, the data of the points collected from the soil were generalized to the regional level during the interpolation process. To determine the relative weight or importance coefficient, the selected criteria were compared using AHP model and hourly quantitative table. After adding the final weight of the criteria in ArcGIS software, the final maps were prepared based on the normalized final weight with the overlay model.

About 3850 hectares (21%) of Harzandat plain lands for planting quinoa in relatively suitable class (S1), 4616 hectares (25%) of lands in Relatively suitable class (S2), 5581 hectares (30.3%) in critical suitability class (S3), 1539.5 hectares were in the unsuitable but correctable class (N1) and 2760.6 hectares were in the permanent unsuitable class (N2).

Quinoa can be cultivated in more than 40% of Harzandat Marand plain lands. These lands are scattered in different parts of the plain. Most of the suitable lands are in the west of the plain and most of the unsuitable lands are concentrated in the center of the plain.

Riparian vegetation has a considerable effect on making the stable habitats and sustainability of the river planform. This study aimed to investigate the biogeomorphic feedback windows in Talegan river during 1991-2021.

The satellite images and aerial photographs in 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2021 was used for digitizing the vegetation area. After the geometrical correction of the images, the sub-reaches of the river were determined based on the GUS method, and the relatively stable colonies were digitized in each of the sub-reaches. Then, the traits of the BFWs were determined by field studies, including ecological process (stem density and diameter, height of vegetation and floor herbaceous), morphometric (degradation level), and biogeomorphic traits (occurrence of biogeomorphic cumulative landforms). Data were analyzed using the conceptual model and Chi-square test through SPSS 23 software.

Eighty-two BFWs were identified in the riparian area. The biogeomorphic accumulated landforms were observed in 70.7% of the BFWs. The appropriate opportunities for development of vegetation patches were observed in the upstream of the river especially in sub reaches 1 and 3. There were a lower possibility for the vegetation patches development and the stability of the river's landform in sub reaches 4 and 5. The result of Chi-square test showed a direct relationship between the establishment of biogeomorphic accumulation landforms with stem diameter, height, and density of vegetation.

There is a need to attention to the restoration of riparian ecosystems by reducing the level of human interventions and creating a favorable environment for the development of biogeomorphic feedback windows in Taleqan river. The sustainable establishment of BFWs means the sustainable establishment of vegetation habitats containing engineering vegetation, which leads to the preservation and development of the habitat as well as the stability of the river landform.