مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 76 (بهمن و اسفند 1401)

Team Identification and Sports Fandom are among the most important predictors of aggression in football fans that their impact varies with the age of the fans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of age in relationship between Team Identification and Sports Fandom with aggression of football fans. The present study was descriptive and correlational that conducted in field method. The statistical population of study was Esteghlal Fans of which 211 persons were selected as the sample. The research instrument consisted of five standard questionnaires of Sport Fandom, Team Identification, Self-reported Aggressiveness, Physical Aggression and Verbal Aggression. In this study, the data were analyzed using variance-based structural equation modeling. The results showed that Team Identification and Sports Fandom have a positive and significant effect on self-report Aggressiveness, Verbal and Physical Aggression. Also Age has a significant effect on Team Identification, Sports Fandom, Self-report Aggression, Verbal and Physical Aggression, but these effects are negative and inverse. Also, the effect of Team Identification and sports fandom on self-report Aggressiveness, Verbal and Physical Aggression among the young fans was more than middle-aged and old fans, and the effect of Team Identification and Sports Fandom on self-report Aggressiveness, Verbal and Physical Aggression among the middle-aged Fans were more than old fans. According to the results organizers of the football matches in the country and the fan club of the teams can use the older fans to control the emotions of the younger fans and reduce the aggression of the fans.

In management research, there is a growing trend towards Formative measurement which measurement indices are considered the cause of Construct. Formative measurement can be a good alternative to reflective measurement, where Construct are considered to be the cause of measurement indices. Incorrect use of Formative and reflective measurement models Weakening the content validity of the Construct, Weakening the structural relationships between Constructs, and Finally, reduces the usefulness of theories in field of practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to: A) discuss the distinction between Formative and reflective measurement models, B) developing a set of conceptual criteria to determine whether a structure should be modeled as a composite or reflective index, C) Recommendations for the construction of Formative Construct based on C-OAR-SE method and reflective Construct based on the Churchill paradigm. This paper, based on the research literature to provid a framework for researchers to design and test Formative and reflective measurement models correctly.However, some structures may be inherently Formative or reflective.

The purpose of this research was designing the model of factors effecting on promotion of sports diplomacy of Iran. Present study in terms of purpose is applied and descriptive-correlation. Statistical population included recent and former managers and experts of National Olympic Committee and sports federations and professors and university students of sports management, political science and international relations also athletes. Samples were selected as purposeful and accessible. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data also formal validity of questionnaire was confirmed by experts (16 people). Its reliability was estimated by using Cronbach's alpha test (0.95) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling was used in PLS3-SPSS24 software for analyze data and investigating fit of model. Results indicated that effect of causal and contextual and interventionist conditions on promotion of sports diplomacy (0.34), (0.37), (0.27) were significant. Also, contextual and interventionist conditions on strategies (0.42), (0.31) and effect of promotion of sports diplomacy on strategies (0.35) and strategies on outcomes (0.70) were significant. Regarding situation of sports diplomacy in Iran, although there has been a relatively growing trend over the years, there is still a challenging path ahead. And executive organizations are still far from a comprehensive and strategic vision and the implementation of strategic plans for the development of sports diplomacy. Therefore, with constructive cooperation between organizations in charge of sports in country and giving priority and using the potential of international sports by these organizations, we hope to improve current condition and thus promotion of sports diplomacy of Iran.

The events of Imam Reza (AS) Stadium in Mashhad, after Iran's qualification to the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, once again invited the country's political-military decision-makers to intervene in sports affairs; The purpose of this study was to explain the position of sports in empowering political and military security; The present study was qualitative in terms of applied purpose and in terms of how to collect data, which was done as content analysis; The statistical population was equal to the statistical sample equal to 13 experts in the field of political science and sports sciences (books, articles, notes, etc.); Purposeful sampling (snowball) continued until after the interview using Delphi technique with 13 people reached theoretical saturation. The findings of the present study showed 24 concepts related to sports in providing military-political security in eight categories: conflict resolution (4.56), regulation (4.30), development of political economy (4.24), personal characteristics (4.21), national cohesion and unity (4.18), peacebuilding (3.98), empowering values (3.96) and public peace (3.94) were categorized. According to research findings, sport has a function beyond the issues of entertainment and recreation in modern society today. It seems that paying attention to the emerging phenomenon of sports can alleviate many of the existential and challenging threats to the national security of the Islamic Republic.

The purpose of this study was to provide a model for designing an entrepreneurial competency model for physical education graduates.The research method was qualitative with an exploratory and systematic approach.Purposeful sampling was performed as a snowball.The research tool was contextual exploratory interviews.The validity of the instrument was confirmed based on the legal and scientific validity of the statistical sample, expert opinion and the coefficient of agreement between the coding proofreaders.Strauss and Corbin method was used to analyze the data. Identified research framework including general perspectives;Entrepreneurship capacity in higher education sports sciences,Capacity of the national system of entrepreneurship and employment, Entrepreneurship in sports, Individual characteristics, Entrepreneurship rate, Employability, General, specialized and professional entrepreneurial competencies, Special entrepreneurial competencies, Individual functions It was environmental.Findings showed that entrepreneurial competence is formed from systematic interaction and the result of four dimensional components of entrepreneurial capacity in sports higher education and national system, as well as special competencies and specialized competencies of entrepreneurs that lead to professional success and social and economic functions.He is an entrepreneur.The factor of direct and correct supervision over the entrepreneur and the ways to help and assist the entrepreneur and create entrepreneurship by the government and relevant bodies causes many challenges and obstacles as well as cumbersome administrative bureaucracies and leading barriers for the entrepreneur to present the idea.It is suggested to the educational system of the university and government systems to recruit staff in reviewing and evaluating the degree of competence of the graduate and ready to use this model.

Sports development should be in line with better design and more effective ways to promote and increase interest, Karate is one of the hopes of winning a medal in the upcoming Olympics; The purpose of this study is the designing a developmental model of the contextual factors of the karate championship sport of the Iran. It is a combined exploratory mixed study. The first phase (qualitative phase) was a qualitative study using grounded theory method. The participants of the study were selected from the experts in the Karate field of the country. Data were collected through the semi-structured interviews. Then, the data were analyzed through grounded theory method. The second phase of the study (quantitative phase) was done quantitatively using structural equation modeling method. For this purpose, 21questions of the questionnaire were used based on the model of sport for all in Iran. The samples were selected among the Iranian athletes, coaches, sport staff involved in Karate Premier League using stratified random sampling method and 278participants were selected based on Morgan table.The data were analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling through using LISREL software. The results showed the special role of cultural, social, economic, political, international and environmental factors in order to provide a suitable contextual for the development of the karate in Iran. The results of the present study pointed out the environmental factors and its priorities for planning of managers in order to achieve the desired level of development of Iranian karate championship.

A gap is evident between the current and comprehensive model for utilizing the talents and capabilities of the Ministry of Sports and Youth as well as planning achieve them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the causal loops of the talent management in the Ministry of Sports and Youth based on the system dynamics. For this purpose, with the use of exploratory method, required qualitative data were collected for the analysis through interviews based on the system approach and interactions among talent management's components and subsystems. The statistical population of the study consisted of the talented and specialized managers and professors in the field of talent management which 12 individuals were purposefully selected as the sample group. Data analysis was performed using Vensim software. The results of this study showed that the talent management system encompasses the main subsystems for identifying, attracting, developing and retaining the talents. In fact, these four subsystems are functioning under the policies of the talent management system; In other words, the talent management policies act as input for these subsystems. Also, the causal loops obtained from multiple talent management subsystems, influential variables and their interactions were drawn and presented as a basis for providing a solution.

The purpose of this study is to model the effective factors in evaluating the productivity of professional football clubs. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and was one of the mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research. To achieve a conceptual model, foundation data theory was first used. This research has followed the resultant approach or the same glazer approach that glycer coding method includes open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding. First, information was collected from the snowball sampling method of interviews with research experts, including managers of professional sports clubs, professors of sports management and specialists in the field of organizational productivity, and a total of 20 interviews were conducted. Then, to confirm the conceptual model based on the data theory of the foundation, a questionnaire was developed according to the research results. To confirm the content validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of sports management experts were used and after confirming the content validity, the questionnaire was distributed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire. A total of 215 questionnaires were collected and analyzed on the same number. First and second-order factor analysis using Emos software was used to evaluate the conceptual model of the research. The findings of the qualitative section showed that issues such as; Training and learning, fan attention, budget and finance, leadership and management, professional tools and behavior, forecasting and foresight, and marketing and advocacy were identified as effective categories in evaluating the productivity of professional clubs.

Recent Taekwondo honors in the international arena have made Taekwondo popular in Iran, and with a population of about two million athletes, Taekwondo is one of the most important sports in Iran. However, the achievement of some poor results, especially in the Tokyo Olympics, reveals the importance of examining the injuries in the country's taekwondo body. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the mental patterns of experts regarding the pathology of taekwondo sports problems in Khorasan Razavi province. This research is based on purpose, of applied type, in terms of descriptive-exploratory nature and due to the application of Q methodology, it is of mixed research type.The statistical population of this study consisted of all the elites of the sport of Taekwondo in Khorasan Razavi. Data collection tools in the present study included library studies and interviews. In the interview section, open and axial coding, summarizing and filtering techniques were used to extract the raw data.Also, statistical method of Q factor analysis and principal component analysis were used. Based on the research results, 13 mental models including the mental model of empiricists, scholarly, juvenile, professionalist, competitive, supportive, strategic-oriented, materialistic, communicative, infrastructuralist , Structuralists, globalists, and sports educators were identified; In a general conclusion, it can be stated that in order to eliminate the injuries in the field of Taekwondo, one should first refer to the structure of this sport in Khorasan Razavi province, and then to the surrounding environment and its affiliated organizations. Analyzed.

The purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the "international rules and regulations governing the sport of football", which was used with the descriptive-analytical method and with library tools in the form of scanning sources and documents.The theoretical findings indicate; The effect of international non-governmental sports organizations on the behaviour and even domestic sports rights, reforming the decision-making process in the football sports institutions of the countries considered the non-interference of the governments with political goals in the football matter.The result of the research shows this; The changes that FIFA, as an international non-governmental sports organization, pursues in the structure and performance of national federations, are the result of the accepted internal rules of this international organization consisting of the national football representatives of the countries, which are pursued in line with the general interests of sports in the world to the independence of sports organizations from governments and political affairs will be protected and helps the process of keeping sports "clean" and preventing its possible abuse. Although FIFA insists on changes in the shape and content of football with the support of internal rights and the use of domestic and global public tools, it does not show much stubbornness against government interference in some countries where football is run in an undemocratic manner; But this is perhaps more because the political authorities of those countries do not directly or openly interfere with the professional and inherent independence of a non-governmental organization and approve its decisions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sensory marketing on brand promotion of sports venues. The present study was a descriptive-survey research and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included all customers of selected sports venues in Mashhad. Research samples were selected through available sampling (348 people). For data collection, Ucharunkit Sensory Marketing Questionnaire (2015) and Razavi Brand Promotion (2016) were used. Its content validity was confirmed by 11 experts and university professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (0.84). Data were analyzed using structural equations using AMOS software version 24 and Pearson correlation coefficient test (SPSS 24). Based on the results of the research in general, sensory marketing and its 5 components (senses, feelings, thinking, action and relationship) are effective in promoting the brand of sports venues in Mashhad. Due to these components, it is recommended to the officials and managers of sports venues to use the use of sensory marketing techniques in their strategic plans in order to benefit more from the benefits of sensory marketing on their sports brands.

The present study was conducted to design a model of the effect of brand in sports on the behavioral factors of young athletes in premier leagues. In terms of applied purpose, the present research method was a combination of sequential exploratory type and survey collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative section was experts in the field of sports marketing, sports psychology, sports sociology and sports management. Purposeful sampling in the qualitative section and interviews with experts continued until information saturation and 16 interviews were conducted with 16 experts. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative section included all young athletes in the top leagues of selected sports ( Football (288 players), volleyball (168 players), freestyle wrestling (71 players) were present in the top leagues, due to the difficulty of accessing young professional players, distributing questionnaires and analyzing them to reach sample adequacy. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. It was extracted in the form of two central codes.In the quantitative part, it was found that the brand in sports influences the behavioral factors of young professional athletes (path coefficient: 0.444 and T value: 5.152). Appropriate business leads to improved behavioral performance of young Premier League athletes.