نشریه روان شناسی فرهنگی زن
پیاپی 54 (زمستان 1401)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of mixed elements of pink marketing in the purchase decision of women's cosmetics. The research population included all Iranian women who buy cosmetics. The research sample was female customers of online cosmetics stores. The research method was descriptive-analytical. Library method was used to collect data. After studying and reviewing the findings, the results indicated that pink marketing was an activity that was done either for or by women and it included a group of activities called marketing mix elements, which were formulated according to the needs, desires and psychology of women to influence women's attitudes and behaviors. Pink marketing was very important for the organizations that use it. Because it had an impact on the purchasing decisions of women who constituted a huge group of buyers. Pink marketing was not only limited to women as customers, but also to them as marketers when they influence the purchasing decisions of customers. Pink marketing was not limited to the use of pink in products, but included any product directed at women and could be any other color. Also, one of the most basic mixed components of the pink marketing that affected women's purchase decisions were direct, indirect and electronic distribution channels and sites. Advertisements also affected women because in pink advertisements attention was paid to the women emotional aspect and feelings. Pink price and pink distribution of products at the right time and place were among the factors that influenced women.

The aim of this research was investigating the moderating role of social approval perception on relationship between intention to sexual harassment and sexual harassment towards women in workplace.  The research statistical population included all bank offices, stock exchange, and insurance agencies male employee in Tehran city.  The sample consisted 273 individuals whom were selected based on convenience sampling procedure among the population. The research was applied one concerning the object and correlational descriptive with respect to method. The data collected via the implementation of Fitzgerald & et al. Sexual Harassment of Women (1995), Hosseini, Mehdad & Saffarinia Intention to Sexual Harassment (2022) and Hosseini, Mehdad & Saffarinia Social Approval Perception (2022) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM). The finding showed that there was a significant positive relationship between intention to sexual harassment with sexual harassment of women (p≤0.05). Moreover, social approval perception could significantly moderate the relationship between intention to sexual harassment and sexual harassment of women (p≤0.05). In other words, in men with low social approval perception, the intention to sexual harassment did not lead to sexual harassment of women, but in men with high social approval perception, the intention to sexual harassment led to sexual harassment of women. With considering the moderating role of social approval perception in relationship between intention to sexual harassment and sexual harassment of women, to prevent sexual harassment of women at workplace, there is a need for cooperation of the organization’ members in recognizing sexual harassment of women, intolerance with its occurrence, as well as organizational intervention policies to deal with the transformation of intention in to behavior.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the right to abortion for women in Islamic ethics. The research universe included all written texts and references of Islamic ethics. The research sample subsumed the subjects related to abortion right for women in Islamic ethics texts. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The data was analyzed via content analysis procedure. The results showed that there were two main arguments about voluntary abortion among non-Muslim thinkers. One argument was the mother's ownership of her own body for abortion, and the other was the fetus's individual identity. According to the perspective of Islamic ethics regarding abortion, it was found that the argument that the mother owns her own body for abortion would be correct to some extent; This meant that the mother could have an abortion if she might be harmed in some cases. Also, the criterion of fetus's individual identity would be generally accepted from the Islamic ethics point of view and in this context, the Holy Law put forward a basis that would be the final words and in fact, a proof of narration and devotion. From this point of view, a fetus before four months would be not considered a living creature. This view regarding the individual identity of the fetus could be called Islamic fetus's individual identity, which would be different from what scientists of experimental sciences discussed. According to Islamic teachings, willing and voluntary abortion that leads to the death of the fetus would be not legitimate unless the mother's life would be in danger or the spirit had not been blown into the fetus and its existence had an unusual and considerable harm to the mother.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the acculturation developmental course of the holy Qur'an in the verses revelation of the specific to women explicit rules. The universe of the study included all the verses of the Holy Quran. The research sample embraced the specific to women explicit rulings verses. The research design was descriptive-analytical. To collect data, the verses of the Holy Quran, interpretive, narrative and historical sources were reviewed via the library method. Then the data were analyzed. The findings of the research showed: The Quran is a universal book for the guidance of all mankind, which in the process of its revelation, in addition to the transmission of the text, also provided the audience with the method to realize its educational dimensions well through acculturalization. One of the most important categories of the Qur'an are the specific to women rulings verses, which are implicitly mentioned in the Meccan surah, and explicitly in the Madani surah, in topics such as: menstruation, breastfeeding period, eddeh (waiting period after divorce during which a woman cannot remarry), chastity and modesty, ghaz al-basr (staring to the men), etc. have been mentioned. Focusing on the revelation of explicit verses specific to women in the process of revelation, telling from a kind of gradual culture building in order to fight and invalidate superstitions and ignorance, preparing to accept rulings, and planning them from the simplest to the most difficult, in line with the gradual preparation and training of the audience to accept women's rights, respect their status, and promote the human character of women on the age of decline in society.

The aim of the current research was an ethnographical study of the indigenous knowledge of Sarbandan women regarding herbal products with an emphasis on Julien Steward's theory. The studied population was all the resident women of Sarbandan region in the years 1387-1400. 15 subjects were selected among the studied population using the purposive sampling method. The research method was qualitative field research and the study was conducted in an ethnographic procedure. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and participative observation. The results showed that: according to Julien Steward's theory, cultural development is based on the adaptation of the ecological environment and culture, and such an adaptation that leads to cultural growth and transformation in humans. The women of Sarbandan village had established this method in their mutual and two-way relationship with the environment. To name the natural environment and the type of plants that grow in that area, they inquire to know the natural environment. The women of the village found out that in this mountain and plain environment what kind of plants grow and after that they knew and sang songs and recited proverbs accordingly. They were able to improve their health, for example, by removing the infection or elimination of pain from their body, by utilizing the plant that was its habitat. As a result, according to Julien Steward, the indigenous knowledge of Sarbandan women is influenced by the geographical environment of this region, which led to ecological sustainability.

The research was intended to investigate the women and family positions in the poems of Sana'i and Abul'ala Ma'ari. The study statistical universe encompassed the poetry works of Sana'i and Abul'ala Ma'ari. The sample of the research subsumed the selected verses from the poems of Sanai and Abul Ala Maari which were selected based on their positive and negative views on the position of women and family. The research was designed with descriptive- analytical method. To analyze and compare the views of two poets on the subject, a sample of the both poets' poems were discussed and analyzed The results indicated that Sanai and Abul Alaa Maari were two famous poets in Persian and Arabic literature who explained and analyzed the position of women more than others. At the same time, there were similar cases in their worldview towards women and the foundation of the family, as well as differences in their thoughts. According to Sana'i point of views, sometimes social poems about women and family were subject to emotions. On the other hand, Maari's thoughts about women and family were not only caused by fleeting feelings, but had been influenced by a kind of deep philosophical despair and pessimism, which had developed in him over many years. Another point was that many of Maari and Sana's comments and insights towards women were influenced by the society and social conditions of their era.  And this was more true about Senai. In other words, many of the popular beliefs and opinions of the society about women and family had been effective in the mind and language of these two poets.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and position of Mongol women on the Ilkhanate era. The research universe included all historical books related to Mongolian women. The research sample subsumed the texts regarding to the position of women in the Ilkhanate era. The research method was descriptive-historical. The findings obtained based on documentary and library studies. The results showed that Mongolian women, in terms of their tribal lifestyle, always worked alongside with the men and side by side with them. The Ilkhani women had a direct participation and active presence in politics and state affairs and always fought alongside with the men in the battlefields and were as active as men in the production of material goods during peacetime. In addition to being officially regents or rulers, Mongol women also interfered in government affairs at other times and gained influence in this way according to their personality. Ilkhani women played a prominent role in positions such as ambassadors in domestic and abroad trips. Also, beauty and respect for chastity and decency of women were very evident in the eyes of the Mongols. Mongol women were generally chaste and tolerant with their husbands. The privileged position of Mongol women caused it to be reflected in their legislation. Dowry was very important during the Mughal era. From the point of view of the law, dowry was considered a woman's  ownership rights and among most of the Ilkhanate families, it was considered as a criterion for determining the dignity of young girls. Garment is one of the things that showed the high status of women in the society.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of the sexual training education program on the sexual knowledge and gender identity of female students of secondary school in Andimeshk city. The statistical population subsumed all the female students of the secondary schools. The sampling procedure was multi stage cluster method. A sample of 60 female students (two classes) was randomly assigned to two experimental (30) and control (30) groups. Data were collected via implementing the Role Identity Questionnaire In Different Cultures of Schertz et al (2008), the Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Scale of Farajnia et al (2014) and the Educational Package of Sexual Training Based on Iranian Culture of Hosseini Rostamie (2019). The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest and a 1-month follow-up design. Then the subjects of the experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of the educational program of sexual training and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed by applying multivariate analysis of covariance(MANCOVA). The results indicated significant increase in the mean of sexual knowledge and gender identity in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test phase (p≤0.001). Based on the evidence of this study, the educational program used in this study could be used to enhance the sexual knowledge and gender identity of teenage girl students.