فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 123 (بهار 1402)

With the revelation of the weakness of urban development plans that were prepared without a strategic approach, the necessity of making changes in the process and methods of preparing these plans was felt. The result of such changes is the preparation and implementation of the urban development strategy (CDS), which is used in many cities today in various dimensions, including the category of organizing informal settlements. Since the spatial distribution of cities and population in the framework of a comprehensive plan, these settlements have not been done, which has caused extensive problems for the city complex. Therefore, today, especially from the point of view of systematic planning, no one can deny the micro and macro effects of informal settlements on the whole city. Therefore, taking into account that the topic under study is considered one of the challenging topics in the field of urban management, security and urban sustainability in many developing countries, the present research studies the various dimensions of informal settlements in the city of Mahabad. The study method in this research is based on library and field studies, and its main basis is the implementation of the 20-year city development strategy study plan and the five-year plan of Mahabad city municipality. The results of this part of the study show the poor condition of different parts of the eleven points of the informal settlement of Mahabad city in different dimensions of social, physical, cultural behaviors and injuries, natural, population issues, etc. Based on this, at each stage, according to the fact that in the survey studies, the characteristics and problems of different neighborhoods were identified, the general, operational goals, strategies and solutions to achieve the goals are also based on the framework determined in the urban development strategy studies. (CDS) was stated.

The formation of balanced pattern of urban network based on the small cities is a basic step for suitable distribution of facilities and services and leads to a spatially arranged distribution of the population and human settlements on the national scale, as well as, with the forming of such cities, the chain of big cities, towns and villages will be completed. The purpose of this research is to investigate and spatial analyzing the status of the urban spatial system of Ilam province in the periods from 1355 to 1395 by using the evaluation models of urban system analysis such as; Ziff's rank- size law, adjusted rank- size model, entropy coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient, two-city index, Mehta index, first city concentration index, Herfindahl concentration index, Henderson centralization index. The method of collecting information and data was done using the non-field method; a library based on the necessary data from Statistical Centre of Iran between 1355 to 1395 years. The results of the research shows that the spatial system of the cities of Ilam province has an unbalanced pattern; the low role and position of small cities in the urban hierarchical system of the Ilam province despite low population and high numbers of small cities, the superior political-administrative position of Ilam city are the most important characteristics of urban network of ilam province. These factors cause to move of population from small towns to Ilam city to access the few facilities and services available in Ilam city, therefore this factor has exacerbated the gap in the hierarchical system of Ilam province between small-towns and Ilam city. Interventional actions of the government in order to strengthen small towns through increasing provincial credits in order to strengthen small cities and develop educational, health-care, infrastructure, IT technologies, road infrastructure, creating job opportunities, housing development, decentralization Administrative and political orientation are the most important solutions in order to adjust the urban system of the province.

In recent decades, factors such as climate change, lack of water resources, increase in world population, increase in urban and consumer population, use of food to produce biofuels, use of food as a pressure lever in geopolitical competition, and weakening The rival country and other factors have turned the food into one of the most important geopolitical issues today. This research was conducted to analyze the global food geopolitical system using a mixed exploratory research method based on FAO data and using Delphi, Prometheus, fuzzy hierarchical analysis, and Excel and GIS software. The results show that the top powers in food geopolitics are, respectively, ten countries of the United States, France, Argentina, Germany, Australia, Brazil, India, Netherlands, Spain, and Belgium. Iran ranks 16th, 5th, 74th, and 13th in the production, import, export, and consumption of strategic food products and is considered a vulnerable country in global food geopolitics. In order to reduce or eliminate its geopolitical dependence on food, Iran needs a range of different factors, such as the optimal use of domestic resources and the sustainable supply of food from crossborder sources, including the selection of strategic suppliers, concluding long-term contracts in the field of the food supply with exporting countries; membership in regional organizations; leasing land from other countries to produce food; joint investment in food production; improving the level of economic exchanges with exporting countries; create interdependence on the agenda.

Water is the foundation of political-spatial units' emergence, sustainability, and efficiency. In recent decades, natural and human components such as climate change, population growth, urbanization, economic growth, development, etc., have made water one of the most important geopolitical issues. The importance of Hydropolitics in geopolitical issues in the last century due to the water shortage crisis is becoming more apparent daily. The present study, which is fundamental, has a new approach to the concept and dimensions of hydro politics using Descriptive-analytical methodology. The results showed that hydrolytically could be defined as knowledge, acquisition, productivity, and water conservation as a geographical source and related issues in transnational, national, regional, and global relations. Knowledge of designing and reviewing actors' strategies to achieve water-based interests and associated goals and problems as a geographical source of power. On the other hand, the dimensions discussed in hydro political studies are discussed in three sections: water as a geographical source of power, water-based relationships, and water-based strategies.

Countries are the most important players in world politics. In recent decades, the tendency of countries to establish regional structures has been developing. Peripheral geopolitical regions play a special role in the foreign policy of countries. Countries adopt different orientations in their foreign policy in proportion to regional opportunities and threats and internal strengths and weaknesses. One of the important geopolitical regions around Iran is the South Asian region. It meets the three geopolitical regions of East and Southeast Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. What is happening in South Asia is affecting Iran's national interests and security. Therefore, having a proper strategy in foreign policy provides the necessary ability to maintain and strengthen Iran's national interests in the South Asian region.The purpose of this research is to make Iran's foreign policy strategy in the South Asian region. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-analytical type of research method, and it is done using SWOT and SDM strategic planning models. The findings of the research, while identifying the influential variables including 5 strengths, 5 weaknesses, 16 threats and 12 opportunities, finally suggest a defensive strategy as the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the meantime, based on the three factors of feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness (compatibility) of the sub-strategy, "strengthening cultural relations in a transparent manner and avoiding sensitive cultural activities" has been given the first priority.

Since the 1980s, urban spaces have become a place for the role of capital and capitalist systems, and it has somehow affected various aspects of human life. This influence, influenced by the power of capital and its fluid nature, has caused the geographical spaces of the city to be increasingly affected by the functioning of the capitalist system, in the last few decades, it has attracted the attention of a diverse range of researchers active in the field of urban studies. One of the areas of the city that has been particularly affected by the capitalist system is the public spaces of the city. Until the 1980s, a major part of the function and costs of the city's public spaces depended on the governments, which considered themselves obliged to provide free urban services, but with the spread of the conservative approach to political economy, which made the governments seek to reduce their public costs. be, the opportunity arose for capital and capital owners to control and manage the public spaces of the city. This research, with a critical attitude and using the library-document method, aims to examine the effect of capital on the public spaces of the city. The findings of this research show that the public spaces of the city, which used to be a place for social and civic actions, are transforming their identity under the influence of the spatial function of capital in controlling public spaces, and this has made these public spaces more than public functions. They are taken out and become places that provide profit for capital owners.

In a world full of changes and uncertainties, it is possible to understand a system with a view to the future and by determining the key factors in the future development of industries such as tourism only by using this future studies approach. For this purpose, this research has tried to identify and analyze the key drivers effective on creative tourism by systematically applying the futures studies approach. Finally, by analyzing and identifying these key factors, coherent and integrated planning can be done to create the development of this industry within the scope of the study. In order to future studies of creative tourism in Golestan province, 38 primary indicators were investigated using two techniques of environmental survey and Delphi. Then the dimensions of creative tourism were investigated using the MICMAC tool. The results indicate that among the studied factors, 15 components are effective key drivers in the development of creative tourism in the studied area, and the preservation of natural resources is the most influential factor. In general, maintaining environmental values, especially in environments with greater fragility, is essential in creative tourism. Because these regions, with their rich cultural and natural heritage, offer unique experiences, entertainment, and motivations with their distinctive spatial arrangement, they attract creative people who significantly impact the development of creative tourism.

Today, branding and branding for tourist destinations and attracting the attention and creating the love and interest of tourists in these destinations are considered a strategy for tourist destinations, which plays a vital role in the performance of destination management, to expand their tourism opportunities and differentiate destinations from competitors and finally achieve an advantage. It is competitive. Therefore, this research aims to study the antecedents and consequences of love for the tourist destination brand in the city of Mashhad. The statistical population of this research includes all foreign tourists who travelled to Mashhad during the winter of 2018. A sample of 384 tourists was selected from this unlimited population to collect data using a random method. The reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and it had acceptable reliability. The research data was collected through a questionnaire and the hypotheses were tested using the structural equation model with the help of SPSS and smart PLS software. The results of the research showed that the tourist's positive experience, the attractiveness of the place and the emotional connection have an effect on the love for the destination brand and are among the antecedents of the love for the destination brand. In this research, the variables of mental image and positive attitude, which were the antecedents, affect the love for the destination brand. did not have. Also, the variable of love for the destination brand affects the variables of word-of-mouth advertising, insensitivity to prices, and emotional commitment, which are the consequences of brand love.

Production of affordable products is always one of the concerns of farmers. Cultivation pattern is one of the influential factors in the growth and development of the agricultural sector, which can help improve the economic, social and environmental sectors in villages. The purpose of the research is to investigate and evaluate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern in the development of rural areas based on economic, social and environmental criteria. For this purpose, 390 households in the villages of these three cities that started to change the cultivation pattern from rice to kiwi were selected as samples. The reliability and research tool of the questionnaire was made by the researcher, and the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire was confirmed by the corrective opinion of the professors and experts of the university after making the necessary corrections in several stages. The total reliability of the questionnaire is equal to 0.734, which showed that there is a significant difference in the alpha level of 0.01 in the economic, social and environmental sectors in the period before and after the change of the cultivation pattern. In social indicators, except for the component of participation in sustainability components and farmer awareness about agricultural activity, the averages show the growth of the index, and in the economic indicators of the quality of employment, welfare and economic security, this growth is more noticeable. Based on this, it can be said that the pattern of citrus cultivation has played an effective role in the development of the studied villages.

Acting and power levels have reached lower levels from the national level, and many people have gained a lot of power in the space of cities, and by having power-creating resources, they are acting on the scales (local, national, regional, and global) and the power relations in the space. Cities make an impact. The metropolis of Tehran is governed by 25 governmental and non-governmental organizations, each of which has its own rules and regulations. Each of these actors has different identities and existences with the sources of power they have. Therefore, the present research has used the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that among the local actors (tower builders, town builders and owners of commercial arcades; owners of factories, industries and large commercial and insurance companies; governorate; governorate; municipality and city council) as geopolitical actors of the metropolis of Tehran at the local level, they are powerful who have the power to influence power relations in Tehran metropolis. Among the national actors, (the government and its subordinate ministries; MPs, banks and financial institutions; the judiciary; political parties, military and security forces, and the Broadcasting Organization) are among the geopolitical actors at the national level in the metropolis of Tehran. Among the transnational actors (embassies) are geopolitical actors. Based on a large number of actors, one actor alone cannot manage the metropolis of Tehran, but the management of the metropolis of Tehran is based on the relationships formed between the actors in the city space.

The Islamic world is a vast geographical area that includes Southwest Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and parts of South and Southeast Asia. Most of the residents of this vast geographical area are followers of Islam and are distinguished from other regions of the world based on the Quranic doctrine of "One Ummah" or "Islamic Ummah". The Islamic world, which had experienced great and brilliant power and civilization in the first centuries of Islam in the form of a unified Islamic state in a converging and complementary way; In recent centuries, it suffered from colonialism, weakness, passivity, dependence, fragmentation, and division, and with the currents of nationalism and ethnocentrism in the form of the nationstate system, it was completely disintegrated and suffered politicalspatial divergence and rupture. In recent decades, some thinkers, reformers and political activists of the Islamic world have thought about the convergence and unity of Islamic countries based on the theory of a single nation. The main issue of the research is what are the alternative futures and different scenarios for the cooperation and convergence of Islamic countries? The answer to this problem has been done in the framework of future studies and with the method of exploratory scenario development and the use of aggregation of elite opinions. The results of the research show that four scenarios can be presented for Islamic countries, which is the scenario of complete convergence and the formation of a unified Islamic state as a desirable future, the scenario of convergence of Islamic countries in the form of an Islamic confederation as the preferred future, the scenario of convergence and the formation of a union of Islamic countries as a possible future, and the continuation scenario. The current situation and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation will be possible in the future.

Recognizing environmental capabilities in rural planning plays an important role in rural development. In this context, the assessment of environmental capabilities is one of the basic topics in land use planning. In the discussion of land development, maintaining the balance between environmental factors and the location of rural projects has caused the environmental feasibility approach to be taken into account in rural planning and development because any action aimed at the establishment and development of rural settlements is closely related to environmental factors. The descriptive-analytical research method and the purpose of the research is the natural arrangement of rural settlements according to the existing capabilities and land use policies in the province based on geological indicators, slope, geographical direction, altitude, climate, soil, distance from the river and land use. In line with the importance and comprehensiveness of the research, all inhabited villages (67 villages) have been selected as a sample, and the findings show that the settlement pattern of rural settlements in the study area is proportional to the environmental capabilities, so 78% of the villages are located in appropriate or very favourable environmental locations. In line with land development and terms of population and space, the most populous villages, which make up nearly 90% of the population of the villages, have been established in places appropriate to the ecology of the region for the development and construction of rural projects. Among the natural factors, the geological factor with 0.34, climate with 0.17 and altitude 0.11, and in the next stages the slope factor with 0.10, soil with 0.08 and land use with 0.07 have the biggest role in establishing the viability of rural settlements in the region.

Due to the high volume of investment and the establishment of many economic facilities and tools, and most importantly, the large population in which they live, cities will suffer significant financial and human losses in the event of war. In urban areas, war damages include a combination of physical destruction and dysfunction of urban elements. Demolition of structures and buildings, network of roads and accesses, basic facilities of water tanks, power plants, telephone, electricity, water, gas lines, Rescue centers, etc. are among them. Today and in the present age, passive defense is one of the most important concepts in the general field of urban crisis management to ensure the safety and security of cities and the foundation of civic welfare in all urban areas. This is an applied research by quantitative method. In this study, in order to achieve the goal of determining the degree of dependence of urban areas, interaction analysis (physical, cyber, geographical and logical) have been used. The statistical population of the study includes all strategic centers of Neishabour. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of strategic centers in Neishabour on each other and show the spatial distribution of level of risk in this city. The results of physical, cyber and logical interactions showed that energy infrastructure assets were the most dependent. Also, according to the results of geographical interaction, most of the assets of Neishabour city are less than 5 kilometer away from each other. From the findings, it can be concluded that the most vulnerability of the city is related to energy infrastructure and it is vital to consider the necessary solutions for crisis management.

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are intangible benefits of nature. The Studies about CES are limited in Iran. The current research tries to determine some CES factors in urban green spaces (UGS) with a collaborative approach. The research purpose is practical. It was done by the descriptive-analytical method. For CES evaluation, 33 items were compiled with documentary studies to be measured by a survey method. The statistical population includes some visitors to Taleghani, Mellat, Ab-o-Atash and, Bagh-eIrani parks in Tehran. According to the number of items, the size of the samples was estimated at 400 people, and data was collected by using the available sampling method. Validity has been done by Factor Analysis and validation by calculating Cronbach's alpha test. The results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (0.87) confirmed the adequacy of sample size and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity confirmed the ability to factorize data. The principal component analysis with varimax rotation showed that 7 factors in total explained 75.5% of the total variance of the items. Values of cultural heritage, spirituality, awareness, recreation, social relations, sense of place, and inspiration, formed the factors of CES. (3157/80) 2χ = 378, = df, p = 0.005). Friedman's test was used for factor ranking. The results showed that recreation is the most and sense of place is the least valuable of the park’s CES. In this way, people have understood parks as suitable places for recreation and social activities, but parks do not create a suitable ground for people's spiritual connection with nature.

In the Middle East region, due to the artificial borders resulting from the agreements of the early 20th century and the ethnic fluidity in the borders of the countries, the so-called conflict has caused controversy between geopolitical fields, which together contain geopolitical structures and agents, and geopolitical entropy have created in the region. Following the developments of the Arab world and the geopolitical anarchy in Syria, two essential actors, the Kurds and AlQaeda (Al-Nusra Front) in this country, as geopolitical agents, have defined their geopolitical codes and vision that have influenced the ruling structures. The Kurds and Al-Qaeda have created pseudostates that, through formulating and articulating geopolitical discourses, are trying to enter the field of geopolitical agency in order to act in geopolitical fields. This research aims to examine the role of the Kurds and Al-Qaeda from the perspective of the structure-agent dialectic through the scientific method by studying documents and in-depth interviews with experts in the Syrian crisis. The researcher, the statistical community of the research, has included two groups of experts from Syria and advisors of the Islamic Republic in Syria as an expert group, and experts in the country's security, political, and academic research sectors, approximately 80 people in the expert group. The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptiveanalytical with a mixed approach. The results of this research confirm that the religious discourse of Al-Qaeda and the ethnic discourse of the Kurds in Syria have turned into a geopolitical discourse, and these two agents have territorial ambitions. In other words, religion, ethnicity, and geopolitics are intertwined in the Syrian crisis.