نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

we investigated the effects of six weeks of HIIT and curcumin supplementation on hepatic cellular death and also GSH level in male rats exposed to drinking water arsenic.

48 rats were randomized in six groups including HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin, arsenic, ethanol control and normal control. Arsenic 5 mg/bw.day and curcumin 15 mg/bw.day, were consumed orally for entire the study period. HIIT were conducted for six weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (with 4 min running at 85-90% of Vo2max and 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max intervals).

Arsenic exposure down regulated hepatic CK18 M65 level and also in a lesser extent; the cellular GSH content. Curcumin supplementation either alone or concomitantly with HIIT, could reverse the changes in hepatic CK18 M65 level. However; only in the HIIT+curcumin group, a remarkable elevation of hepatic GSH level was observed.

Arsenic exposure renders liver to an increased oxidative stress and apoptosis level and the both HIIT and curcumin supplementation have appreciable effects to neutralize these hazardous effects. Moreover, only the synergistic effect of HIIT and curcumin supplementation could attenuate the liver antioxidants following arsenic exposure. However, more investigations remains to be done because of the study limitations and lack of similar evidence in this area.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous and high intensity interval training with silymarin consumption on liver enzymes and histological modifications in rats with dexamethasone-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Male rats were initially divided into 2 groups: normal and exposed to dexamethasone. Dexamethasone group were randomly divided into 6 groups. control (C), Silymarin (S), continues training (CT), and continues training+silymarin (CTS), high intensity interval training (HIT), high intensity interval training+Silymarin (HITS). Silymarin groups, received 300 mg. kg-1.d-1 of silymarin solution through gavage. Animals in HIT groups performed 3-min bouts at 40 m/min, interspersed by 3-min active recovery at a running velocity of 20 m/min on a motorized treadmill with 15% incline, repeated six times per session. Continues training groups performed steady state running at the same speed as the active recovery's speed in the HIT group. Liver histological modifications and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured. Silymarin consumption and aerobic training were able to improve histological changes compared with control group. Interactive effect of silymarin supplementation and training on AST and ALT levels was not significant. Silymarin reduced liver AST and ALT levels (p≤0.05). Also, AST levels were significantly higher in HIT group than in control group (p≤0.05). The amount of this enzyme in the HITS was significantly reduced compared to HIT group (p≤0.05). Silymarin supplementation and aerobic training separately and in combination may improve liver histological status of rats with dexamethasone-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which the accumulation of fat in the liver increases. Exercise training can improve the condition by preventing excessive accumulation of fat in the liver as a non-pharmacological intervention and preventing the progression of the disease to chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of combined exercises training with two intensities on FGF-21, insulin resistance, liver enzymes and body composition of women with fatty liver.

33 women with NAFLD with a mean age of 57.7 ± 45.43 years and a body mass index of 84.32 6 6 kg/m2 randomly divided into three equal groups; aerobic interval training (AIT); high intensity interval training (HIIT); and controls. The training program was performed for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The variables were measured before and after the training program. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures (p< 0.05).

The results showed that HOMA-IR index and serum FGF-21 were significantly reduced in the combined training groups compared to the control (p<0.05). No significant effect or difference was observed in ALT and AST enzyme levels. Also, a significant decrease in body fat percentage was observed (p<0.05).

It seems that women with NAFLD are likely to be able to use both combined resistance training intensity and moderate to severe interval as a non-pharmacological solution to reduce fat percentage and improve insulin and FGF-21 resistance.

Exercise reduces weight and prevents obesity. The aim was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training on serum irisin, lipid profile and body composition of obese women.

Subjects were 16 obese female volunteers (age: 33.82±3.91 years, weight: 78.2±2.72 kg, BMI: 30.22±1.03 kg/m2) who were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 8) and control (n = 8). The experimental group performed eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training, three sessions per week, 60 minutes per session, and with an intensity of 65-75% of the reserve heart rate. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after exercise, and serum Irisin, lipid profile and body composition were measured. Independent t-test and ANCOVA were used to evaluate the mean difference before and after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training. Significance level was considered P <0.05.

Serum irisin levels (P<0.0001) and HDL (P=0.003) significantly increased after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training. Meanwhile, weight (P<0.001), WHR (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.0001), fat percentage (P<0.0001), fat mass (P<0.0001), LDL (P<0.001), VLDL (P<0.0001), TG (P=0.027) and cholesterol (P=0.002) significantly reduced after 8 weeks of aerobic-yoga training compared. LBM (P = 0.579) had no significant difference after eight weeks of aerobic-yoga training.

Aerobic-yoga exercise reduces weight and improves irisin, body composition and blood lipid profile in obese women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nettle extract consumption and aerobic exercise on VEGF and caspase 3 gene expression in mice with melanoma.

In this study, 20 adult male rats with age of 8 week were randomly divided into 4 groups including: control, exercise, extract and exercise + extract. The training program consisted of 30 minutes of running on a treadmill without a slope at a speed of 16 m/min for the first week, and one meter per minute was added every week until it reached 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. One week after melanoma induction, the experimental group consumed 30 mg /kg /day of nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. RT PCR in blood was used to measure the expression of VEGF and caspase 3 genes.

Data analysis showed that VEGF gene expression was decreased in experimental groups compared to the control group; But did not reach a significant level (p = 0.154). The results also showed that caspase 3 gene expression was significantly increased in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p = 0.000). Post hoc test also showed that caspase 3 gene expression was significantly different between the combination group and other groups.

The results showed that consumption of nettle extract may have anti-cancer effects through various mechanisms such as antioxidant activity, induction of apoptosis inhibition of cell growth and cell migration.

In the present study, the effect of two types of resistance training - traditional and EMS on the levels of iris, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in Inactive middle-aged womenwas compared.

The study population consisted of 45 elderly women in Rasht with mean age (44.46 ± 3.42 years), weight (79 ± 7.89 kg), body mass index (34.4 ± 3.94 kg / height) and fat percentage (39.95 ± 4.50), which were randomly divided into three equal groups: 1) resistance-traditional (n = 15), 2) EMS (n = 15) and 3) control (n = 15) Were divided.After evaluating the anthropometric indices, the training groups performed their own training intervention for eight weeks.

The results of data analysis showed that the levels of irisin in the post-test compared to the pre-test showed a significant increase in both resistance-traditional and EMS training groups (P ≤ 0.05), which was higher in the EMS training group. (P≤ 05/0).Insulin and glucose levels and insulin resistance index also decreased significantly in post-test compared to pre-test in both training groups compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). While there was no significant difference between training groups (P ≥ 0.05).

According to the results, it can be said that both traditional resistance training and EMS improved glucose metabolism and insulin resistance index in Inactive middle-aged womenby increasing irisin levels.

Body weight is adjusted through the balance between receiving food and energy. The ghrelin hormone increases appetite and food intake. The aim of this study was to examine the order effect of combined training on ghrelin levels and energy expenditure in overweight women. 30 overweight female (aged 32-18 years, body mass index ≥ 25 kg m) was selected and randomly divided into three groups, endurance – resistance (E+S), resistance –endurance (S+E) and control group. Participants performed eight,weeks, threesessions per week combined training.. 24 h before and 48 h after training program Ghrelin levels and energy expenditure were measured by ELISA kit and Harris-Benedict formula. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test and LSD post hoc test and SPSS statistical software with significance level of (P <0.05). E+S and S+E intervention was caused increase on energy expenditure than control group (p<0.05) and There was no significant effect on ghrelin(p>0.05) . Also, there was no significant difference between strength - endurance and endurance-strength intervention on the ghrelin levels and energy expenditure in overweight women. Without attention to order of training, combined exercises has significant effect on and energy expenditure and There is no significant effect on ghrelin levels .it seems appropriate training methods for weight loss of overweight women.

Diabetes leads to extensive cardiac fibrosis, which worsens as disease progresses, culminating in diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we investigated the effect of aerobic exercise (AT) and berberine chloride (BR) on the expression of TGF-β/Smad4 heart tissue in diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats (276/09±17.03, 10 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n=8): Diabetes (DM), Diabetes-Berberine (BRDM), Diabetes-Aerobic Training (ATDM), Diabetes-Aerobic Training-Berberine (ATBRDM). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin. Training groups have performed a progressive aerobic running program (at 10-18 m/min, 10-40 min/day, and 5 days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for six weeks. Berberine chloride (30 mg/kg/day) were administered orally, by gavage, once a day. At the end of six weeks-- heart tissue samples were collected. TGF-β and Smad4 gene expression levels were measured by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p<0.05.

The results showed that AT, BR and AT-BR combination in diabetic rats significantly decreased TGF-β (p = 0. 0001)) and Smad4 (p = 0. 0001) in heart tissue. Also, a significant decreased the amount of this index was observed in the ATBRDM compared to the BRDM and ATDM groups (p <0.05).

AT and BR by improving heart tissue fibrosis markers is an effective strategy to improve cardiac fibrosis in diabetic rats with STZ. In addition, AT and BR supplementation showed a protective cardioprotective effect of reducing cardiac fibrosis markers.

The aim of present study is to evaluate the effects of ten weeks of aerobic exercise and consumption of safflower seed extract on PIK3R1gene expression and serum creatinine levels in male rats, after consuming Dexamethasone.

25 male Wistar rats (371± 32 gr) were randomly divided into five groups including; control, dexamethasone, dexamethasone + safflower (500 mg/kg of body weight), dexamethasone + aerobic exercise (60 minutes, speed of 28m/min, 5 days a week), dexamethasone + safflower + aerobic exercise. Kidney damage was induced by subcutaneous injection of Dexamethasone (8 gr /kg of body weight) for 6 days.

Findings didn’t show a significant effect in the expression of PIK3R1 gene in different groups. Despite the observed changes in renal histology, dexamethasone caused insignificant changes in urea and uric acid. The results of this study showed that 10 weeks of consumption of safflower extract caused a significant decrease in urea and an insignificant increase in uric acid in mice with kidney damage. Also, 10 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly reduced urea, while causing an insignificant reduction in uric acid in mice with kidney damage. Despite changes in urea and uric acid, aerobic exercise and safflower extract can improve kidney damage.

It seems that 10 weeks of aerobic exercise and consumption of safflower seed extract can be effective in improving kidney injury but the interveners in this study could not alter the expression of the PIK3R1 gene.

Resistance exercise is Effective factor that stimulate anabolic and catabolic hormones. The ingestion of sport supplements before resistance exercise can affect the hormonal responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the ingestion of a pre-workout supplement and resistance exercise on hormonal responses.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover design, sixteen male physical education students (age: 22.9±1.7yr, weight: 67.8±4.0 kg, and BMI: 23.1±1.7 kgm2/) completed two resistance exercise sessions with one week washout period between each session. Participants consumed supplement or placebo 30 minutes before exercise. The supplement was a single scoop (6.5 g) of the C4 pre-workout (cellucor company), and the placebo was 6.5 g maltodextrin. Blood samples were taken before, immediately post, and after 1 hour pos-exercise to analyze growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and blood lactate. For analysis of data were used the repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni tests.

The results had shown that there were no significant differences in acute responses of testosterone, cortisol, and blood lactate immediately post and one hour after resistance exercise between placebo and supplement conditions (p>0.05). However, the rise of growth hormone after exercise was higher in supplement condition than placebo condition (p<0.025).

According to the results of this study, the C4 supplement has no effective response on reducing lactate accumulation due to resistance exercise and has no consequence on buffering system, but can increase growth levels according to the enhancement of anabolic conditions in the body.

Portulaca oleracea has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties. High-intensity interval training (HITT) leads to weight loss by increasing fat oxidation in shorter duration. In the present study, the effects of Portulaca oleracea supplement and HITT on glycemic control and dyslipidemia in obese female students was evaluated.

In an experimental study, 42 obese female students (average age: 23 years and body mass index (BMI): 31.78 ± 1.47 kg/m2) were selected and divided into four groups: control, supplement, training, and supplement with training. Supplement included two capsules of 0.5 g of Portulaca oleracea per day and training included HIIT (with an intensity of 75-90% of maximum heart rate) for 8 weeks. Anthropometric indexes, plasma glucose and lipids were measured before and after the test. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA.

There was a significant difference between weight, BMI, glucose, triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in the four groups (P<0.05), so that weight, BMI, glucose, TG in three groups versus the control group decreased significantly and HDL-C increased significantly (P<0.05), and these changes were more in the supplement with training group than in the supplement and training groups alone. However, there was no significant difference between total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the four groups (P>0.05).

The concomitant consumption of Portulaca oleracea supplement and HIIT can have more effect on improved glycemic control and decreased dyslipidemia in obese female students than the consumption of supplement and HIIT alone.

Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family and galectin-3 used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease and cancer. Intensive exercise increases the levels of this protein, but the effect of regular exercise to ameliorate galectin-3 responses to high-intensity exercise is not well known. The present study was done to examine the effect of regular resistance training on galectin-3 responses to a bout of heavy resistance training. Eleven young men (age: 26.6±1.5 years old) volunteered to participate in this quasi study. One reparation maximum (1-RM) was measured and the subjects performed a heavy resistance exercise trial consisted of eight exercises (chest press, triceps extension, latissimus pull down, shoulder press, arm curls, leg extension, leg curls, and squat) of 8 repetitions with 3 sets at 80% of 1RM. Thereafter, all the subjects performed 3 sets of the same resistance training with 65-80% 1RM, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. 48h after the last session of training, a bout of heavy resistance exercise was done again. Blood samples were taken at baseline and immediately after the heavy resistance exercise trials. The results demonstrated that galectin-3 increases after the first bout of heavy resistance exercise (P<0.05), while galectin-3 concentration reduce after the 8 weeks of regular resistance training and it remain low after the second bout of heavy resistance exercise. Generally, we can conclude that regular resistance exercise is effective to ameliorate galectin-3 responses to a bout of heavy resistance training in young men.