نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 16 (پاییز 1401)

Animals have always played a colorful role in Persian literature, and poets and writers have mentioned animals in different times and according to the requirements of the times. Forough Farrokhzad used animals like many other phenomena and expressed his content. In the beginning, when his independent and special poetic character was not formed (Asir and Divar), he often mentioned the old and repeated simile of a person (poet, lover) to a chicken and he has seen himself as a captive chicken caught in love's trap. Gradually and as a result of more studies and experiences, Farrokhzad's poetic character is formed and another Forough appears in the following poetry notebooks; This means that his thought has been transformed and his personal self has turned into a social and human self. Accordingly, his view of animals has changed, and other animals such as snakes, crows, mice, etc. have appeared in his poetry. In this article, the obvious signs of the presence of animals in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry have been discussed using library sources and in a descriptive-analytical way.

The study of imperative verbs in Hafez`s poems started with looking for imperative verbs in his poems by considering five different grammatical aspects and 1835 affirmative and negative imperative verbs have been found through 495 poems of Hafez .It has been concluded that almost 80percent of those verbs are affirmative imperative and 20percent are negative imperative. It has also been concluded that two third of those verbs are simple verbs and the rest are compound verbs. In the analyzation of structure of those verbs It has been clarified that the early majority of them belong to the group of imperative verbs without verbal prefix and the second majority belongs to imperative verbs with affirmative imperative maker prefix and negative imperative maker prefix. In this study we have undrestood that If we want to categorize imperative verbs into different groups by considering their intentions, we can claim that affirmative imperative verbs can be assorted it has been concluded that the intentions of the majority of affirmative imperative verbs consist of "permission" and "encouragement" and the intentions of the majority of negative imperative verbs include "threatening" and "guiding" .All in all, Hafez should be known as a guide in the aspect of using imperative verbs. If we want to take a look at his poems from the fifth aspect which is the addressor`s view we can recognize that About 90 percent of the addressors in Hafez`s poems are "singular second-person" .The other noticeable point that has been found out in this study is that grammar teachers categorize the addressors of imperative verbs into three groups including "singular second-person","plural second-person" and "plural first-person.

Educational literature is one of the most important types of literature in the literature of different nations, especially in Iran. The master teacher of education and training in Persian literature is Saadi, whose value is not hidden from anyone; Therefore, this research aims to analyze the story of "Saadi's dispute with the moddai" based on the formal and content indicators of educational literature by using the library study method and in an analytical-descriptive way.The results of the studies show that features such as parables, high frequency of interrogative sentences, high frequency of imperative and prohibitive sentences, syntactic avoidance and shifting of sentence elements, dramatization of the topic, argumentation and interpretation of speech, words, combinations and interpretations of educational literature, simple and expressive image , the use of literary works of art in the direction of education, emphasis on the role of simile, simplicity and expressiveness of language and expression, audience and reader-centeredness, and being explicit are the most important formal characteristics and referring to Quranic verses, hadiths and traditions, predestination perspective, Rationalism and wisdom, monotonous approach (masculine approach), mention of moral teachings in the form of advice and admonition, being instructive and edifying, realism and avoiding fantasy are among the content features of Saadi's story. As a result of Anke's words, the story "Saadi's fight with the moddai" is one of the best educational stories in the field of educational literature

Shath (or ecstatic utterance of sufists), as the special language of some mystics, has always been the focus of mysticism and Sufism scholars all over the world. There has been a lot of discussion about the characteristics of them, and they have dealt with it from different linguistic, psychological, philosophical, aesthetical, artistic, and other aspects. In the present study, Shath has been compared in the language of two famous Iranian mystics, namely Attar Neyshabouri and Ahmad Ghazali, and in the range of Attar`s sonnets and the book Sawaneh of Ahmad Ghazali. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and the data have been collected and analyzed based on library studies. The result of the research is that both Attar and Ghazali have used two examples of shath in their work:”annihilation and subsistence”, and “unification and division”, and each of them has intended almost the same meaning from it. Attar`s language in terms of form and external structure is generally based on placing two sides of a paradox in one hemistich or even make a conjunction with them or adding one to the other to make a possessive compound; However, in Ghazali`s work, one shath expands in the text.

The folk beliefs and knowledge, as a phenomenon intertwined with society and an inseparable pillar of collective life in the ups and downs of human history, have made a significant contribution to the culture of any nation. In the meantime, folk beliefs are considered, as the place of familiarity and identification of various aspects of public culture. Safarnamas (The Books of Travels) are one of the most important fields of manifestation of these beliefs, which in terms of representing the culture and thought of the people of different societies, are one of the richest sources for the study of culture and popular ideas. In the same direction, Naser Khosrow's Safarnama has a special place due to its scientific accuracy, insight and linguistic abilities. In this research, done with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the library method, the types of public beliefs in Naser Khosrow's Safarnama have been studied based on a new classification. In this classification, popular beliefs are divided into six categories: religious, historical, mythical, wonders, Taboo, and superstitious. The results of the research showed that among the types of popular beliefs, religious beliefs are the most reflected in Naser Khosrow's Safarnama and after that, popular beliefs about wonders are more reflected than other beliefs. Among the types of popular beliefs, the lowest percentage of reflection is attributed to superstitions. These results also revealed the dominance of the intellectual and religious aspects of the character of this theologian sage in the report of his seven-year journey.

affection and commitment are gathered equally, sublime and stable love will be formed; But this rarely happens. The novel "Husband of Ahokhanam" written by Ali-Mohammed Afghani is one of the literary options for examining the psychological theory of Stenberg's triangle of love. In this novel, although the axis of the story revolves around the character of Seyedmiran, the fact is that in this work, the deer is the most important character and hero of the story, and the events and events of the novel and other characters are colored in the shadow of his existence. It makes sense. In fact, the author narrates the story from the emotional and emotional point of view of the deer as a mother and wife, and from her point of view, the three components of the Stenberg triangle in the middle sections of the novel and transcendental love in the final section. shows This research is in one speech and two introductions in response to the research question that according to the theory of Stenberg's triangle of love, seven types of love states have been drawn in this novel? In a descriptive-analytical way, it comes to the conclusion that pure physical love and the existence of a single component of intimacy or love and the existence of only two components of intimacy and passion make a fleeting and unstable relationship;