Journal of Sustainable Rural Development
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Aug 2022

One crucial development planning for tourism is the spatial distribution pattern which can draw up a plan for rural development within a uniform framework. This study aims to analyze the tourism indicators in rural areas and determine their spatial distribution pattern in the Kuhrang region of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The survey data is quantitative using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research includes 2628 people in tourism villages. Three hundred thirty-five people were selected as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. SPSS and ArcGIS software was used for data analysis, and Moran's I was employed in ArcGIS software for spatial distribution pattern analysis.

The results showed that rural areas have attraction diversity and capacity for tourism development; however, economic, social, and environmental indicators have unfavorable status. Also, the results showed that rural areas have a dispersed spatial pattern only for the tourism current status indicators, followed by Moran's I (-0.94), and regarding other indicators, namely, tourism potential, attraction diversity, foresight, indicators of social, economic, and environmental tourism have a random pattern.

Considering the appropriate attraction diversity for tourism development, the spatial distribution pattern of rural areas in terms of tourism indicators is unacceptable as it does not follow a regular, planned, and uniform pattern. Therefore, an acceptable framework should be provided for creating an appropriate spatial distribution pattern for tourism development (Clustered pattern).

This study investigates the capacity of rural-urban linkages and the spatial flows of rural settlements. Thus, the study explores the spatial flows that influence various rural spatial aspects in Damavand County as the capacity of the rural-urban linkage.

The present quantitative study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to study 370 households selected randomly from the research samples of 29 villages from 83 villages in Damavand County. 

The findings of spatial evaluation revealed that " If established correctly, these flows will cause a consistent transformation in the rural space's social, economic, ecological-environmental, and physical aspects. However, overlooking the capacities of rural-urban linkage in the framework of spatial flows would cause incompatible changes in indices, including the population, economy, land use, physical features, and housing in villages.

The results of the structural equation method revealed that the flow of people had the most significant impact on spatial transformation in the studied area and goods. In contrast, service flows had the most negligible considerable implications in the studied region.

This qualitative research aims to investigate the causes and consequences of the expansion of tenancy in the Mahidasht region.

In this study, the fault tree analysis technique (FTA) was used to investigate the reasons for the expansion of the tenancy phenomenon in the region. Also, the event analysis technique (ETA) was used to investigate the consequences of developing this exploitation system. Data were collected through unstructured in-depth individual interviews, focus groups, group discussions and direct observations.

The results showed that the main reasons for creating motivation among farmers are mainly organizational, economic, individual, social and environmental management. In the other side problems include adopting inappropriate agricultural policies, lack of proper government support for farmers, lack of capital and money to provide tools and inputs, lack of skills to carry out profitable crops, lack of storage and lack of cooperation and trust between local people.

By identifying the causes and consequences of the expansion of the tenancy system and providing practical solutions, this study can lead to achievements for the rural development officials of the province in such a way that by adopting measures such as extensive training to the owners and introduction of new farming methods, providing credits and easing the loan obtaining, creating appropriate insurances, establishing a two-way and proper relationship between the university and Agriculture Jihad with farmers and gaining their trust, providing facilities and welfare health services for the villagers, persuading the owners to stay in the village and engage in the agricultural profession.

The current research aimed to investigate physical development related to financial facilities in the Khoshkebijar District of Rasht County villages.

The current study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of method. It also uses quantitative research methods. SPSS software and the gray model were used for data analysis.

 The results showed that the housing quality and facilities, construction quality, housing identity and physical changes of the houses after receiving the financial facilities were evaluated favourably. Also, the Spearman correlation test results showed a significant and positive relationship between two variables (banking facilities and the physical development of houses) at a significance level of 0.000. Furthermore, In the regression equation, the beta coefficients showed that "Balancing loan amount with the improvement and retrofitting expenses of rural houses" contributes more in predicting positive changes among the independent items. Also, the item of "help to increase the quantitative and qualitative capacity of rural housing" has the most direct effects on the physical development of rural housing. The study found that construction quality with a weight of 0.065, housing quality and facilities with a weight of 0.056, physical changes with a weight of 0.043, and housing identity with a weight of 0.031 have the highest to the lowest rank. In Haji Bekandeh Rural District, Chaparpord Zaman Village, with a weight of 0.678, is ranked first. In Noshar Rural District, Noshar Village, with a weight of 0.700, is ranked first, which has a more suitable situation than other villages.

Sustainable development of rural settlements should be the main criterion for any rural housing planning. Also, other aspects of development need to be noticed; otherwise, there will be harmful consequences for the life and livelihood of villagers.

This study has been carried out to investigate rural residents' perception of the built environments by vernacular patterns. It aimed to examine major factors in the renovation and rehabilitation of rural housing based on vernacular architectural characteristics based on the recommended conceptual model prepared from related research studies.

This study is conducted using a questionnaire distributed among 150 residents of three villages: Ghale-Now, Dehnow Piran, and Deh-Arbab. A quantitative approach and documentary and survey methods were used to collect data.

The results show that people consider renovation and rehabilitation as a factor in improving the quality of life. Also, findings show that the top priorities are providing the residents' needed services, improving road conditions, total renovation, and preserving the village's identity. The investigations indicated that providing adequate housing requires a comprehensive and systematic approach to all the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of housing formation. Further, considering villages of the region as a single system and focusing on policy priorities in all three social, economic, and physical dimensions of housing are fundamental. Therefore, if the preservation of sustainable values of vernacular architecture is intended, it is necessary to preserve the basis of vernacular architecture and find solutions only for its problematic components.

presenting adequate housing patterns for the villages of the Sistan region requires inspecting the architecture of housing patterns, especially the typology of rural housing, preparing the principles and standards of good design with sustainable elements and identity formation present in them. Finally, the new achievements of the study on the use of indigenous components in the renovation of vernacular housing in the region include the adaptation of occupancy and living spaces based on improving the environmental quality. In addition, other achievements include changing behaviour and lifestyle habits, improving communication routes by considering the residents' priorities and lifestyle, and the physical manifestation arising from these habits in the recommended conceptual model.

Reducing the vulnerability of earthquake victims and accelerating the temporary housing of villagers in crises.

This research is a descriptive-analytical study. Surveys were conducted among 381 residents of the villages of Tarom county as a statistical population.

The findings show that according to the statistical population, the indicators of materials, cost, and time are the first three priorities of village residents with scores of 0.335, 0.182, and 0.127, respectively, and the indicators of staff, public participation, climatic comfort, moisture resistance and durability with scores of 0.102, 0830, 0.071 and 0.0631 are placed in the next priority categories. From their point of view, the use of skilled labor and indigenous knowledge, while saving the time and cost of temporary housing, increases the participation of village residents in the temporary housing process.

In general, it can be said that due to the high morale of the villagers in collective participation, this characteristic is intensified in crises, and the desire of villagers to participate in temporary housing increases in all kinds of participation. Using their indigenous knowledge and experiences gained during their lifetime in the village, they can accelerate the temporary housing process with their experimental construction techniques.

Rapid urban development has led to many physical-spatial difficulties and challenges around cities. Physical-spatial analysis of cemeteries adjacent to peri-urban rural settlements provides the capacity for physical development to form cultural areas around the cities. These cultural areas, with high potential for religious and historical tourism development, offer a functional-spatial connection between the city and its surroundings. This research tries to identify the cultural areas around the Mashhad metropolis to develop urban sustainability in this metropolis and its environs.

  The research method is descriptive analytics with a practical approach. Data were analyzed using ArcGIS software and spatial analysis models such as density patterns, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation, and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis (K Function). 

The research findings indicate that the physical distribution of the mausoleums in the peri-urban areas of Mashhad and the spatial analysis of surrounding rural settlements have provided the possibility of forming cultural sites centered on functional-spatial features of the cemeteries. The physical development of the Mashhad metropolis and the population growth of rural settlements surrounding the cemeteries provide a high potential to develop these cultural-memorial sites. Due to the proximity of these cultural areas to the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (PBUH), a kind of cultural tourism boom in these leisure spaces. The spatial-spatial analysis results indicate the determination of two cultural areas around the Mashhad metropolis: the cultural clusters of Khaje Rabi, Khaje Murad, Khaje Abasalt, and Behesht Reza can be identified as the first area due to their proximity to the Holy Shrine. The cultural clusters of Yasir and Naser, Behesht Rezvan, and Imamzadegan Panjtan as the second cultural- memorial sites

Functional-structural developments in Mashhad's peri-urban settlements and the physical and spatial proximity of cemeteries in the metropolitan area of Mashhad provide an excellent opportunity to form cultural-memorial areas. Forming the cultural regions of the cemeteries around the metropolitans is considered a sustainable approach to the connection between urban and rural settlements through the development of cultural tourism.

Utilization of renewable energies is one of the best possible ways to deal with climate changes on a global scale, air pollution on a local scale, and the sustainable use of energy resources, especially in rural areas.The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of using wind energy to develop the infrastructure and improve stability of the rural areas of Ardestan County.

The data of wind speed and direction statistics with a 3-hour period, based on a 12-year statistical period of Ardestan meteorological station, were used in this research. The probability function of Weibull distribution was used to predict and estimate the power of wind turbines.

The results showed that in almost 90% of the year, there was a wind blowing with a speed between 8.8 and 3.6m/s from the south and southwest d in Ardestan. Although the theoretical power of the turbine was higher in March, when there was the highest wind speed, by applying the density coefficient in relation to temperature and altitude, the practical power of the turbine could be higher in the hot months of July and August. According to the annual average wind speed of 5m/s and the nominal wind speed of 9m/s, by applying the wind speed density factor to temperature and altitude, the annual average practical power of the turbine at a height of 50 meters reached 528 kw/h, which could be considered a very high value for the generation of electricity.

Given that the villages of Ardestan County are located in the mountainous region and the prevailing wind blows in this region therefor, install turbines near the villages would be new jobs creation, rural self-sufficiency, a cleaner environment and greater energy independence for rural areas.

In the current era, one of the main challenges facing policymakers is the sustainable development of rural areas. Rural areas' development depends more than ever on entrepreneurship because these regions have enormous capacities. Researchers consider rural entrepreneurship as the main lever for rural areas' development. Despite the existence of opportunities and potential of the stone industry, few actions have been taken to establish and run rural entrepreneurial businesses. Therefore, this study aims to identify and rank factors affecting the development of stone industry businesses in rural areas with an approach to sustainable development.

A mixed-method research involving qualitative and quantitative methods were used for this study. The library and expert interviews were used. Factors affecting the development of rural industry businesses were identified in the qualitative part. A pairwise comparison questionnaire was used to prioritize factors in the quantitative part. The survey data were collected from 26 key informants and experts and were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process technique in the Expert Choice software.

The results identified 20 factors affecting the development of rural businesses in the stone industry. These factors can be ranked into five key categories: financial factors with a weight of 0.379, ecosystem management factors with a weight of 0.263, cultural factors with a weight of 0.142, social factors with a weight of 0.112, and strategic factors with a weight of 0.104 respectively.

The results indicated that the sustainability of the ecosystem and village resources deserve attention for stone industry business development in rural areas with an approach to sustainable development. Accordingly, the principal recommendations are improving the entrepreneurial ecosystem and rural business environment, providing financial support for rural businesses, imposing laws related to improving entrepreneurial activity and the process of establishing a business in the stone industry, human capital enhancement, establishing business counseling offices, and investment support in rural areas.

 Today, the rural areas located in the border regions have experienced unequal access to opportunities and benefits of growth and development, which has been made some problems and disturbances such as migration, smuggling of goods, rebellion, and insecurity. In this regard, special attention should be paid to border villages and the effect of locating some settlements in border regions on economic, social, and ecological dimensions. This study aimed to analyze the role of the border regions in the sustainability of the economy of rural areas of Sistan & Baluchestan in the southeast of Iran. 

The research method in the current research is of qualitative-quantitative type, and based on the purpose, it is of applied type. The statistical population includes elites, experts, managers, councils, and villagers of the border villages of Sistan (Zahak, Hirmand and Nimrooz). Based on targeted sampling, the number of 50 people was determined. SWOT model and Delphi method were used to analyze the information

The results of the SWOT analysis showed that the sum of the strengths and opportunities is more than the weaknesses and threats (WT < SO). Therefore, the strategy is to stabilize the economy of rural settlements with an emphasis on the border (competitive) position. In the following, the proposed strategy extracted from the SWOT model was measured and confirmed using the Delphi method in three rounds.

Providing the proper strategies according to the competitive strategy (long-term performance plan emphasizing the capabilities of border regions) and considering the potential and actual abilities of the villages of Sistan are effective in developing and reducing immigration, unemployment, and goods smuggling of the study area.

Rural housing as a safe means of living is also considered a part of the necessary space for economic activity in fields of agriculture and pastoralism. Therefore, the rural environment and community will be formed according to the environmental, social, and economic conditions. The typology of rural housing is done in two spatial-physical and climatic dimensions. The current research seeks to answer the following question to identify the climatic typology of rural housing: What is the form of the rural housing in Dulab and Ramkan villages of Qeshm Island?

This research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, library research, and field surveys along with tools of observation, photography, and construction survey, as well as the inductive reasoning method.

The results show that the climatic typology of rural houses on this Island has convergence in some aspects such as materials, windows proportions, number of floors, porch floor height, roof shape, color, and building volume. But are divergent based on the proportions of rooms, the location of the element of windcatcher or porch, porch shapes, and the proportions of open, semi-open, and closed spaces.

In general, the findings show that the design of the buildings in this region due to the hot and humid climate of the studied villages has its characteristics; however, based on the taste and views of the architect and the employer, divergence also occurs.

This study aims to investigate the perception of the rural communities of Kuhdasht towards climate change and provide solutions to adapt to climate change.

The statistical population was selected from two groups of villagers and experts. Therefore, 173 villages with 376 households and 26 experts were selected as samples. Ten indicators evaluated residents' views towards climate change, and four components, including 20 indicators, provided solutions. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used for weighting and prioritizing solutions.

The results showed that snowing days and drought reduction are the main events from the villagers' point of view, and dust and the increase in sunny hours happened the least. There is a significant relationship between the climatic realities of the region and the residents' perception, age, and education level. The most important consequence of climate change from the point of view of rural communities is drought. The results suggest that economic solutions will affect climate change conditions in the area.

This study indicated a significant relationship between the area's climatic realities and the residents' perceptions. Furthermore, people in the studied area are well prepared to implement climate-related policies effectively.