نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 85 (بهار 1401)

The emergence of new technologies and digital transformations have led to the obsolescence of many jobs and related skills and increased demand for new technological skills. Thus, different initiatives are proposed by researchers and experts to solve the problem of the mismatch between supply and demand of knowledge workers. The support of HR Techs in the labor market is one of these solutions. In the current study, we try to provide a policy framework for matching the supply and demand knowledge workers by promoting the activities of HR Techs. For this purpose, after reviewing the background and identifying some related initiatives, 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in this field. As a result of the analysis of the data from the interviews, 21 sub-themes related to the activity of HR Techs to facilitate the matching of supply and demand were identified and categorized in six groups: culture, infrastructure and information systems, laws and regulations, skills and career development, business conditions and international cooperations in Iran's labor market. Finally, by integrating the findings of the research background and conducting interviews with experts, a policy framework has been presented to match the supply and demand of knowledge workers by supporting the activities of HR Techs. In the proposed framework, those initiatives that have a political aspect and the government can help match the supply and demand of knowledge workers by implementing them are noteworthy. These solutions are grouped into three categories: policies that promote supply-related activities, policies that promote demand-related activities, and policies that directly help match supply and demand by supporting HR Techs.

The contemporary world is facing numerous, momentous and intertwined environmental, technological, economic, political, and cultural challenges. In this regard, in the last two decades, scholars have developed social, environmental, sustainable, responsible, inclusive, mission-oriented and challenge-oriented policy approaches to expand the policy discourse of transformative innovation in response to the shortcomings of the systematic innovation policy discourse. However, the distinction between the philosophical foundations of the discourses is relatively hard; therefore the divergence of research is extremely likely due to the ambiguity in the scope and precise theoretical definition of the alternate discourse. On the other hand, despite the theoretical development, transformational policymaking has not been very popular among policymakers due to its unknown nature. Therefore, this article aims to identify the equivalent, differentiating, and exclusive aspects of systematic and transformative innovation policy discourses. In this regard, based on the systematic background review method, first, the keywords of the discourses were searched in the Scopus database and 2401 English journal articles were identified. Then 42 articles were selected based on the title, abstract and content filtering and were studied to extract the philosophical foundations of the discourses. Based on the findings, the dependence of the innovation trajectory on the regime, participation based on the impossibility of centralized policymaking, and diverse and evolutionary selection were identified as the equivalent features. Also, attitudes toward the role of innovation (key position in economic development against the lack of social and environmental development with technological progress), typology of the required innovation (within the system versus beyond the system), the policy intervention rationale (system failure versus transformation failure) and the level of policymaking (emphasis on the national level against the multi-level approach) were suggested as differentiating factors. Finally, non-market, institutional, and social development, non-linear approach to innovation, and the inherent lack of optimality were identified as the exclusive dimensions of systematic innovation discourse, while the necessity of a normative approach toward innovation, attention to both development and destruction, and radical change in gradual stages were recommended as the exclusive aspects of transformational innovation discourse.

Establishing knowledge management systems is one of the most important and vital success factors of organizations in today's competitive conditions and information age. The current research aims to provide a model for the effective establishment of knowledge management system in the organization with a meta-composite approach, which is a qualitative method of document type, meta-composition and meta-analysis in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature The steps of this research were based on the seven-step method of Sandelowski and Barroso. The scope of the study includes previous researches (articles, projects, theses) in the field of knowledge management systems and the most relevant studies were selected using a targeted approach in the field of sampling. In the surveys conducted in this field, researches were selected in which the establishment of knowledge management system was discussed directly and also in the context of other variables. In this regard, 322 qualitative researches were evaluated in the field of knowledge management system, at the end of which 182 researches were selected and the relevant dimensions and codes were extracted by analyzing their content. For data analysis, manual method and Atlas T8 software were used for research coding. Based on the findings of the research based on prioritization, a model based on structural factors (development-oriented approach, teamwork approach and knowledge-based approach), process factors (explicit to implicit internalization, implicit to explicit knowledge externalization and explicit to explicit knowledge combination) and background factors. (hardware, software and knowledge repositories and network) was presented. The review and generality of the conceptual model has reached the consensus of the experts and a suitable model has been identified for the investigation of factors affecting the effective establishment of knowledge management.

One of the most important success factors in the path of knowledge-based economy is the creation and development of smart infrastructures in the national innovation system. Science and technology parks are one of the most essential components of the national innovation system and the connecting link between universities and industry in different countries. They are considered an effective mechanism for promoting innovation and developing start-up businesses. This study aimed to investigate University Science and Technology Park as a key factor in promoting national economic development. In order to deepen the topic, China's experience in technology and innovation and the success factors of China Science Park were explored. The research method was descriptive and analytical, using the document study method. The result indicated that the university science and technology park, as one of the links of the technology chain, played a significant role in the successful implementation of the mission of the university and the national economic development. The findings of the case study of China showed that the University Science Park was a good place to explore the relationship between government, university, and industry in China. Since the 1980s, the Chinese government has started to direct science and technology toward the market and has designed new policies to diversify the financial resources of universities. With government support from higher education and the implementation of targeted plans and programs, including the development of science and technology parks and the encouragement and support of innovation and technology, it succeeded in achieving significant economic progress. Promoting the commercialization of university technology and establishing a region for the management of university spin-off companies were among the primary goals of establishing a university science park in China. The results indicated that among the factors that influence the success of science parks in China were: governmental support, scientific and economic environment of innovation, the governance and management of park, stakeholders, and infrastructures.

Income inequality is one of the big challenges in Islamic countries, a lot of research has been done on reducing income inequality in different ways. Today, knowledge-based economy is mentioned in the economic literature and is considered as an important and influencing factor on income inequality. Knowledge-based economy with self-creation, creativity and innovation, technological progress, structural adjustments in important economic sectors, improving the efficiency of production inputs, reforming business processes. It brings economic growth with income equality between income groups. The effect of knowledge-based economy and its components including knowledge index, incentive system, education and innovation on the reduction of income inequality among Islamic countries is the aim of this research. By using the econometric method of panel data (completely modified least squares), the factors affecting the reduction of income inequality in the countries Islamic countries (Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Qatar, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain and Syria) have been estimated during the years 2008 to 2019. In order to check the stability of the variables and also the long-term relationship between the variables, the unit root test and the Kao cointegration test have been used. The results show that the increase in the combined component of the knowledge-based economy, which is obtained from the four components of knowledge, education, innovation and incentive system, has reduced inequality in Islamic countries have become such that with a one percent increase in the knowledge-based economy component, the Gini coefficient decreases by 01 percent. The education component has a negative and significant effect on income inequality in such a way that a one percent increase in the education component reduces income inequality by 0.27 percent in Islamic countries. The knowledge component also has a negative and significant effect on income inequality in Islamic countries, in such a way that a one percent increase in knowledge causes a 0.007 percent decrease in income inequality, as well as an increase in GDP and inflation also affects the income inequality of countries. Therefore, economic policy makers in Islamic countries aim to reduce Inequality between income, in addition to economic prosperity and applying monetary and financial discipline policies to control inflation, increasing educational skills, increasing growth and technology centers, suitable business conditions and developing new businesses should be on their agenda.

Scientific productions (publications and patents), as an indicator of the activities of the scientific system, countries, organizations, and research centers, have always been the focus of policymakers and decision-makers at the national and international levels. The main purpose of this study was to study the performance of researchers supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. The present research has been done by the descriptive method and the scientometric approach. The data obtained from the research were analyzed using the HistCite, VOSviewer, and Excel software. The research population consists of scientific publications indexed in the Scopus database with a number of 10397 on June 14, 2021, and in WoS with a number of 11530 documents on May 11, 2021. The findings showed that publications supported by the INSF have an increasing trend and the main formats of scientific publications were research articles, review articles, quick access articles, litigation articles, and book chapters. Among the authors of publications and citations, Massoud Salavati with 325 documents was the most prolific author in Scopus, and Abbas Shafiei with 199 documents was the most prolific author in WoS. Analysis of articles showed that 36.32 percent of articles were published in journals of the first and second quartiles (Q 1 and Q 2), which indicated the scientific quality of the articles. The publications supported by the INSF have had the most national collaborations with the University of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares University, and the Sharif University of Technology in WoS. Research publications supported by the INSF nationally have had the most collaborations with the University of Tehran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and Islamic Azad University in papers indexed in Scopus. The publications supported by the INSF at the international level in WoS have had the most collaborations with Iran, the US, Germany, and Canada. The publications supported by the INSF have also had the most international cooperation with Iran, the US, Germany, and Canada in Scopus. Analyzing the subject areas of publications showed that most of its publications in WoS were in the field of multidisciplinary chemistry with 1083 documents, multidisciplinary sciences with 998 documents, and chemistry physics with 837 documents. Investigating the subject category of publications supported by the NSF in Scopus indicated that the field of chemistry with 3022 documents, engineering with 2585 documents, and material science with 2496 documents have the most documents.