فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 121 (فروردین 1402)

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes joint pain, inflammation, and physical, and mental problems. Considering the high interaction of body image, personality traits, and perceived stress with complications caused by rheumatoid arthritis, it seems necessary to investigate their simultaneous role in a structural model.

This study aimed to provide a model to investigate the effect of personality traits on body image with the mediation role of perceived stress in people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Using the purposive sampling method, 350 people with rheumatoid arthritis referred to the rheumatology centers of Tehran hospitals were selected considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected by the MBSRQ (Cash, 1990), NEO (Costa & McCrae, 1985), and PSS-14 (Cohen et al., 1983) questionnaires. In this study, descriptive data analysis and hypothesis testing were done using a path analysis approach with a structural equation method.

Findings revealed that neuroticism (-0.311) and perceived stress (-0.453) have a significantly negative effect while agreeableness 0.355 and openness (0.272) have a significantly positive effect on body image. Further, extroversion has a positive effect of (0.321) whereas conscientiousness and agreeableness have negative effects of -0.251 and –(0.276) on perceived stress. When Perceived stress was assessed the indirect effect of extroversion on body image turned negative at -0.1454, the indirect effect of agreeableness on body image turned positive at 0.1251, and the indirect effect of conscientiousness on body image turned positive at 0.1137 (p<0.01).

According to the findings, the final model has a good fit, thus personality traits and perceived stress are strong predictors of body image changes in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Considering the prominent role of psychological factors in the body image of people with rheumatoid arthritis, it is suggested to use complementary treatments that include cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors.

Different treatment approaches only target internet addiction symptoms and do not address its cause. The internal family systems model is a non-pathological and experiential approach to treating disorders that deals with the cause instead of the symptoms. Still, there is a research gap in designing and validating a treatment program based on this approach and investigating its efficacy on Internet Addiction.

This study aimed to design and validate a therapy program based on the internal family systems model and investigate its efficacy on Internet addiction.

The current research was conducted in two stages in a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) way. In the first stage, a therapy program for internet addiction based on the internal family systems model was prepared in draft form, modified based on seven expert opinions, and validated by CVI and CVR indices. The method of the second phase of the research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population includes all people with symptoms of Internet addiction (addiction to social networks) in WhatsApp, Telegram, and Instagram in the virtual space of Iran in the year 2021. The research sample consisted of 35 participants selected through the convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental group (17 people) and the control group (18 people). Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) (1989) was used to evaluate Internet addiction symptoms. Data were analyzed using a differential t-test and repeated measure analysis by SPSS 22.

CVI and CVR indices were equal to 1, indicating the designed program's validity. The differential t-test results showed that the reduction of Internet addiction scores in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0001). Also, the repeated measure analysis results showed no difference between post-test and follow-up Internet addiction scores (P>05).

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the therapy program designed based on the internal family systems approach is valid and reduces Internet addiction symptoms. The program can be used to treat internet addiction

Social, economic and cultural changes, increasingly have made new alternatives available to couples. Voluntary childlessness is an emerging and growing alternative lifestyle in Iran and little is known about this phenomenon.

In this study, we explored the lived experiences of voluntary childless Iranian couples using a qualitative method and phenomenological approach

Participants were selected in a purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and data saturation was achieved after interviews with 17 individuals (seven couples and three women). An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) method of Smith et al. (2009) was used for data analysis.

The analysis of the interviews led to the emergence of seven superordinate themes; personal inadequacy, social, economic, political, and cultural deficiency, Inadequate and unsafe world, challenge with the classical family norms and values, social pressures and coping strategies.

The results of the present study showed that voluntary childlessness is a contemporary family form that has a different way of meaning and valuing than the classical family. This recognition creates a basis for mental health and family professionals to provide better services.

Major Depressive Disorder is a common disorder in prisoners that is usually associated with reduced olfactory sensitivity and defects in hedonic responses to olfactory stimuli. Due to the limited access to psychotherapy resources and drug alternatives, there is a fundamental need for the development of complementary treatments such as psycho-aromatherapy for these patients.

The present study tries to compare the effectiveness of aromatherapy-based mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy on improving symptoms in depressed patients.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test, alongside two experimental and one control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all depressed patients in Shahrekord Prison. A total of 45 patients were selected using convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three groups. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, 1996) was used for data collection. Univariate covariance analysis and Scheffé post hoc test were employed for data analysis with SPSS-25 software.

The means of the post-tests for the aromatherapy-based mindfulness were (M= 30.89), cognitive behavioral Therapy (M= 32.08) and control (M= 45.75), which showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (F= 10.79, P< 0.000).

Aromatherapy-based mindfulness can be suggested as an effective clinical intervention along with cognitive behavioral therapy to improve the depression of prisoners.

Identity is a dynamic construct and will change under different cultural conditions. Immigrants, facing the host country, react differently in order to adapt their identity to the new cultural conditions. Despite the high importance of identity and its changes in different cultural and geographical conditions and how a new identity base is formed in immigrants, none of the researches have specifically addressed the identity confusion caused by migration and how to help the individual in redefining identity as a dynamic matter.

The current research aimed at developing a model to help immigrant students form an established identity status focusing on “returning to oneself”.

This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and a classical hermeneutic method. The current research community is the famous work of Maulana Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi, i.e., Masnavi Manavi, and the target sample, according to the content of the research, is two stories; of “Ni Namah” and “The Maid and the King” from Masnav’s first book. These two stories are often cited as documentary sources. The primary coding was based on the hermeneutic method emphasizing the metaphorical side of the mentioned stories. The underlying structure of the research was drawn through the descriptive and interpretive processes; the underlying structure of the research was drawn.

Data analysis results were formulated in the counseling form model comprising six processes: 1) therapeutic alliance, 2) discovering the person desired, 3) raising awareness, 4) searching for origin, 5) unifying, and 6) termination. Each process has its unique content, purpose, and techniques.

The establishment model of the identity status based on “returning to oneself”, based on the components and theoretical framework obtained, can be utilized for solving the identity challenges of immigrant students.

Studies in psychology have shown that having adverse childhood experiences can have irreversible effects on adulthood. On the other hand, failure to satisfy psychological needs has led to the experience of emotional pain, which is not possible except through the deepening of emotional processing and access to trauma-related experiences. So far, no in-depth research has been conducted to understand women's emotional pain affected by a childhood in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to better understand the emotional pain experienced by women who had adverse childhood experiences.

The current research was conducted using a qualitative method of phenomenology. The study sample included 10 women from Tehran who had traumatic experiences in their childhood. The sampling method was purposive. We conducted semi-structured interviews with individuals. We implemented the text of the interviews verbatim and analyzed the data by the Colaizzi seven-step method (Morrow et al., 2015).

The participants' responses extracted two main themes: shame and fear. These themes included the following: All participants experienced shame in all four dimensions of trauma (physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect), and the sub-themes included worthlessness, helplessness, incompetence, humiliation, inferiority, fault/guilt, not being lovable, and impurity/dirt. b) Fear: All participants in this study who experienced psychological, physical, sexual, or neglect trauma felt fear; its sub-themes include fear of insecurity, rejection, abandonment, failure to meet needs, loss, fear of trauma, and lack of support.

Based on the study's findings, women, and girls who have experienced one of the forms of trauma (sexual, physical, emotional, or neglect) under the age of 18 experience emotional pain, shame, and fear in adulthood.

One of the most common psychological problems in children and adolescents is anxiety disorders, which are associated with significant psychopathology. Various psychological factors affect anxiety. Although anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty are among the transdiagnostic components in the development of anxiety disorders and transdiagnostic treatment has been effective in these two variables, few kinds of research have been conducted in the researched community.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in children on anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in children with anxiety disorders.

The research method was experimental with a pre-test-post-test research design and follow-up with the control group. The research population included all female students in the second year of elementary school who studied in the elementary schools of Kehrizk district (Baqer Shahr, Kehrizk, and forty-five villages of this district) in the academic year of 1401-1400. Through random sampling, 30 students from among students who met at least one of the criteria of anxiety disorders based on the scales of the youth anxiety measure for DSM5 and clinical interview were selected as a sample and randomly selected in Two experimental and control groups were assigned. Research tools included the youth anxiety measure for DSM5, the intolerance of uncertainty index A for children, and the childhood anxiety sensitivity index. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

Data analysis showed that the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment was effective in anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in children with anxiety disorders (p> 0.05).

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the integrated protocol of transdiagnostic treatment for children's emotional disorders leads to the improvement of anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in children with anxiety disorders. It is also suggested to study this protocol in other groups with a larger volume.

Disruptions in the children Autism spectrum’s mirror neurons has been challenged by researchers in psychological and motor behavior science for children with autism spectrum. Methods that based on the mirror neuron system, such as cooperatively observation learning, can be used to increase the imitation of autism in children, and use them in teaching. However, few studies have investigated the effect of this educational method on the learning of autistic children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of observational learning by individual and dyad training on mirror neurons function and learning of movement skills in autism spectrum disorder children.

The current research is a semi-experimental one that was designed and implemented in 2017. The statistical population includes 7-14-year-old boys on the autism spectrum (Asperger's and high-functioning) in Tehran, who were selected through purposive sampling. The samples were allocated to two individual and dyad training groups and trained in breaststroke skills twice a week for a period of 8 weeks. The data collection tool includes the Gars Autism Severity Scale (1994); the Chest crawl skill assessment checklist (Galaho and Ozman, 2005), and an electroencephalograph (EEG) sensor used to record brain waves. Data analysis was done by repeated measure covariance analysis, which was done in SPSS software.

The results of covariance analysis showed that both groups improved mirror neurons function, but significantly, the dyad training group improved mirror neurons function in post-test, the difference between two groups was significantly in benefit of the dyad training group (p <0.001). Also, the quality of swimming skill (chest) in the dyad training group was significantly improved, and the difference between the two groups in improving the swimming skill was significantly in favor of the dyad group (p <0.001).

Training through observational learning, imitation, and observational feedback improves the activity of mirror neurons, which is effective in improving motor actions. As a result, one of the suggestions in this study is to focus on enhancing the functional capabilities of the neurons through observational learning in order to improve the motor skill of autism and neuropsychiatric rehabilitation.

According to psychological research, committing a crime is one of the most important topics in criminology research, and in this context, individual emotions play a significant role. The feeling of shame and guilt is one of the most important personal feelings, yet it has received little attention in the research that has been conducted. Studying young people's behavior regarding shame and guilt is especially important since they play a critical role in every society.

This study aimed to examine the role that shame and guilt play in committing crimes by young people.

This study is a survey study. This study is based on the statistical population of all the youth of Shiraz, specifically 300 youth of 18 to 35 years of age selected by random selection and surveyed using a questionnaire designed by the researchers. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, chi-square, and regression.

The correlation coefficient between shame and crime was negative and statistically significant (p<0.01). Consequently, an increase in shame leads to a decrease in crime. Further, the calculations show that guilt and committing a crime are negatively and significantly correlated (p<0.01), and that guilt increases as a crime decreases. According to the regression results, there is more evidence that shame plays a greater role in committing a crime than guilt.

Shame and guilt play a significant role in deterring young people from committing crimes. It is possible to reduce youth crime by strengthening these feelings in young people in various ways. It is important to note that emphasizing shame should take precedence over highlighting guilt

One of the psychological aspects of substance abuse that has been noticed in recent years is the feeling of shame and Self-criticism. Studies have shown that self-blame and shame can lead a person to addiction and keep him in the cycle of addiction. One of the psychological intervention models in the third treatment of substance abuse is schema therapy, but there is a research gap regarding its efficacy on the feeling of shame and self- criticism in the research community.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of schema therapy on feelings of shame and Self-criticism in addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.

The current research design was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all addiction treatment clinics in the 5th district of Tehran in the years 2021-2022, where the clients were receiving maintenance treatment with methadone. Among the people of the statistical population, 30 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people for testing and control. In the intervention sessions of schema therapy treatment, Young (1999) protocol was used and self- criticism (Gilbert et al., 2004) and shame (Cohen et al., 2011) scales were used to collect data. Analysis of variance repeated measurements, Post hoc Benferoni test and SPSS26 software were used for data analysis.

The findings of this research showed that in the experimental group (schema therapy intervention), the post-test and follow-up scores of self- criticism, shame and their components decreased significantly compared to the pre-test scores (P<0.001). Also, no significant difference was observed in the scores of the mentioned variables between the post-test and follow-up stages, which indicates the continuation of the efficacy of the intervention in the follow-up stage (P>0.05).

According to the findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy by reconstructing and revising the initial negative schemas reduces possible psychological problems such as self- criticism and shame in addicts undergoing maintenance treatment. Therefore, it is recommended to repeat the experiment in other groups and more samples

Children with intellectual disabilities reduce the happiness of their parents, especially their mothers, due to their developmental, intelligence, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disabilities. Relationships of parenting styles have been confirmed with various variables, but its relationships with happiness mediated by life satisfaction and quality of life in mothers with Children with intellectual disabilities have been neglected.

Structural relationships between parenting styles and happiness mediated by life satisfaction and quality of life in mothers of Children with intellectual disabilities.

The method of this study is correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all mothers with children with mental disabilities from vocational training centers under 14 years of age in South Khorasan, from which 153 people were selected by random sampling.
To collect information from the Oxford Happiness Scales (Argyle, Martin, & Crossland, 1989); Quality of Life (SF-36); Diner Life Satisfaction (1985) and Bamrind (1973) Parenting Styles Questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling approach using partial least squares method.

Among parenting styles, only the effect of authoritative parenting style on happiness (path coefficient 0.216 and t-test 2.643) is positive and significant (P<0.01). The effect of authoritarian parenting style on happiness is negative and significant (P<0.01) and the effect of permissive style on happiness is not significant. Regarding the indirect effect, authoritative parenting style has a significant effect (P<0.01) on happiness through the mediating variable of life satisfaction at the level (P<0.05) and through the mediating variable of quality of life. While permissive and authoritarian parenting styles do not have a significant effect on happiness through mediating variables of quality of life and life satisfaction.

It seems that parenting style through satisfaction and quality of life can protect mothers with Children with intellectual disabilities against stress and help their happiness and well-being.

One of the effective treatments for the recovery of people with drug abuse is the treatment of life skills training. There are few studies on the effect of life skills training on the recovery and prevention of relapse of drug abusers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on the recovery and prevention of relapse in drug abusers

The method of the present research was an experimental type with a design (pre-test-post-test with a control group). The statistical population of the present study consisted of all people with drug abuse in addiction treatment centers (methadone maintenance treatment) (MMT) who were being treated in Kermanshah city from 2016 to 2018. The research sample consisted of 60 people (30 people in the experimental group and 30 people in the control group) who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups using the available multi-stage method. The experimental group was exposed to the independent variable (life skills) in 7 sessions of 90 minutes, then both groups were given a post-test and a follow-up was done one month later. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).

The results obtained for the relapse prevention and recovery variables were significant at P≥ 0.001 level

According to the results of the present study, it can be said that life skills training is effective on the variable of relapse prevention and recovery of people with drug abuse and this type of treatment can be used to improve people with drug abuse.