Iranian Journal Of Nursing and Midwifery Research
Volume:28 Issue: 2, Mar-Apr 2023

Medication Error (ME) is a major patient safety concern in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Critical care nurses play a crucial role in the safe administration of medication. Thisstudy was conducted to comprehensively review the literature concerning the prevalence of ME and associated factors and outcomes in Iranian ICU nurses.

An extensive search of the literature was carried in international databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as Persian databases such as Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) using ME‑related keywords and the Persian equivalent of these keywords, from the first article written in this field to artcles published on March 30, 2021. The appraisal tool (AXIS tool) was used to assess the quality of the included studies.

Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review. The prevalence of MEs made by ICU nurses was 53.34%. The most common types of MEs were wrong infusion rate (14.12%), unauthorized medication (11.76%), and wrong time (8.49%) errors, respectively. MEs occurred more frequently in morning work shifts (44.44%). MEs happened more frequently for heparin, vancomycin, ranitidine, and amikacin. The most important influential factor in the occurrence of MEs in ICUs was management and human factors.

The prevalence of MEs made by Iranian ICU nurses is high. Therefore, nurse managers and policymakers should develop appropriate strategies, including training programs, to reduce the occurrence of MEs made by nurses in ICUs.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder, which affects various multiple areas of a child’s development. The objective of this study was to systematically review the available literature and appraise the effect of floortime in engaging autism disorder among children.

A systematic review was performed using PubMed, PsycINFO, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Medline. The search terms used were DIR/floor time, ASD, floortime and autism, relationship therapy and autism, floortime, and ASDs. The studies, which described floortime in engaging children with ASD, full‑text available in English, the sample had no comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, and the articles published in English from 2010 to 2020 were included in the review. Twelve studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the review.

The results showed substantial progress in different levels of functioning of autistic children with floortime. Home‑based floortime improved emotive functioning, communication, and daily living skills, the parent‑child interactions were improved as expressed by mothers, and also certain demographic factors of the parents have significantly influenced the floortime outcome. There were no adverse events to children or parents during floortime.

In general, we concluded that floortime is a cost‑effective, completely child‑led approach, which could be initiated as early as possible. If started early by healthcare professionals, it can be vital in improving social and emotional development among children.

Many strategies exist to prevent diabetic ulcer recurrence, yet an effective method does not currently exist. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a prevention strategy to reduce ulcer recurrence in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM).

A quasi‑experimental, two group study was undertaken with 60 participants with type 2 DM. Two trained nurses participated in this study as study assistants. Participants were divided into two groups: the intervention group received preventive treatment, including examination and assessment, foot care, and an educational program; the control group received standard care using the five pillars of DM management in Indonesia.

An equal number of men (n = 30) and women (n = 30) participated in this study. Neuropathy was noted in 76.70% and 56.70% of patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, 63.30% of patients in the control group and 56.70% in the intervention group had foot deformities. The recurrence rate was lower in the intervention group (13.30%) than in the control group (33.30%). Moreover, 83.30% in the control group and 76.70% in the intervention group did not smoke. The duration of DM in both groups was >9 years (50% in the intervention and 43.30% in the control group). There were no significant differences between the two groups, with mean (SD) in age (t29 = −0.87, p = 0.389), ankle‑brachial index (t29 = −1.05, p = 0.144), and HbA1C (t26 = −0.35, p = 0.733).

Prevention strategies combining examination and assessment, foot care, and educational programs can reduce ulcer recurrence in diabetic patients.

In the last three decades, childbearing in Iran has decreased more than many countries in the world. The aim of this study was to explore the fertility motivation of Working women and their husbands and discover which one determines the number of children.

This correlational study was conducted on 540 employed, married women and their husbands (270 couples) living in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017–2018. The participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Then, a random number table was used. Subsequently, questionnaires were distributed and completed at home, and collected after 24 h. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics form and the Childbearing Questionnaire (CBQ).

The mean(SD) positive motivation scores of men and women differed significantly [92.77 (13.04) Vs. 92.22 (13.51) df = 4; p = 0.001;]. The mean (SD) negative motivation scores of men and women also differed significantly 55.42 (10.94) Vs. 56.78 (10.57) df = 4; p = 0.001;].

According to the scores obtained for the positive and negative fertility motivations of working women and their husbands, women were more in favor of having children and had an ambivalent motivation to bear children. Moreover, the working women’s spouses were more indifferent to fertility. The results of this study can help reproductive health policymakers in childbearing.

Nurses experience many psychological problems in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Compassion Fatigue (CF) in nurses and the role of Spiritual Well‑being (SW), Emotion Regulation (ER), and Time Perspective (TP) in predicting it.

The research method was descriptive‑correlational. The statistical samples of this study included 394 nurses in Iran who were selected by the census sampling method. The sub‑scale of CF from the Professional Quality of Life Scale, SW questionnaire, ER, and the short form of TP questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance tests were used to analyze the data.

The prevalence of CF in nurses in the COVID‑19 outbreak was 59.39%. CF in female nurses was higher than that in male nurses (F3,392 = 15.23, p < 0.001); in married nurses, it was higher than that in single nurses (F3,392 = 14.23, p < 0.001); and in nurses on fixed shifts, it was higher than that in nurses on rotating shifts (F3,392 = 5.63, p < 0.001). Also, CF in the emergency nurses, intensive care unit nurses, and coronary care unit nurses working under COVID‑19 pandemic was higher than that in the emergency nurses and nurses who worked in other wards (F3,388 = 14.31, p < 0.001). The results of hierarchical regression showed that SW, ER, and positive past negatively and suppression, present‑fatalistic, negative past, and negative future positively predicted the CF (p < 0.001).

Based on the results, programs and psychological trainings based on SW, ER, and TP are suggested to reduce CF in nurses in the COVID‑19 outbreak.

Periodontal diseases during pregnancy are associated with adverse outcomes. This study aimed to explain the perception of healthcare providers and pregnant women about oral health during pregnancy.

This qualitative study was conducted with the approach of conventional content analysis in health centers of Hamadan, Iran, in 2020. To collect the data, semi‑structured in‑depth interviews with sixteen pregnant women and eight healthcare providers (gynecologist, midwife, and dentist) were used. Pregnant women with a singleton fetus, lack of chronic diseases and complications of pregnancy, willingness to participate in the study, and the ability to communicate properly were included in the study. Sampling was done purposefully with maximum variety. Data analysis accomplished according to the proposed steps by Graneheim and Lundman using MAXQDA 10 software.

“Belief in the importance of oral health in pregnancy,” “Lack of a coherent structure for oral care,” “Accepting the negative effect of pregnancy on oral health,” and “The dilemma of treatment and non‑treatment in pregnancy” were four categories extracted from the data. The theme of “Ignoring the mother for the fetus” was obtained as the main theme of the present study.

The findings suggest that although mothers and healthcare providers have recognized the importance of oral health in pregnancy, underlying factors in society have led them to understand the mother’s oral health should be neglected because of the fetus. This perception can have a negative impact on their behavior, performance, and the oral health of mothers.

The impacts of caring for hospitalized COVID‑19 patients on nurses are wide and varied and have not been comprehensively explained in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to explore the nurses’ perception of the impacts of caring for hospitalized COVID‑19 patients.

In this qualitative descriptive study, data were collected via semi‑structured interviews with 20 nurses and head nurses of emergency/internal wards and Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of 2 hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The purposive sampling method was used, and data analysis was performed using a conventional content analysis approach.

After data analysis, 12 subcategories, 3 main categories, and 1 theme (professional resilience) were extracted. The three main categories included “complex care,” “professional development,” and “caring self‑efficacy.” Caring for hospitalized COVID‑19 patients was complex for nurses; however, the care provided to these patients could also lead to the nurses’ professional development and caring self‑efficacy.

Health organizations and nursing managers can better manage the COVID‑19 pandemic and other similar future crises through strategies such as providing nurses with adequate and diverse resources and facilities, encouraging and supporting nurses in various dimensions, providing positive media advertisements for the nursing profession and nurses, and providing nurses with necessary and applicable knowledge and skills.

The clinical environment always has been the most stressful course of nursing education. Personality traits can be influential factors in stress resources and responding to stress. The present study investigates the correlation between personality traits and nursing students’ stress resources in the clinical environment.

This descriptive correlational study was planned and performed on Zanjan University of Medical Sciences nursing students. The research population was 215 students selected by stratified random sampling method from all nursing students in the third to eighth semesters. We used an electronic questionnaire for data gathering, including three sections: demographic characteristics, NEO personality traits, and stress resources in the clinical environment. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The most and least stressful resources were related to the score of unpleasant emotions and interpersonal relationships. We found a significant positive correlation between neuroticism personality traits and all four stress resources (p < 0.05). The results also showed a significant correlation between all scores of personality traits and perceived stress from unpleasant emotions except the openness to experience trait (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between age, gender, semester, interest, and stress resources in the clinical environment was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Paying attention to the nursing student’s clinical performance to maintain the patient’s health is vital and unavoidable. Therefore, more than ever in the preclinical course of nursing education, improving the psychological readiness and simulation training method can reduce the harmful effects of the clinical environment’s stress resources on their clinical performance.

Fathers need education to understand their role in infant care and its implications regarding the child’s health. Virtual education has been able to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional training and education, and with respect to this, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of virtual education on fathers about infant care and their involvement in infant care.

The quasi‑experimental study was performed on 83 participants in healthcare centers affiliated with North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. The involvement of fathers in infant care was assessed with a questionnaire of the father’s involvement in the care of the infant (mother‑reported) in 4‑time points: 3‑5 days, and 2, 4, and 6 months after birth. Educational materials based on the child’s growth and needs and as well as the latest references and national guidelines were prepared, and as the infant grew, were taught step by step to fathers using Soroush’s messenger while their questions were answered.

The mean score of total father involvement in infant care at two, four, and six months after childbirth was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.001).

With regard to the lack of access to fathers during their working hours, virtual education can be used to increase their involvement in infant care.

The concept of dying with dignity is being discussed in various fields, including psychology, sociology, medicine, and nursing, with different definitions available for this concept. However, few studies investigated the concept of end‑of‑life nursing care, which plays an important role in the implementation of the concept. This concept can also affect people’s perception, attitude, and behavior toward practicing dignified death in health‑care centers. The current study aimed to clarify, understand, and further recognize the concept of death with dignity in end‑of‑life nursing care.

Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis was used to clarify the concept of death with dignity in end‑of‑life nursing care. MEDLINE, BLACKWELL, PROQUEST, Science Direct, and CINAHL databases and national databases of SID and Iran Medex were systematically searched to identify relevant studies using various combinations of the following keywords: “dignity,” “dignified death,” “dying with dignity,” and “dignifying death” in combination with “end‑of‑life care.” All articles with the above‑mentioned terms in their title, abstract, or keywords and published in English from 2006 to 2020 were included. A total of 21 articles were finally identified for review.

Characteristics of dying with dignity were categorized into two dimensions of human dignity and holistic care. The antecedents included professional and organizational factors, and outcomes included good death and career promotion.

This study demonstrated that end‑of‑life nursing care is an important dimension of clinical nursing that plays a unique role in admission and facilitating the process of dying and, eventually, dying with dignity.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has physical, social, mental, and psychological consequences that can affect mothers’ Quality of Life (QOL). This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the QOL of mothers with GDM and its associated factors using a specific questionnaire.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 200 mothers with GDM who were referred to clinics affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University and Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2019–2020. The specific QOL questionnaire for women with GDM (GDMQ‑36) and the demographic questionnaire were completed for participants. Independent variables were entered into the multiple linear regression model and were analyzed.

The total Mean(SD) score of the QOL of mothers with GDM who participated in the study was 46.83 (11.66) based on percentage. The highest and lowest QOL Mean (SD) scores were obtained on the support 76.50 (14.50) and concerns about a high‑risk pregnancy 31.40 (19.80), subscales, respectively. The total QOL score decreased by 7.14 and 5 points on average in mothers treated with medication regimens and mothers who had a pre‑high school education, respectively. The support subscale score increased by 5 points in mothers who had a previous history of GDM.

The present study showed that the QOL of women with GDM had been severely affected by concerns about a high‑risk pregnancy. Some individual and social factors can be associated with the QOL of mothers with GDM and its subscales.

Job burnout of healthcare professionals results in poor quality of care, making them leave the profession. A direct relationship between quality of work‑life and job burnout is not clear among midwives. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the quality of work‑life and burnout in midwives.

This correlational cross‑sectional study was conducted by using census sampling and participation of 282 midwives working in all private and public hospitals with labor wards (n = 17) in Isfahan, Iran, in 2018. Quality of Work‑life Questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used. Partial correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data in SPSS.19 software.

Regarding the three dimensions of job burnout, an average level of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment as well as a low level of depersonalization were observed in the participants. The total score of quality of work‑life had a significant inverse correlation only with the dimension of emotional exhaustion (r = −0.43, p > 0.001). The dimensions of quality of work‑life were predictive of 28% and 12% variance of job burnout in the dimensions of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment (R2 = 0.28 and R2 = 0.12, respectively).

Job burnout is correlated to the quality of work life among midwives. To improve the quality of midwives’ services and prevent their job burnout, especially emotional exhaustion, more attention should be paid to improving the quality of their work‑life.

In this technological era, there is a serious global threat to child development, the phenomenon of child sexual abuse via the internet (Internet Child Sexual Abuse/ICSA), and mothers must adapt to the era’s needs. The purpose of this study is to explore the decision‑making process regarding the role of mothers in protecting their children from sexual harassment in the digital age.

A grounded theory approach was used in Bengkulu, Indonesia, in 2021. Data were obtained through focus group discussions on 12 mothers, 4 girls, and 4 female activists (who were selected by theoretical sampling), which were analyzed using thematic analysis. Memos were generated after categorical analysis was sorted after saturation occurred.

Five theoretical categories formed the core category. The five categories of the theory were “mother’s views on sexual education in children,” “strategies for sexual communication with children,” “the negative impact of online media,” “limits in carrying out supervision,” and “preparation needed by children.” The memo was drawn theoretically, “new challenges in parenting,” which was then made into a core category. The core category was “preparing children to be part of a sex crime‑free digital society.”

Parents teach their kids self‑control, awareness, and the importance of using virtual media wisely and selectively. The parenting and technology recommendations assist mothers in protecting their children from internet‑based sexual crimes. Maternity nurses should promote reproductive health through the creation of relevant media.

Contact lenses play a substantial role in the management of childhood aphakia. However, the use and care of the lenses can be challenging. Despite its prevalence, the phenomenon of living with children with aphakia is not explained in Iran yet. The aim of this study was to illuminate the lived experience of the parents of children with aphakia.

This hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted on the parents who have been referred to Farabi Eye Hospital of Tehran, Iran in 2019, whose children were diagnosed with aphakia, and the condition was corrected with contact lenses. Qualitative semi‑structured interviews were conducted with 20 parents of children with congenital cataract. Analysis was based on the framework of Diekelmann enabled data interpretation and elaboration of shared themes.

The 20 parents involved in the study consisted of 12 women and 8 men. The participant’s experiences were classified in 4 categories: Self‑Ignorance, Troubled mind, Self‑Regulation, and Coping with the problem while hoping for the future.

“Self‑Ignorance” and “Troubled Mind” indicates that because of the risk of burnout in the long‑term process of treatment, the psychological support of parents is necessary. Psychological support will continue until the parents acquire the ability of self‑regulation. Giving a realistic hope to families is a core element in psychological support.

Nurses are in direct contact with patients with COVID‑19 and have faced much tension with the rapid spread of coronavirus. This study aimed to explore the safe coping strategies of nurses when facing the COVID‑19 pandemic.

In this qualitative study, data were collected from September 20 to December 20, 2020, in Isfahan (Iran) through individual semi‑structured interviews with 12 nurses working in the five referral centers for patients with COVID‑19. Informants were selected via purposeful sampling and interviewed in one or several sessions at the appropriate time and place. The interviews continued until data saturation. All interviews continued until no new data were added to the continuous content analysis. Data analysis was performed using conventional content analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman’s approach. We used Guba and Lincoln’s criteria (including credibility, transferability, conformability, and dependability) to guarantee trustworthiness and rigor.

Safe coping strategies for nurses were discovered in two categories of “wise liberation” and “care,” and six subcategories. “Wise liberation” consisted of four subcategories: “living in the moment,” “accepting the inner and outer world,” “life enrichment,” and “building opportunities.” “Care” contained two subcategories: “caring for others” and “caring for oneself.”

Discovering safe coping strategies for nurses could set the stage for special educational–therapeutic interventions so they can better understand their experiences and take advantage of the best coping strategies.

Therapeutic Communication (TC) is the process of purposeful and understandable communication between patients and caregivers, which helps facilitate optimized care. Here, we assessed nursing students’ interaction with patients and its related factors.

In this descriptive‑analytical study, a convenience sample of 240 undergraduate nursing students from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, completed consent forms, a demographic information questionnaire, and a TC questionnaire in 2018. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

TC score of most students was moderate and good, with the mean (SD) of 143.07 (12.86). Factors, including gender (χ2 = 8.02, p ≤ 0.01), semester (χ2 = 4.01, p ≤ 0.05), employment (r = 0.49, p ≤ 0.01), and workshop attendance (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.01), influenced the students’ TC knowledge and skills.

Future nurses’ TC can be improved by part‑time employment and practical training. Conducting more research with a larger sample size from all nursing faculties is suggested.