نشریه مهندسی جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 14 (زمستان 1401)

Rural management is a multi-faceted process that includes the three pillars of the people, the government and public institutions, which play a significant role. The role of local management in the environmental-spatial developments of rural settlements, especially in land use changes, construction, construction and repair of communication networks, has been more than the economic and socio-cultural dimensions addressed in this research.

Determining the role of local management in environmental-spatial changes in the villages of Rodsar is the primary goal of this article.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The case information was obtained through documentary sources and field studies. The statistical population is 187 villages of Rudsar city. The sample size included 20% of the villages with villages. The sampling method was a random quota, and the samples were calculated based on coastal, plain, foothill and mountain geographical areas. 345 questionnaires were distributed and completed in 36 villages of the area. Data analysis has been done through documentation and using statistical methods in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. In this research, SPSS software was used to process information, Excel software was used to draw tables, and Arc GIS software was used to draw maps.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical territory of the current research is the villages of Rudsar County.

The role of local management in the environmental-spatial developments of the villages of Rudsar City has been evaluated using 12 components. The findings indicate that the state of local management in the surveyed village from the point of view of the respondents is medium to high, which indicates the satisfaction of the residents of the villages with the performance of local management in the environmental dimension. Local management in the city's villages is more focused on fulfilling their duties, and they have been more effective in the environmental aspect of the villages than other aspects of rural development.

The research results show that local management in Rudsar County has caused many environmental changes at the village level. The construction of hotels, Kashana travelers in tourism, rural parks, and villa houses are among the environmental developments of the surrounding villages. According to the people of the village, the villagers and the managers of the villages of the city have played an important role in environmental changes, such as building housing, improving the condition of roads and other parts, which is based on the distance of the villages from the urban centers, because most of the area of ​​the city is in the mountainous area.

Unbalanced distribution of facilities as well as the existence of inequalities among and within provinces have always been the concern of social and economic organizations and institutions. Measuring the level of development can help identify the between existing situations and shortcomings, and hence support managers and planners in planning for the future and choosing the best solutions.   

This study aims to rank and recognize deprivation in provinces based on economic, social and infrastructure indicators.

This research is a descriptive-analytical study that determine and rank the provinces through three stages. First, experts selected and determined the weight of indicators, and in the next step, using the Shannon entropy method, the degree of importance of the indicators was obtained. After determining the degree of importance in the TOPSIS model, the indicators have been ranked and then the deprivation has been ranked in the provinces.

Geographical Context: 

The scope of research in this study is all the provinces of the country.

The findings indicated that Tehran province, distinctly, ranks first in infrastructure and economic compared to other provinces. On the contrary, in the social index, the value has moved towards normal and most of the provinces are almost average.

The results of this study show that Tehran Province is the most prosperous province. The deprived provinces are mostly in the eastern or western border zones and the privileged provinces are located in the central regions of the country.

The high-rise buildings and compact city model have recently discussed for the sustainable urban development in developed and developing countries after the rapid growth of the urban population and the ensuing need for housing. There are also other reasons for this phenomenon such as preventing the excessive expansion of cities for the optimal use of urban land to solve the appearance, space, environmental issues.   

In order to solve the current and future problems of the city, compact city strategy and high-rise development projects can be the focus of the future development of cities.Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial-spatial phenomenon of high-rise development in Tabriz metropolis.

The current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical, and after collecting the data and maps required for the research, tabular data were entered into the GIS database, and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.   

Geographical Context: 

The scope of research in this study is Tabriz metropolitan.

The results showed that when the average value for high-rising construction is 9.5, the functional dimension is not considered. Also, when the average value is 2, the identity dimension (from the researcher's point of view) is rejected. In the same way, if the average value is 2, aesthetic component was not taken into account.

Finally, it was concluded that high-rise building construction in Tabriz metropolis has not been based on urban planning criteria.

The development of tourism in any form has had various effects and consequences for rural economic foundations.  

This paper aims to comparatively analyze tourism patterns and its social economic consequences on the rural areas of Masal and Siahkal.

The study is applied in terms of purpose and inductive-comparative in nature. The statistical population is all the villagers and experts of the tourism target villages of Masal and Siahkal Counties. Thus, there are 20 villages from each city where tourists have the most visits and overnight stays, which were selected as samples. Library and field methods were the means of data collection, and the tools were questionnaire, interview and observation. The validity of the indicators was confirmed by the opinion of the relevant professors. Also, considering that Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was higher than 0.7 (0.824), hence the reliability of the questionnaire is also acceptable. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

Geographical Context:

 The study area of the research was the Masal and Siahkal Counties.

Friedman's test showed that there is a significant difference between the variables of social-economic consequences resulting from the development patterns of rural tourism in Masal and Siahkal Counties from the point of view of managers and experts.

The formation and expansion of tourism in the rural areas of Masal and Siahkal confirmed that they were developed spontaneously and without proper planning and management, thereby having positive and negative consequences. Sometimes it has caused some spatial and socio-economic transformations.

Today, the approach of good urban governance has been able to show its role in improving contemporary urban management.  

The study aims to analyze the performance of the urban management of Hamadan, based on the indicators of good urban governance and to prioritize the indicators that affect the optimal urban governance according to the opinions of citizens.  

In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The data were obtained through library and a survey using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population is the citizens of Hamadan City and the sample size is estimated to be 384 people based on Cochran's formula. For data analysis, chi-square goodness of fit test and Friedman test were used.

Geographical Context: 

The scope of research in this study is Hamadan City.

The obtained results show that the level of good urban governance in Hamedan is about 46.4% and the average of all indicators of good urban governance with a value of 2.32 is less than the optimal average of 3. Therefore, the urban management of Hamedan is not in an optimal situation with respect to any of the good urban governance indicators.

The ranking of the indicators showed that the indicators of legality, accountability and transparency have the greatest impact on the level of good urban governance in Hamedan. Finally, according to the findings of the research, suggestions have been made to improve the performance of urban management in line with good urban governance.

What has fueled the reduction of the living standards among the residents of informal settlements is the perpetuation of complex problems in socio-cultural, environmental, economic, infrastructural dimensions.

The aim of the study is to determine and investigate the different aspects of the quality of urban life that affect the satisfaction of the residents in informal settlements.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were collected through the questionnaire. The evaluation of the reliability was via Cronbach's alpha, and the validity of the research was via face validity. The statistical population included the residents of the informal settlement of Yousef Abad neighborhood in Tabriz metropolis, and a sample of 350 people was selected. SPSS software was used for data analysis.

Geographical Context: 

The area under study is Yusefabad neighborhood of Tabriz. Yusefabad is located on the slopes of Eynali Mount and the hills. This zone is within the Abbasi neighborhood.

According to the findings, the most significant relationship with the satisfaction of residents belongs to the variables of employment status (0.791) and income status (0.788), and the lowest value belongs to the variable of environmental security (0.601) and symbolic image of the environment (0.636). Also, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that the sub-indicators of environmental security (0.801) and income status (0.473) have the most significant impact on the satisfaction of the residents of Yousefabad neighborhood Tabriz.

Based on the results, the residents' satisfaction with the quality of urban life was evaluated at a low level of 2.85, which indicates the unfavorable level of the quality of urban life in the informal settlement of Yusef Abad.

Teleconnection is one of the features of the climate on a global scale. Teleconnection patterns represent large changes that occur in the pattern of atmospheric waves and tornadoes and affect the pattern of temperature, precipitation, the direction of showers and the position and intensity of tornadoes in large areas.   

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these patterns on temperature series in Zahedan.

In this regard, minimum temperature, maximum and average temperature statistics of Zahedan station during the period of 1987-2019 on a monthly scale as well as standardized data of teleconnection patterns during the mentioned period, were used. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression tests were used in this regard.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical territory studied in this research is the city of Zahedan.

The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between teleconnection patterns and the average temperature of Zahedan. Among these, NTA, AMO and TNA patterns had the greatest effect on the average temperature of Zahedan. The correlations were direct, and only the NAO pattern was inversely correlated. The maximum and minimum temperatures of Zahedan also showed the highest correlation with the patterns located in the North Atlas. The maximum temperatures in March and October and the minimum temperatures in March and August had the highest correlation with the North Atlantic patterns.  

In general, it can be said that the patterns located in the North Atlas, more than other patterns, have affected the temperature series of Zahedan and especially its average temperature.

The occurrence of natural disasters can have dire consequences both directly and indirectly in people's lives and livelihoods. Therefore, there is vital to achieve resilience in the field of natural disasters, avoid natural disasters in the future and reduce the financial damage and human casualties due to the occurrence of natural disasters.  

The current paper aims to evaluate the role of reconstruction methods in the stability of rural settlements damaged by earthquakes for Avaj County.

Considering the large number of villages and the extent of the region, using geographical classification and including a comparative study, 10% of reconstructed settlements has been determined as a study sample.

Geographical Context: 

Considering the large number of villages and the extent of the region, using geographical classification and including a comparative study, 10% of reconstructed settlements has been determined as a study sample.

Post-event reconstruction activities are significantly different in the three studied components: physical-environmental development, economic development and socio-cultural development with numerical average values and t-test statistics (3.86 and 38.21), (3.57 and 30.77) and (3.82 and 62.71), respectively. Also, the difference from the optimal numerical limit (3 is equal to the average of the 5-level Likert scale) was reported as positive, and the confidence interval at the 95% level was also positive at the lower and upper limits.

The analysis of the ranking Kruskal Wallis test showed that the relocated villages in the process of reconstruction have a much higher average rank than the villages reconstructed in the same place, due to more credit and financial incentives, land preparation. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that this method is successful.

Today, the urban problems and the ineffectiveness of municipal services in developing cities, including Iran, is caused by the lack of stable financial resources, lack of proper management and planning cost. On the other hand, municipalities with stable sources of income play a more effective role in the urban environment and respond appropriately to the needs of citizens. Therefore, studying more sustainable resources of municipalities will bring a bright future for the development and realization of sustainability.  

The current research aimed at investigating the revenue stream of municipalities based on sustainable urban development.

The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The data collection was done with library methods and field studies to investigate the reduction of revenues and the increase of expenses of the municipality. Also, the performance of the income and expenses of Nazarabad municipality in different periods was obtained from it.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical area in this research is the city of Nazarabad of Karaj.

The results showed that the annual growth, expenses, and incomes were equal over ten years. The highest income growth in 2010-2011 was equal to 78.6%. The growth of incomes has been positive in all years except 2013-2015, and on the other hand, the expenses growth has also increased. Expenses in the administration in 2011-2012 increased to 96 percent, and in the periods of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, they decreased.

In general, it can be stated that sustainable (continuous) incomes have a downward trend during different periods and unstable incomes have increased significantly.

Urban form is a container where urban activities take place, the importance of the city form is due to the functions it has for the residents of a city.  The connection of the components of urban prosperity and urban form is evident, so they can be improved by each other.  

This study aims to explain the relationship between the elements of the urban physical form and the feasibility of urban prosperity in Lahijan City. Therefore, the research has investigated the effects of these indicators (density, connection, mixing, communication networks and transportation, spatial distribution of activities) on the feasibility of the urban prosperity index.

This research has an analytical-descriptive approach using factor analysis. Also, for data analysis, one-sample T-test and SPSS software were used.

Geographical Context:

 Lahijan is a city in the east of Gilan Province, which is adjacent to the Caspian Sea from the north, Langerood from the east, Deylaman from the south, Siahkal from the southwest, and Astana Ashrafieh from the west. Its population was reported as 167,544 in the 2016 census.

The findings show that the highest score of 88.3 belongs to the spatial distribution of activities. The lowest score is 2.19 that belongs to connection and spatial communication. The specific value of the corresponding variance shows that the first to third factors (spatial distribution of activities, communication network and transportation and density) together account for 96.66% of the variance.  The density factor accounts for 16.233% of the total variance of the influencing factors on the realization of urban prosperity.

The first and second factors, or the spatial distribution of activities and the communication and transportation network explain 49.966 percent of the realizable amount of urban prosperity in the studied area. Therefore, the more the impact of the urban physical form, the more the realization of urban prosperity in the studied area.

Tourism is one of the most profitable industries, in a way that many countries are trying to find a place in the market based on the competitive advantages and attractions they offer for tourists. Halal tourism is one of the types of tourism. Halal brand addresses one of the problems for Muslims in the tourism industry. Although the religion of Islam encourages people to travel and see the world, the cultural structure of many countries are very different from the existing laws in Islam and the forbidden things in it.  

Identifying and analyzing the method (strategies and solutions) of implementing and expanding halal tourism in Qom Province is the aim of the research.

According to general purpose, the present research is an applied study, and in terms method is descriptive which explains the correlation, and it was carried out in the summer of 2021 in Qom Province.

Geographical Context:

 The scope of research in this study is Qom Province.

The findings of the research show that the legal and institutional variables have the greatest effect on halal tourism in Qom Province. The economic variable with an average of 2.1 has the least effect.

Cultural, geographic and legal heritage variables have a much greater contribution compared to other variables in predicting the dependent variable. In other words, one unit change in the standard deviation of cultural heritage and the amount of demand and legal, causes 96 and 23 and 92 per cent changes in the standard deviation of the dependent variable (halal tourism).

The logic of security in geopolitics obligates a country with a strategic geopolitical position to create a balance between the national sovereignty and the potential of possible threats. In terms of national border security based on geostrategic policy the threat is always accepted. Iran have probably more right to be present and create a balance in the neighboring region than USA which is adjacent to our territorial waters from a distant continent. If we accept the logic of the superiority of the geopolitical position of Iran's territory over its surrounding regions, we must also accept the necessity of maintaining the security balance. The concern of surrounding countries about the increase in the level of our security and defense capabilities, or the influence of Iran is totally understandable. Such concerns can be controlled and managed with psychological, economic, social, and ultimately political and security methods.  

The purpose of this research is to extract the executive challenges of crisis management and passive defense in Andisheh City.

This research is applied and investigates variables related to causes and challenges of implementing crisis management and passive defense in the city of Andisheh. The data collection was done by mainly library and field studies (interview and observation).

Geographical Context: 

The scope of research in this study is Andisheh City.

Iran's new defense strategy in most of its duration, scope and diversity covers the discourse of deterrent defense. The new city of Andisheh in the southwest of Tehran is crucial because of the presence of important and strategic centers within and around this city. These centers, despite the comprehensive plan and guidelines are at stake due to ignoring the principles of passive defense and crisis management.

The results of the research show that the principles of crisis management and passive defense are not implemented and observed in the city of Andisheh, which is often due to the high cost.

Considering the increase in the population of Qazvin city in recent years as well as the traditional view of its residents, the need to study the quality of urban space based on gender differences is very noticeable. Because not paying attention to this basic factor in the process of urban development will lead to many problems in the future, the negative effects of which will prevail in urban spaces for a long time.

This research was conducted with the purpose of identifying the factors affecting the quality of urban spaces and the extent of the effects of these factors.

The research method used in the present study is descriptive-analytical, and the studied population is the citizens of Qazvin City, with a population of 485,488 people, and as a result, the required sample size was determined to be 390 people using Cochran's formula.

Geographical Context: 

Qazvin, as a historical city whose urban spaces have not been paid much attention, is the subject of this research.

Based on the analysis of the information obtained from the questionnaire using the factor analysis method, 28 components affecting the quality of urban spaces and the importance of each of these components were grouped and determined in the form of five main environmental, social, safety, physical and spatial factors. In the following, to measure the difference in men's and women's views on the factors affecting the quality of urban spaces, a two-sample independent t-test was used at the 95% confidence level. Spatial, security and social factors of this difference of opinion are evident.

Considering that there is a difference in the views of women and men in space, safety and social factors, and women are more sensitive than men, it is suggested that effective measures be taken in these areas so that citizens can use public spaces more.

Different regions in Iran have the potential to become a geo-tourism destination because of the high geo-diversity. Therefore, this is also a strategy of development to increase employment through the tourism industry in diverse, entertaining and attractive natural places.  

This research aims to investigate the capabilities of geo-tourism and provide solutions to help practitioners of development projects in the region to attract tourists by expanding and preparing the land for tourism.

The method of research and data collection was a field study, interviews with local people and analysis of library documents, using geological maps, topography and satellite images in order to prepare the required maps and determine the exact location of geo-sites. Statistical methods were used to prepare maps and (GIS) for the location of sites. In the second stage, after selecting the sites, they were prioritized in the Komansko model and evaluated according to the points table. Considering the large number of sites in the region, only 35 sites have been scientifically analyzed.                                              

Geographical Context: 

The scope of the study was the southwestern slopes of the Binalud Mountains (northwest region of Neyshabur and Firouzeh City) from the mountains of the north of Khorasan Razavi Province.

The findings and discussion with the Komansko model and comparison with the parallel comparative model show a meaningful and close match in the scores of the sites. According to the overall values of the geo-sites, the turquoise mine (7000 years old), with a score of 87%, ranks first, Jaryani Bar waterfall ranks second with 83%, and Salt Mine ranks third with 81%. In the evaluation of the geo-site, only 6 of them have a rating of less than 50%.

Finally, due to the existence of different tourist sites and the possibility of visiting different tourist attractions in different seasons of the year, this region has the potential to become a national geo-tourism hot spot. However, in practice, it requires cultural measures and infrastructure.

Khorramabad is a popular tourist attraction in Lorestan Province due to its numerous attractions and their diversity, so it provided a suitable position for zoning and planning the attractions.   

This study aims to evaluate the role of tourism service quality on the loyalty of Khorramabad city.

This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. The required data has been collected using the library and field methods (questionnaire). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by specialists and experts. The statistical population includes tourists who visited Khorramabad City in 2019. Due to the uncertainty about the total number of tourists, 300 people were selected which were randomly distributed among the tourists. Pearson correlation and structural equations were used in SPSS software to analyze the data obtained from the Tukey test questionnaire.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical territory studied in this research is Khorramabad City.

Tukey test has divided the quality of tourism services (cognitive image and unique image) into three groups. The indicators of architecture and urban attractions, transportation and information, facilities, social environment and environment are in a low quality, historical and cultural attractions are in the medium quality, and historical and local attractions are in the high cognitive image quality. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between service quality and tourist loyalty.

The results of data analysis based on structural equations indicate the fact that the cognitive image component, the unique image, has a positive and significant role (effect) in customer loyalty.