نشریه ذهن، حرکت و رفتار
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1401)

According to self-determination theory, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship model of need-supportive and need-thwarting communications style, engagement, and positive and negative affect in PE classes. Also, the mediating role of basic psychological needs and motivation were examined. The research was correlational-descriptive with cross-sectional way. A number of 547 male students from secondary schools completed a series of self-reported questionnaires which assess basic needs satisfaction, PE motivation, positive and negative affect, and PE engagement. Need-supportive and need-thwarting communications were scored observationally using a teacher-student behavior checklist. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and track analysis showed that the direct effect of need-supportive communications and on negative affect was negatively significant. In addition, the indirect effect of need-supportive communications, via mediating role of basic need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation, on positive affect and behavioral engagement was significant. Overall, the findings suggest need-supportive and need-thwarting communication is an important factor in anticipation of student's affect status and engagement in physical education. Physical education teachers could use a need-supportive communication style, in order to decrease negative affect and increase positive affect as well as behavioral engagement in physical education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of jumping rope training with and without music on static and dynamic balance in children of 10-12 years. To investigate this aim, a semi -experimental study with pre-test and post-test design was used with two experimental groups (first group, jumping rope training without music and second group, jumping rope training with music) and control group. The sample of study consisted of 60 elementary students in the age range of 10 to 12 years which randomly selected. For evaluation of static balance the Strok test was used and for evaluation of dynamic balance was used the balance subscale of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test. In order to analyze the data the mix ANOVA (2×2) at the significance level of 0.05 was used to examine the differences between the two groups in the pre-test and post-test. The results of mix analysis of variance showed that inter-group interaction in training was significant for all three factors: right foot static balance (F(2,57)=10.328، p = 0.0001), left foot static balance, (F(2,57)=28.275، p = 0.0001) and dynamic balance (F(2,57)=6.10، p = 0.004). In all three factors, the jumping rope training group with music showed more improvement. These findings indicate that jumping rope training with music has a greater impact on the static and dynamic balance of children aged 10-12 years. Therefore, it is recommended to use jumping rope training with music in schools.

The aim of this study was to compare the physical and mental health of women in Tabriz, cities and villages of East Azerbaijan province. The statistical population of the present study included all women in the age range of 25 to 64 years in East Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample of the present study, including 384 women, was divided into 5 central, northwestern, northeastern, southwestern and southeastern regions using cluster sampling method and based on geographical distribution using the Morgan table. The results of study showed that the levels of physical and mental health of women in the city of Tabriz, counties and villages of the province were significantly different. The physical and mental health of women in the villages of the province had higher quality compared to women of Tabriz city and counties of the province (P<0/001). The women of Tabriz city and the women of counties of the province had the same physical health (P<0/99), but in the mental health area, the women of counties of the province had a higher quality compared to women of Tabriz city (P<0/001). Based on the results of the research, it can be stated that the quality of life in women living in villages and counties of East Azarbaijan province is far better than that of women living in Tabriz city.

The aim of this study was to Comparison of cognitive and non-cognitive skills of 18-24 year old male student athletes and non-athletes. A total of 200 students from different field of study at Mazandaran University were selected using random sampling method and then 60 students(30 athlete and 30non-athlete) fill the Parkers Problem Solving Questionnaire, Martin and Rubins cognitive flexibility , Helmrich & Spences Motivation for Progress and Abedis creativity .The Data analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and U Mann-Whitney .Results showed that there is difference between problem solving cognitive skills in male students of athletes with non-athletes of Mazandaran University, and there is superiority with athletic students. And also results showed there is difference between non- cognitive skills of motivation progress in male student of athletes with non-athletes of Mazandaran universities, and also there is superiority with student of athletes. But there is not difference between cognitive flexibility and non-cognitive skills of creativity in male student of athletes with non-athletes of Mazandaran universities. Findings showed that physical activity and sports can as effective factor on skills of problem-solving and motivation for progress.

Balance deficit is one of the consequences of aging that cause falls and impairment and disability in elderly during functional activities. All of them show the importance of preventing falls in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected Pilates exercises on the postural control and quality of life in older women with a history of falls. This study is a semi experimental research with pretest-post test plan, in which 30 elderly women aged 60 to 75 years were randomly divided into two equal experimental groups of 15 selected Pilates and a control group (n=15). The experimental group performed selected Pilates exercises (8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes per session). Before and after 8 weeks of training, the Sharpand Romberg and quality of life questionnaire were used to measure the postural control and quality of life of respectively. Analysis of covariance and MANOVA was used for all analyzes. The significance level was set at 0.05.The findings of this study showed that selected Pilates exercises had significant effect on the improvement of postural control and quality of life in older women with a history of falls (P≤0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the control group (p>0.05).This study showed that selected pilates exercises may had main effect on the improvement of postural control and quality of life in the elderly women with falling history. Therefore it is recommended in elderly women with falling history to prevent falling and increase postural control and quality of lif in these subjects.

Motor proficiency is a broad concept that refers to the ability to perform various motor skills in a consistent and proficient manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor skills and multiple intelligences and academic performance. The statistical population consisted of 7 to 10 year old children in Tabriz in the academic year of 1998-99 that 114 children were selected as a sample by random cluster sampling. To measure motor proficiency test Ozertsy Bruininks to measure multiple intelligences Gardner's Multiple Intelligences questionnaire and to measure academic performance scores were used to at the end of the school year. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of multiple intelligences with academic performance and motor skills in a number of cases. Also, a positive and significant correlation was observed between academic courses and subtests of motor proficiency And there was a significant relationship between academic scores (cognitive aspect) with motor skills that have more cognitive motor aspect than skills that have mainly motor aspect. By involving multiple intelligences in educational and motor environments in which children are active and exploratory, it will have a significant impact on children's academic performance and motor skills.

Researchers have recognized that the brain responds to sports activities and can increase learning and memory function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare working memory and sports activity of physical education and non-physical education students of Al-Zahra University.A causal-comparative study was conducted in an accessible manner with a statistical sample of 75 students (39 physical education, 36 non-physical education and age range 18 to 35 years) of Al-Zahra University in the academic year 1398. Demographic questionnaires, Edinberg excellence and NB software were also used. The results showed that physical education students had significantly higher sports experience than non-physical education students and reported a lower average age. The findings also showed that physical education students reported lower mean working memory speed and higher average working memory accuracy than non-physical education students; Despite these findings, students did not differ significantly in the variables of working memory speed with a significant level (P = 0.16) and working memory accuracy with a significant level (P = 0.39) in working memory task.According to the statistical results of the analysis of research hypotheses and the difference between the means at the level of descriptive statistics, researchers acknowledge that exercise can have a positive effect on students' working memory; Therefore, it is suggested that universities in order to improve the level of sports activity of non-physical education students in holding extracurricular sports courses to improve working memory.

Children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder have balance problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of open and closed loop control exercises on static and dynamic balance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of the present study was all children aged 10 to 12 years- with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Kermanshah. The subjects of this study were 30 girls who participated in the study voluntarily. Initially, Anthropometric characteristics and static and dynamic balance of children were recorded. Subjects were then randomly assigned to two groups of open and closed loop control exercises. Participants in both groups performed their training program for 12 weeks and three one-hour sessions per week. To test the research hypotheses analysis of covariance was used. The results showed that Participation in closed loop control exercise compared to participation in open loop control exercise significantly improved static balance with closed eyes (p <001). On the other hand, open loop control exercise compared to closed loop control exercise had a significant effect on improving dynamic balance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (p <001). As a result, performing closed loop control movement exercise improved static balance, while open loop control exercises were better than closed loop control exercises to promote dynamic balance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Mental toughness can be different for each person according to gender, job and performance level, and people can have different toughness throughout their life. The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting happiness and mental health of physical education teachers in Semnan province based on mental toughness.In this descriptive correlational study, among all male and female physical education teachers in Semnan province, 137 teachers were selected as available to participate in the present study. Due to the Corona epidemic, Oxford happiness questionnaire, mental health questionnaire and mental toughness questionnaire were designed online and their link was made available to the participants through mass communication tools. The collected data were analyzed using stepwise regression, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance.The control and stability subscales of mental toughness predict 35.3% happiness of female teachers and 26.4% happiness of male teachers in Semnan province. Also, the mental toughness stability subscale predicts 38.3% of female teachers' mental health and 20.4% of male teachers' mental health. In addition, there is a negative and significant relationship between happiness and physical complaints, anxiety, aggression and the total score of mental health disorders of female physical education teachers. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between happiness and anxiety and aggression of male physical education teachers. No significant difference was observed between happiness and mental health of male and female physical education teachers. ‎In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of the components of mental toughness, happiness and mental health of male and female physical education teachers.

Sports and specially sport competitions cause anxiety in athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mindfulness intervention on competitive anxiety and performance in basketball free throw skill. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. Among 19 to 23 years old basketball players of Tehran, 24 athletes participated in this study, which were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group practice.MSPE protocol for six sessions And no intervention was performed in the control group. Data were collected through Competitive State Anxiety Inventory, Sport competition Anxiety Test and the three-valued scale of the AAHPERD basketball shoot and were analyzed using Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that mindfulness intervention reduces competitive anxiety and improves athletic performance in basketball athletes. Based on the research findings, it can be said that mindfulness interventions are one of the effective methods in improving athletes' performance and sport psychologists and coaches can use this method as a simple and low-cost method to reduce anxiety and improve athletes' performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of perfectionism on psychological distress and coping strategies of endurance athletes. The present research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of research. The statistical population of this study was all 18 to 25 years old male and female athletes in endurance sports of East Azerbaijan province that participated in official national or international competitions for at least two years. 200 athletes were selected by available sampling. To collect information three questionnaires of sports perfectionism of Tri-short et al. (1990), Kessler (2002) psychological distress questionnaire and coping strategies questionnaire of Lazarus and Folkman (1988) were used. For testing the hypotheses of this research, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used in SPSS25 software. The results showed that sport perfectionism has a significant relation with psychological distress and coping strategies of endurance athletes. There is a negative relation between positive sport perfectionism with psychological distress, and a positive relation between negative sport perfectionism with psychological distress of athletes. Also, there is a positive relation between psitive sport perfectionism with coping strategies, and a negative, reverse and significant relation between negative sport perfectionism with coping strategies of endurance athletes.