مجله پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The formation of values in children by parents includes two processes; The first is the process of transferring concepts from parents to children, and the second is the process of children's selection of the transferred content. The purpose of this research was to analyze factors affecting this process. The present study was conducted through a qualitative research method along with an interpretative phenomenology one. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with 10 parents and 9 children from Iranian families at the threshold of adulthood [1]. Data analysis was conducted by Smith's interpretation method. In this research, three main themes and twelve sub-themes were obtained from the analyses of the interviews. The main themes were motives in the transfer and selection process, gradual emergence of conflicts and the impact of parent-child relationship on the optimization of the transfer and selection process. According to the findings, it can be said that the main motivation of parents for transferring was to protect their children and the main motivation of children for selection was to form their independent identity. Such process occurs in an optimal state in which both of these motives are in a context of respect and affection.

Mothers play an important role in nurturing and flourishing their children’s creativity by engaging in their activities. The purpose of this study therefore was to explore the experiences of mothers with creative children studying the fourth grade of elementary school in Isfahan about the ways they used to foster creativity for their children. The research method was qualitative with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The community included mothers with creative children. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Ten mothers were examined until the data reached saturation. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Colaizzi seven-step method. Findings were categorized into three main themes namely stimulating curiosity (encouraging questioning, encouraging experimentation, creating opportunities for thinking and reflection), playing (mental plays, unstructured plays, creative plays, analytical play and imaginative plays) and performing artistic activities (crafts, painting). These categories depict the experiences of mothers with creative children. Findings obtained in this study showed that in addition to current methods of fostering creativity, the experiences of mothers of creative children also play an important role in fostering children's creativity. It is suggested that mothers' experiences be used in fostering children's creativity.

The aim of the current research was to formulate the etiological model of social anxiety disorder based on the components of early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas with the mediating role of emotional coping strategy. The research design was correlational and structural equations. The statistical population of the research included all students of the Islamic Azad University of Olom-Tahghighat in the academic year of 2021-2022 in Tehran province. A total of 306 people who scored above 40 in Connor's social anxiety test were selected as a sample. To collect data, Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (1991), Mohammad Khani's Traumatic Experience Q5uestionnaire (2003), Andler and Parker's Multidimensional assessment of coping (1990), and Connor's Social Anxiety Questionnaire (2000) were used. Then, the obtained data were entered into the structural equation hypothesis model. In order to analyze the obtained data, SPSS19 and AMOS24 were used. The results of the model analysis showed that the hypothetical research model has a good fit with the data. Predictor variables of early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas with the mediation of emotional coping strategy had a significant effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01). In addition, emotional coping strategies had a direct effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01). The results of the research indicate that early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas can be strong predictors of social anxiety disorder. The results also indicate that emotional coping strategies as mediating variables are part of the influencing process in the form of symptoms of social anxiety disorder. It is recommended to hold educational workshops in the field of maladaptive schemas, coping strategies for childhood traumas, and therapeutic interventions.

The Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire (VPSQ) is a self-report scale designed to identify women at risk for postpartum depression due to personality vulnerability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate factor structure, validity and reliability indicators of the Vulnerable Personality Questionnaire and its effect on postpartum depression in Iranian women. The design of this research was cross-sectional-descriptive. The statistical population of this study were women with postpartum depression in Isfahan. Three hundred women with postpartum depression were randomly selected from women with postpartum depression in Isfahan. They were selected based on their performance on the following questionnaires; the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire of Boyce et al. (2004), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (1978). The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that the questionnaire has a two-factor structure. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the two dimensions of vulnerability and organization was 0.87 and 0.705 respectively, which showed that the reliability of the questionnaire is suitable. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that after controlling demographic variables (age, mother's education, father's occupation and family income), vulnerable personality has a significant effect on postpartum depression (β = 0.503, p < 0.001). It seems that the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire has appropriate psychometric indices and this tool can be used to predict postpartum depression in women, and prevent its negative consequences

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of play-therapy which is based on relationship therapy on the behavioral problems of children who suffer from hearing loss and the resilience of their mothers. This research was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method. It had a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and a control group. Thirty mothers were selected by convenience sampling method from the students with hearing loss in Isfahan. They were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). Play-therapy training was provided to the experimental group in 10 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training until the end of the post-test phase. Participants were assessed using the Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (1997) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The obtained data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS 26 software. The findings indicated that play-therapy training had a positive and significant effect on behavioral problems. Some of its components, include emotional symptoms and desirable social behaviors in children who suffer from hearing loss (p < 0.01). Therefore, it can be concluded that the a play-therapy training program which is based on relationship therapy improves the behavioral problems of children who are suffering from hearing loss and this program can be used in special schools for students with hearing loss.

Cognitive interference means disturbing thoughts experienced by athletes while performing tasks, which damaged their performance. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cognitive Interference Questionnaire in Sports. The population consisted of Iranian athletes who had the experience of participating in sports competitions in 2021. A number of 207 athletes were selected in clusters and completed the mindfulness and cognitive interference questionnaires in sports. To examine psychometric properties, construct validity and convergent validity were investigated by exploratory factor analysis through calculating the correlation of the cognitive interference scale with the sports mindfulness scale. To measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. The findings showed that the thought of escape, situation-irrelevant thoughts, and performance worries explain 59.08% of the relevant variance. The results also manifested that the significant correlation between the scales of sports mindfulness and cognitive interference indicated the convergent validity of the construct. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the whole questionnaire and sub-scales: thoughts of escape, situation-irrelevant thoughts, and performance worries confirmed the internal reliability of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis results (CFI=0.96 and NFI=0.93) also indicated the appropriate fit of the structure. According to the findings, the cognitive interference questionnaire in sports had acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian athletes. Sports coaches, psychologists, and researchers can use this tool in their research.

Based on the life design paradigm, career construction adaptation model, and recent directions from the perspective of career guidance, the present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the sustainable career development   among students.The current study was a descriptive-survey which used regression analysis method. The statistical population included all bachelor and master degrees of female students at Hazrat-e Masoumeh University in 2021. From this community, 260 students volunteered to participate in research. Data were collected using demographic characteristics questionnaire, sustainable career development scale (Argyropoulou, 2021), life project reflexivity scale (Argyropoulou et al., 2020) & career adaptability scale (Savickas & Profeli, 2012). The data were analyzed and calculated using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient and regression analysis) and SPSS software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the sustainable career development and its dimensions, life project reflexivity and its dimensions, and the career adaptability (p<0/05). Also, life project reflexivity and career adaptability (as predictor variables) describe 0.659 and 0.342 of the variances of the sustainable career development (as the predictor variable) (p<0/05). With attention to the constant changing structure of career systems, it is important to achieve sustainable career development. According to the findings obtained in this study, life project reflexivity and the career adaptability predict sustainable career development. Therefore, based on life project reflexivity and the career adaptability, people can be guided to achieve the sustainable career development.

The main purpose of this study was to explain the academic emotions based on academic support and achievement goal orientation through the mediating role of academic self-regulation. The research method was correlational of structural equations modeling type. The statistical population included all male and female students of junior high schools in Sanandaj in the academic year of 2021-2022, from which 390 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. They answered the Academic Emotions questionnaire, Academic Support questionnaire, Achievement Goal orientation questionnaire and Academic self-regulation questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the structural equations modeling via SPSS-21 and AMOS-21 softwares. The findings corroborated the good fitness of the model with research data. According to the findings, the direct paths from the academic support, mastery and performance orientation to positive and negative academic emotions were significant (P <0.01). Also, the indirect paths from the academic support, mastery orientation and functional orientation through the academic self-regulation to positive and negative academic emotions were significant (P <0.01). In conclusion, the academic self-regulation can play a mediating role in the relationship between academic support and achievement goal orientation with positive and negative academic emotions in students.

The purpose of this study was to identify and validate anxiety symptoms in the family drawing test of 4–6-year-old children. In this study, content analysis and post-event research method were used. The statistical population included children of 4-6 years old from kindergartens in Kashan city. To select a sample, the cluster sampling method was used. In order to screen children with anxiety, a total of 128 parents completed the parent version of the Spence Preschool Anxiety Test. Thirty-nine children with anxiety were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 39 children without anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to the control group. At the first stage of the research, based on the theoretical review of literature and the opinion of experts, a total of 34 signs of anxiety in children's drawings were grouped in two categories: the general structure of the drawing (20 signs) and the drawing of a person (14 signs). At the second stage, the family drawing test was taken from children of both the experimental and control groups, and the drawn pictures were analyzed using the checklist made by the researcher to assess the symptoms of anxiety. The findings of the study showed that in the family drawings drawn by children, between the experimental group (children with anxiety) and the control group (children without anxiety), there was a difference in meaning in 16 signs in the general structure of the drawing and 13 signs in the drawing of a person. The results of this study show that children's drawings can be used as a tool to screen children's anxiety along with other diagnostic methods and tools.