فصلنامه زیست شناسی تکوینی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 58، بهار 1402)

The study of embryonic and endosperm development in different plant species is important from a phylogenetic and systematic point of view. The aim of the present study was to investigate the histological evaluation of seed development in Tribulus terrestris L. by microscopic analysis. Samples were studied at different developmental stages after fixation by different histological techniques. The results showed that the ovules were anatropous, bilayer and axially placentation. Endosperm was observed in the early stages, which was a nuclear type that changed to a cell type during embryonic development. In the latest stages, remnants of the endosperm were observed as a net-like structure around the cotyledons. According to histological studies, divisions occurred faster in the basal cell than in the apical cell. The suspender was completely degenerated during the torpedo embryo stage. According to cyto-chemical studies, accumulation of starch grains in the seed coat was observed in the early stages of embryonic development. Moreover in the mature embryo, storage components contained protein bodies and lipid compounds. The seed coat consists of two layers, the outer layer of which contains calcium oxalate crystals. Fluorescent microscopic analysis showed that a cumulative lipid nature of waxes was observed in the grain. It seems that the study of features such as the pattern of organ formation in this plant can be effective in understanding the heterogeneity between species of the Zygophyllaceae family.

The cardiac ischemia and its subsequent failures have a high prevalence and its treatment is dangerous, expensive and ineffective. With the implant of mesenchymal stem cells, researchers hope to replace the dead tissues and reactivate the damaged parts of the heart.

After the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells of the amniotic membrane into heart muscle cells, by closing the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 45 minutes, acute ischemia was induced in male Wistar rats. Then reperfusion was performed in male rats. Then treatment groups, including: differentiated stem cells, stem cells with PGS-co-PCL/PGC/PPy/Gelatin scaffold and scaffold group, were implanted into the damaged heart. After 2 and 4 weeks, echocardiography was performed and angiogenesis was examined in the heart tissue using the immunohistochemical technique.

In treatment groups with mesenchymal cells and scaffolds + mesenchymal cells compared to the control, the amount of cardiac ejection fraction (EF), ejection fraction (FS) and cardiac stroke volume (SV) increases. Also, by examining the growth of VEGF in different groups and the control group, there was a significant increase in the expression of this angiogenic factor in the group receiving the scaffold + mesenchymal cells compared to other groups, which seems to use the PGS-co-PCL/PGC/PPy./Gel scaffold has created enough and suitable space for growth of vessels in the myocardium.

In this study, the antimicrobial effect of extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Zingiber officinale plants against Staphylococcus aureus and their effect on the expression of sea enterotoxin gene were investigated. Two standard and pathogenic strains of S. aureus with enterotoxin sea gene and G. biloba and Z. officinale extracts were used as ready-made tablets with a specified concentration. Antimicrobial test of the extracts was performed by disk impregnation and then the minimum inhibitory and bacteriocidal concentrations of these extracts were evaluated by MIC and MBC tests and SubMIC concentration of these extracts was used to evaluate the effect of extract treatment on the expression of sea enterotoxin gene. Then RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis and finally Real time PCR were performed and the results were interpreted. The results of disk diffusion and MIC showed that Z. officinale extract has antimicrobial effect. Interpretation of Real time PCR results also showed that Z. officinale extract reduced and completely inhibited the expression of sea enterotoxin gene in standard strain ATCC 25923. This extract also significantly reduced the expression of the target gene in the pathogenic strain, and its expression was reduced to 4% compared to the untreated sample. On the contrary, G. biloba extract significantly increased sea gene expression. This extract increased the expression of the target gene in the standard strain and the pathogen by approximately 55 and 9 fold, respectively. According to the results of this study, ginger can be a good candidate to fight S. aureus infections.

In order to investigate magnetic and superabsorbent water on some physiological traits and antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L) under water stress, an experiment in two areas of Rahanjan and German of Shahroud city in factorial form in a randomized complete block design with Three replications were performed in the 1400-1399 crop year. The results of analysis of variance showed that the triple interaction effect of water requirement × magnetic water × superabsorbent was significant for the evaluated traits. The traits of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins were significant. Under moderate stress conditions, using normal water, no significant difference was observed between control and 200 kg / ha superabsorbent treatments. Most traits in Rahnjan region had higher values ​​than German region. In general, the use of magnetic water and 200 kg / ha of superabsorbent in conditions of moderate drought stress (75% water requirement) caused physiological and biochemical increase of cumin.

The prevalence of cancer and the side effects of treatment methods have provided a growing interest in the use of plants as a promising source of treatment.The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine has been important for a long time and many of these medicinal plants have antioxidant and anticancer effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anticancer effects of Artemisia turcomanica extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)and its effect on Bcl2 and Bax gene expression.In this experimental study, the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia turcomanica on viability and expression of Bax and Bcl2 genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells was examined.For this purpose,MCF-7breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with the hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia turcomanica(with different concentrations)for 24,48 and72 hours.The effect of the extract on cell viability was evaluated by MTT method.Next,RNA extraction was performed and after cDNA synthesis,the expression level of Bax and Bcl2 genes was measured by Real-time PCR method.This research showed that with the increase in concentration and time,the viability of the cells decreased significantly compared to the control samples.Also, the results of real-time PCR showed that the expression of Bax and Bcl2 genes changed significantly compared to the control sample at 48 and72 hours.The results showed that the extract of Artemisia turcomanica has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on the MCF-7 cell line, so that by conducting more studies, the extract of this plant can be used as an anti-cancer biological product in the treatment of cancer

Vitis vinifera L. is one of the most important plant products in the world .The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical structure of leaves and petioles of seven grape cultivars of Boroujerd region with light microscopy. Different anatomical features such as leaf thickness, petiole diameter, diameter of vein and petiole vessels, diameter of leaf and petiole bundle, thickness of leaf and petiole epidermis, diameter of main vein, number of petiole and main vein clusters and diameter of brain parenchyma. According to the results, the highest leaf thickness, petiole diameter, diameter of vein and petiole vessels, diameter of leaf and petiole vascular bundle, diameter of petiole nucleus parenchyma and number of petiole vascular bundles were related to ruby cultivar. In the case of traits such as leaf thickness, leaf epidermal thickness, diameter of vein vascular bundles, diameter of leaf vascular bundle, main vascular bundles, the lowest value was shown by black grape cultivar. Manqa cultivar showed the highest leaf epidermis thickness and main vein diameter. The smallest diameter of the main vein, the diameter of a petiole bundle and the thickness of the petiole epidermis belonged to Fakhri cultivar. Asgari cultivar showed the highest value of main vein vascular apparatus and the lowest value of petiole diameter, diameter of petiole vascular bundles and diameter of petiole brain parenchyma. Sahebi cultivar showed the highest thickness of petiole epidermis. Comparison of anatomical structure of leaves and petioles showed significant differences in the studied indices in different cultivars.

Catharanthus roseus The most important species from Apocyanaceae contains an important and special group of indole alkaloids with a great medicinal value, which are distributed in all organs of the plant. The presence of valuable alkaloids in all organs of the plant has led to the introduction of this species as very important medicinal plants and their properties to be studied. This study was performed to investigate the effect of growth regulatory treatments on the activity of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) which is a cytosolic enzyme and a key enzyme in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis The effects of some growth regulators such as KIN, BA, NAA and IAA in three concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L) as well as various sugar treatments like sucrose, fructose and glucose in 3 concentrations (2% , 4% , 6%) and also the amino acid tryptophan (at concentrations 100 and 200 mg/L, were investigated on TDC enzyme activity. The experimant was performed in three replications as a factorial in a completely randomized design in Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. in the applied IAA and NAA at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L respectively, increased the activity of TDC by about 10%. But cytokinins, KIN and BA at 1,0 mg/L had the greatest promotion effect of about 40%. Sugars such as Sucrose in concentrations 6%, fructose and glucose in 4% and amino acid tryptophan in concentration 100 mg/l had the maximal effects on the activity of TDC enzyme