نشریه مشاوره و روان درمانی خانواده
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 32، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Attraction in the marital relationship is necessary to create interest between spouses. Different individuals and groups probably perceive and interpret marital attraction in different ways. The objective of this research was the phenomenology of marital attraction among Iranian spouses using a qualitative. The participants were 17 Iranian women and men who had the experience of common-life with their spouses by purposive sampling with maximum variation (2016-2017). The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews by asking open questions about the research goals. The data were analyzed through Conventional Qualitative Content Analysis. According to the findings, the participants perceive marital attraction as a lovable and pleasant marital relationship. Marital attraction involves two main categories: attraction of spouse (including appearance, emotional, behavioral, intellectual, moral, and social attraction) and attraction of marital relationship (including consistency, joy, satisfaction, tranquility, and happiness). Studying the concept of marital attraction in other cultural contexts, providing an instrument for its assessment, using marital attraction conceptual dimensions in marital training, evaluating, counseling, and therapy, were suggested.

Divorce and marital conflict are important factors in the occurrence of many destructive behaviors in the family and society.

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of couple therapy and family therapy approaches (third-wave therapies, postmodern approaches, systemic, cognitive-behavioral approaches, schema therapy, Guttman's couple therapy, object relationships, and imago-therapy) on reducing divorce couples approaching divorce.

This research uses a meta-analysis method to integrate the results of different research to determine the extent of the effect of couple therapy and family therapy approaches on reducing divorce. 19 studies that were methodologically reviewable and were conducted within the Islamic Republic of Iran during the years 89 to 98 were selected and a meta-analysis was performed on them. The data search sources were the Scientific Database (SID), Noormags, Magiran,  The comprehensive portal of humanities (ensani.ir), and the Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC). Analysis Data and effect size calculations were performed using CMA2 software and hedge g index.

The findings of this meta-analysis showed the magnitude of the effect of couple therapy and family therapy on couples on the approaching of divorce for fixed effects (0.73) and random effects (0.34). Examination of the heterogeneity of the effects using Cochran's Q test showed that square I is equal to 96.63 and the value of Q is equal to 2502/47 and is significant (p <0.01). As a result, the effect sizes are heterogeneous and a stochastic model should be considered to analyze the effects. Therefore, the value of the random effect, which is 0.34, is taken as the effect size index. According to Cohen's table, the effect size is estimated to be 0.34 small.  

Findings show that the success rate of couple therapy and family therapy approaches for couples approaching divorce is more effective than no treatment, but not to the extent that it is mentioned as a suitable treatment for couples on the verge of divorce. Based on this, the size of the effect obtained in the research is in a small range. In addition to therapeutic approaches, therapists in the treatment process should pay attention to the neglected factors described in this article.

Marital conflict reduces psychological capital, and it has adverse effects on the physical and mental health of the spouses. Previous research has shown the effect of the approach based on choice theory and transactional analysis in reducing marital conflict between spouses.

   The present study aims to compare the effect of the approach based on choice theory and transactional analysis on the psychological capital of couples who have marital conflicts.

This research was conducted by experimental method with pre-test and post-test design and with an unbalanced control group with more than one experimental group. For this purpose, out of all couples with marital conflicts who were referred to counseling centers in the third district of Tehran with at least one year of living together with the available sampling method,30 couples(60 husbands & wives) were selected and randomly substituted into three groups of experimental 1, experimental 2, and control. The data before and after the experiment were gathered by the Psychological Capitals Questionnaire )Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio, 2007(. 

The data analysis with covariance analysis showed that interventions of choice theory and transactional analysis have a significant effect on the components of self-efficacy (P <0.01, F = 10.15) and hope (P <0.01, F = 14.18) and optimism (P <0.01, F = 9.72) psychological capital at the level of 0.01 and resilience (P <0.05, F = 4.78) was significant. But the difference in the effect of the independent variable on any of the components of psychological capital was not significant.

 The results showed that the difference between the effectiveness of both independent variables on the increasing of the components of psychological capital was not significant. Therefore, applying both methods by counselors and psychotherapists to increase the psychological capital of couples involved in marital conflict can be recommended.

The family system can reduce the sufferings of its members, and the communication and emotional state of the couple play a fundamental role in the psychological safety of this system.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of enrichment training based on acceptance and commitment therapy on communication patterns and emotional cognitive regulation of couples.

The study method is quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test with the control group). The statistical population included all couples referring to psychological and counseling centers in Qorveh and 40 volunteers were selected based on entry and exit criteria and randomly assigned to the group in experimental and control groups. Then, enrichment training sessions were held in groups for the experimental group and the control group did not receive any intervention. For data collection, the Communication Patterns Questionnaire by Christensen & Sullaway (1984) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski (2001) were used. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software.

The results of the present study showed that the experimental intervention was effective. That is, enrichment training based on the approach of acceptance and commitment treatment has a significant effect on the reciprocal constructive dimension in couples (P<0.001). Also, enrichment training based on the approach of acceptance and commitment treatment has a significant effect on the dimension of self-blame in couples (P<0.01).

Based on the findings of the present study, enrichment training based on commitment and acceptance therapy can improve communication patterns and cognitive regulation of emotion in couples and be effective in reducing couples’ tensions and communication challenges.

It is important to use appropriate interventions to reduce couples' conflicts. According to this, the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Creating Lasting Family Connections and Emotion-Focused Therapy on resiliency, intimacy, and cognitive emotion regulation in married and conflicted couples referred to counseling centers in Rasht. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest with the control group. The statistical population included all married and conflicted married couples referred to counseling centers in Rasht in 2019. Thirty-six couples were selected by a convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into three groups of 12 people. But because of the drop in the number of people in each group changed to 10 individuals. Creating Lasting Family Connections program and Emotion Focused Therapy were administered in training groups for 8 sessions for 1 hour and the control group did not receive any treatment. At the end of the sessions, a post-test was taken from all three groups simultaneously. The instruments used were Resilience Scale Scale(Connor & Davidson,2003), Marital Intimacy Scale(Walker & Thompson,1983), and Garnefski Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(Garnefski,2001). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the Creating Lasting Family Connections program and Emotionally Focused Therapy had a significant effect on resilience, intimacy, and cognitive emotion regulation(P<0.05). The results also showed that between the two interventions of Creating Lasting Family Connections program and Emotion-Focused Therapy, Creating Lasting Family Connections program on the resilience and the intimacy of couples was more effective than Emotion-Focused Therapy. Based on the results of the present study, psychologists and family counselors are suggested to consider the variables of resilience, intimacy, and cognitive emotion regulation in working with conflicting couples according to the findings of the study.

Today, the phenomenon of white marriage has become one of the most important reasons for the instability of the family foundation, and the lack of research on comparing key components of couples' lives in white and religious marriage has fueled this phenomenon.

This study aimed to compare the satisfaction and quality of life of couples in white marriages with Sharia marriages.

This research is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and terms of the data collection method. To conduct this research, a case study was conducted among people with formal marriages and people with white marriages living in the north of Tehran in 2021. In this study, 384 people with formal marriages and people with white marriages living in the north of Tehran in 1399 were selected as the sample. The sampling method in random marriages was random and in white marriages, it was targeted and snowballed. To conduct this study, the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Olson et al., 2012) and Spinner Quality of Life Questionnaire (Bradbury et al., 2000)were used. To confirm its validity, face validity was used and Cronbach's alpha was used for its reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS20 software and two independent groups using a t-test.

Findings showed that according to the level of significance (0.02), there is a significant difference in life satisfaction between people with white marriages and individuals with Sharia marriages. Also, considering the level of significance (0.01) in the quality of life among individuals There is a significant difference between white marriages and individuals with sharia marriages. 

 The results showed: the level of satisfaction and quality of life is significantly different between white and sharia couples and the crisis of white marriage should be controlled and treated by adopting the necessary strategies.

Individuals can experience thoughts of divorce at all stages of marriage, often referred to in the literature as "divorce Ideation". This research was conducted to clarify the factors influencing the occurrence of divorce among people applying for divorce. The present research method is qualitative and grounded theory. For this purpose, through a purposeful sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 individuals who were seeking divorce and guided to family courts 1 and 2 in Tehran. Data analysis started using Strauss and Corbin's (1988) microanalysis method for grounded theory and findings were obtained through three coding steps, open, Axial, and selectively analyzed. Findings showed that four factors before marriage (forced marriage, early marriage, choosing the wrong spouse and not going through the dating process properly), individual factors (expectations, lack of interest in the spouse, psychological fatigue), relationship (Spouse irresponsibility, spouse's psychological disorders, lack of love and affection, domestic violence, breach of contract, sexual problems, frequent conflicts, lack of fairness in the relationship), and environmental (addiction, work-family conflict, financial issues, relationship with spouse family) in the formation of thought Divorce is involved. The results highlight the influence of various factors related to divorce in the individual's thoughts, but these factors independently do not lead to the decision to divorce.

The purpose of this study was to the causal model of the tendency to emotional divorce based on the satisfaction of basic needs and metacognitive beliefs with the mediation of the perception of the spouse's selfless behaviors. The current research is of an applied type and its implementation method is descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population of the present study included all couples in Kermanshah City. Among them,192 couples (384 people) were selected from different areas of the city through convenience sampling. Then, the desired data were analyzed using the emotional divorce questionnaires of Gottman (1999), the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of Guardia, Deci, and Ryan (2000), the metacognitive beliefs of Wells (1997), and the perception of the spouse's self-sacrificing behaviors by Harper and Figures (2008) were collected. The results of data analysis using Pearson correlation statistical tests and structural equations showed: The indirect effect of metacognitive beliefs on emotional divorce through the perception of the spouse's selfless behaviors is 0.47, which is significant at the P<0.05 level, the indirect effect of satisfying basic needs on emotional divorce through the perception of the spouse's selfless behaviors is 0.24. It was significant at the P<0.05 level, and the direct effect of the spouse's selfless behaviors on emotional divorce was 0.58, which was significant at the P<0.05 level. There is a meaningful Understanding of the selfless behavior of the spouse is an important and influential factor in promoting mental health, and by identifying the factors along with proper planning, it is possible to reduce emotional divorce and increase basic psychological needs and metacognitive beliefs.

One of the factors that harm the quality of marriage is the conflict between couples. Marital conflict causes problems in the family structure, strength, and dissatisfaction with life, and finally, if attention is not paid to these two categories, it causes the collapse of the family system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of integrated therapy focused on compassion and emotion on marital conflict in women in Isfahan. In this study, which was a single type A-B, among the conflicting women referring to counseling centers (Tamasha and Razavi) in Isfahan in 2021, three women who were eligible to participate in the study were purposefully selected and were evaluated by the(Sanaii, Barati & Bustani, 2009) Marital Conflict Questionnaire. After achieving high marital conflict and receiving consent to participate in the study, he participated in treatment sessions based on integrated compassion and emotion-focused therapies (researcher-made) for 60 minutes once a week for 3 months. During this study, participants answered the questionnaire 12 times to determine the baseline and treatment progress before, during, and after the intervention. Descriptive index and inferential statistics of visual analysis were used to analyze the results. The improvement rate of marital conflict of three women in the intervention stage was 33-31-30%, respectively, which indicates the effect of the integrated treatment on the marital conflict of the participating women. The results of this study showed that integrated therapy based on compassion(CFT) and emotion(EFT) has led to the regulation of emotion in a semantic context and has reduced marital conflicts. Therefore, it can be concluded that the integrated treatment is effective in reducing marital conflict in conflicting women.