فصلنامه پژوهش های ژئومورفولوژی کمی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، بهار 1402)

In the last decade, the use of fractal analysis to quantitatively describe the geomorphological and hydrological watersheds has increased and the main purpose of most of these studies is to find a mathematical relationship between the geomorphological characteristics of the basin and issues such as erodibility of formations and segregation of geological units. Alimoradi et al. (2015), in calculating the fractal dimension of geological formations and examining its relationship with the sensitivity of formations, showed that there is a significant relationship between fractal number and the sensitivity of basin formations to erosion. Barzegari Dehj et al. (2019) in comparing the dimensionless index of drainage network density and fractal dimension of drainage network in the separation of lithological units of Taft watershed, Yazd, concluded that the drainage network density technique compared to the fractal dimension of drainage network technique in identifying and Separation of geological units of the region has provided excellent results. Donadio et al. (2014) compared three rivers from a fractal point of view of the hydrographic model and concluded that the relationship between tectonics and erosion is very high with the fractal dimension number. Hui et al. (2017) in examining the relationship between fractal dimension of drainage network and evolutionary stages of erosion of China Yellow Basin showed that fractal values of drainage network have a positive and linear relationship with sediment delivery and runoff values of the basin.

Alvand mountain massif of Hamedan is located in the division of tectonic units of Iran in the structural zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan, which extends parallel to the Zagros rotation. The purpose of this study is to determine the fractal dimension of the drainage network and to investigate its relationship with geomorphological patterns and the sensitivity of geological landslides to erosion in the northern slopes of Alvand Hamedan. In this study, four geological units including granite, chlorite hornfels, marl limestone and sterolized schist were first selected using Google Earth software, geological map of the area and satellite images and field visits. Then, in each geological unit, 2 plots of 2*2 km were determined and their fractal dimensions were calculated using Fractalyse software. After calculating the fractal dimension and determining the sensitivity of each formation, the relationship between the fractal dimension and the formations was investigated by Pearson test and the correlation value.

The results showed that the highest amount of fractal dimension is related to chlorinated Hornfels Formation with 1.33, marl limestone 1.31, sterolized schist 1.27 and Alvand granite 1.22, respectively. Examination of the coefficient and deviation angle data in each of the geological units shows that these values are somewhat high in the fractal dimension technique of the drainage network. So that the deflection angle is 1.909 in sterolized schist, 1.555 in granite, 1.528 in Hornfels and 1.171 in marl limestone. Studies show that the computational values of the fractal dimension of the drainage network are very good and in the amount of 0.99 and indicate the good performance of the fractal dimension technique for identifying and separating the geological units of the region. Due to the proximity of the coefficient of determination in the fractal dimension technique of drainage network density to 1, low deflection angle and proximity of its computational figures to zero, the fractal dimension technique of drainage network is the best and most appropriate technique for separating geological units in the study area. Studies show that in formations with more sensitivity than resistant formations, more changes occur in drainage density and their fractal dimension is more. Regression analysis of fractal dimension values and numerical index of abrasion resistance of the studied formations shows that the value of R2 is equal to -0.835 and shows a high correlation and significant relationship between the fractal dimension and the numerical index of erosion resistance and indicates that As the strength of formations increases, their fractal dimension decreases.

The results showed that the fractal dimension technique of drainage density is the best and most appropriate technique for identifying and separating the geological units of the study area. Studies show that in formations with more sensitivity than resistant formations, more changes occur in drainage density and their fractal dimension is more. The results of Pearson test and the correlation value (-0.828) of the data indicate that there is a significant and inverse relationship between the strength of formations and their fractal dimension, ie with increasing the resistance of formations to erosion, their fractal dimension decreases and Therefore, drainage density is also low. The results of ANOVA statistical analysis show the significance of the whole model, the relationship and the effect of the two variables of sensitivity of the formations and their fractal dimension at the level of 0.000 significant and in reverse. Therefore, according to the acceptable results, using this technique, the type of formations and their sensitivity to erosion can be separated and examined with acceptable accuracy.

The term landslide has various meanings and applications in general and specialized fields. Landslide is a process of changes in stress-strain state of a slope ground mass leading to a mass separation and ground movement downslope and paleolandslides are mass movements that predate the historical period and are documented using geologic and geomorphologic evidence. Based on the time of occurrence, landslides are divided into four groups: Ancient (Before Holocene), Old (Early Holocene),Recent (Late Holocene) and Present-Day. Landslides belong to Ancient, Old and Recent groups are known as Paleolandslides.Landslides often occur sudden and catastrophic. According to the International Disasters Database of records in 2017, have been died 2312 people as landslides in the world, Only 830 cases have been reported for the 9-year period between 2007-2016. This sudden increase in human casualties is correlated with heavy rains during climate change and large-scale global warming.Most slope erosion occurs in many humid mountain environments due to heavy rainfall and earthquake. Also landslides often occur in places that have occurred in the past. So, the aim of this study is to identify paleolandslides and monitor their relocation at the present time, focusing on the dominant trigger factors in the region such as heavy rainfall, by Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique and Sentinel 1A/B images.

The study area, with an area of about 60 hectares, is located in the North of Semnan province. Kalpoosh Catchment situated in the geological zone of Kopeh Dagh and at the point of its collision with Eastern Alborz. Karstic limestones of Chaman Bid and Mozdoran formations were exposed in the area and Oghan River, which is one of the main tributaries of Gorganrud River, passes through this area. Hossein Abad village ,with a population of 3514 people, is the largest village in this region.First, a map of distribution of modern landslides and paleolandslides was prepared using old Aerial Photos, Google Earth and field visits and a landslide geomorphology map was drawn Then, cumulative precipitation and rainfall intensity were determined based on daily and monthly precipitation data. finally the displacement maps has been prepared by Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique using 68 images of Sentinel 1A/B in 2018-2019 and the vertical displacement is evaluated by field survey.

4 paleolandslides have been identified in Hossein-Abad Kalpoosh Village . Paleolandslides have been occurred near dam lake on limestone and marl limestone. The mechanism of occurrence of paleolandslides in the region in the past goes back to the trigger of heavy rainfall and erosion in the karst environment, which due to tectonic conditions and the occurrence of several earthquakes after 1968, have occurred completely.In the winter of 2019, the region received a total of 672 mm of rainfall and this amount of rainfall is 3.5 times more than the seasonal average of previous years. The total daily rainfall in 3 days from March 2019 was 240 mm and as a result, the intensity of rainfall on March 19, with 134 mm of rainfall, has been in the heavy rainfall group.According to satellite images and field surveys, the buildings located in the paleolandslide of Hossein Abad village, after heavy rainfall, have been displaced in the sliding area to toe in different directions of horizontal and oblique movement and move down the slope. The displacement maps of Sentinel 1A/B shows reactivation of paleolandslides in the area between 2018-2019 . The ascending and descending tracks had an annual displacement of -12 - 19 mm and -22 - 16 mm, respectively. we estimated 38 mm of elevation in the deposite area.

Landslides often occur where they have occurred in the past, therefore, to predict the possible dangers of landslides in the future, it is very important to identify paleolandslides and study their behavior.The results show that paleolandslides have the most landslide activities in Hosseina Abad Kalpposh village at the present time. Also, the trigger factor of rainfall has had a great effect on the reactivation of paleolandslides . Heavy rainfall, in addition to causing the slope failure surface and occurring landslide in the area, has caused increasing the water level of Hossein Abad Dam Lake and the infiltration of water into the paleolandslide mass and has reactivated it.In addition, the range of displacements in the prepared map is in full accordance with the spatial-spatial characteristics of the new landslides in nature. The greatest fall is in the sliding area and the toe of the landslide. Also, the highest uplift and accumulation of soil is at the foot of the landslide, which has caused the floor of buildings to rise and their relative destruction. In future research, we examine the role of Kalposh dam lake and other human factors in Reactivation paleolandslide.

The start of the Quaternary period, along with all geologists and geomorphologists and other geoscientists, has been accompanied by climatic changes, in other words, the spread of glaciers in high latitudes and high ground elevations. The glaciers and glaciers of the Quaternary Mountains have eroded the lake of these areas and created numerous geophysics at different altitude levels. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Swiss geologist Luigi Agassis studied the role of natural glaciers in the evolution of the landscape. After that, glaciers were considered as one of the processes in the formation of geophysics in geomorphology. Continuous assessment of glaciers is important in terms of global warming as well as water supply downstream. The evolution and variety of geomorphic forms of the Earth's surface is affected by various morphogenesis processes that have been active over time and have created distinct landscapes.

In this study, in order to reconstruct and estimate the snowboard of the last Quaternary glacier period in the northern slope of Sabalan Mountain, Wright and Porter Methods (altitude of circus floor and altitude proportions) were used and past morphoclimatic condition based on geomorphologic evidence and temperature and rainfall of the Glacier Vorm period (using climatic evidence and climatic condition) was estimated. To better identify and reconstruct the glacier forms in the last Quaternary glacier period at the studied area, a combination of topography maps, field observations, satellite imagery, Digital Elevational Model (DEM), images received from Google Earth and climatic data was used. By identifying 25 circuses at different altitudes and based on the mentioned methods, the permanent snow line of the studied area was determined in the last the Quaternary glacier period. The basis of the Wright method is to determine the altitude that 60% of the circuses are above it. In order to estimate the temperature conditions and to prepare the companion map of the studied area, the regression equation between temperature and elevation was calculated in Excel software. Using this relationship and the raster computation function, a homogeneity map was prepared. The regression equation between precipitation and elevation was calculated in Excel software and then, using the raster computational function, a map of the plot was prepared.

The permanent flood line of the last Quaternary glacier (Vorm) in Northern slopes of Sabalan was 3242 meters in Wright method, the altitude ratio method was 3500 meters and the circus floor height was 3473 meters. According to Wright’s method, height of the permanent snow line in the last glacial period was 3869 meters and according to Porter’s methods (altitude of circus floor and altitude proportions) 3749.32 and 4017.5 meters, respectively. After calculating the height of the Quaternary permanent snow line in Sabalan Mountain by Wright’s method (3769 m) using Digital Elevational Model, the study area was divided into two parts: areas covered by permanent snow and adjacent areas of glacier or preglacial. After calculating the height of the Quaternary permanent snow line in Sabalan Mountain by Porter’s methods (altitude of circus floor 3749.32 m and altitude proportions 4017.5 m) using DEM, the study area was divided into two parts: areas under permanent snow control and areas outside permanent snow control. To prepare the coherent map, regression equation was calculated between temperature and altitude. The height of 4066 m was estimated as the snow line of the current permanent boundary of Mountain. Reconstruction of the temperature conditions of the study area in the last Quaternary glacier period, the average temperature was estimated to be 3.68 ° C cooler than the present. Also, the regression equation was calculated between precipitation and height in order to study the rainfall and moisture conditions of the study area. With regard to the current snow depth of the studied area, rainfall is reduced by 26 mm compared to Vorm.

The Wright and Porter methods estimate the snowfall of the Northern slopes of Sabalan in the Quaternary, 3242, 3473, and 3500 meters, respectively. Comparison of the results obtained for the height of the current snowboard line shows that the current snowboard at study area is 197, 48.5 and 317 m higher than the last Quaternary glacier period calculated by Wright and Porter methods (altitude of circus floor and altitude proportions), respectively. The necessary condition for the formation of glaciers is 0° C and an increase in precipitation compared to the current. According to the estimated snowfall height of the current in study area (4066 m), the current precipitation decreases by 26 mm compared to Vorm and also, the past temperature was estimated to be 3.68° C colder than the current. Therefore, increasing rainfall in the studt area (26 mm) in the past along with decreasing its temperature (3.68° C) compared to the present can prove the existence of Sabalan Mountain glaciers in the quaternary era.

Iran is located on the seismic belt of the Alps-Himalayas and with specific geological settings, is one of the countries that generally face the event of earthquake. Earthquake occurrence is considered as one of the most destructive and harmful phenomena in any country. Occurrence of any earthquake is a special and important event that by understanding its various dimensions and identifying the seismic potential of an area, appropriate immunization methods can be adopted to deal with this natural phenomenon. Examining the seismic hazard of Iran, which is one of the ten seismic countries in the world, is the most important to encounter with that event. Occurrence of an earthquake is a sign of the existence of neo-tectonic activities. Talesh region, located in the west of Gilan province, has been active region in point of seismicity and several earthquakes have occurred so far.

In this research, first, the geological map of the area was drawn. The lines and fractures of the target area have been extracted using remote sensing methods. For this purpose, using the five-band image of Landsat 8 satellites, in the Geometica software, the lines are extracted and the density map of the lines is prepared, then the extracted lines are entered into the Rockwork software and drown Rose diagram.The seismic data used in the region are instrumental data. Due to the importance of this data in conducting seismic studies and hazard analysis, catalogs of various instrumental seismic databases such as: IIEES, ISC, USGS and the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran were used. Each earthquake in this database contains details about the source, such as: date, time, latitude, longitude, and related seismic information. To study instrumental earthquakes, after collecting data and modifying and editing them, various diagrams were drawn for statistical analysis. In order to study the focal depth of systemic earthquakes, a graph is drawn related the depth of all earthquakes to determine the depth or absence of earthquakes at what depth. The magnitude-year and magnitude-depth graphs are used to determine at what years and at what depths the largest earthquakes occurred, respectively.

In the study area, we used various morphotectonic indices and also seismotectonic analysis for determination of rate of activity of Talesh fault and seismic hazards to encounter that.The numerical value of the hypsometric integral for 9 basins within the Talesh fault was calculated. The numerical value of the hypsometric integral and the shape of the hypsometric diagrams of the basins show that basins one, four and seven are in themiddle stage of maturity and are relatively mature, and basins two, three, six and eight are mature basins with erosion. They show high maturity.Considering the amount of elongation of the basins with tectonic activity, it can be concluded that, in the basins where the Re and Bs curves are separated from each other, it indicates the active areas and the basins where this curve are closer and get to each other, indicates the less activity. Basins one, five, seven and nine can be considered elongated basins with high tectonic activity and basins three and eight can also be considered as round basins with low tectonic activity. Among these, basins two, four and six are also introduced as relatively active basins.The most basins of the area have a Vf value of less than one, or close to one, which indicates the vertical digging of waterways in the basins and the low amount of erosion in the basins. Among these, basins two, four, five and seven are active basins and other basins are relatively active.Values greater than 50 for asymmetry, indicate an elevation to the right of the basin and values less than 50 indicate an elevation to the left of the main drainage. Thus, basins two, five, and seven uplifts to the right of the basin, and basins one, four, six, and nine rise to the left.According to diagram, the amount of linearity in basins six, seven, eight and nine is more than other basins. Meanwhile, basins one, four and five have more mazes in the mountain front, which indicates less activity of tectonic factors, including the activity of Talesh fault. Basins two and three can also be considered relatively active basins.

Examination of morphometric indices in the basins of the study area shows that the amount of tectonic activity along the Talesh fault is not the same and constant. Some indicators evaluate the northern regions of Talesh fault as active areas and others more active in the southern parts, but the number of indicators that refer to the southern parts is more. Among these, Vf, Smf, AF, SL, Re, Bs indices show more activity in the southern basins of Talesh fault. Finally, the study area can be considered as active areas in view of tectonic activity.The probability of an event for earthquakes of less than 3.5 magnitude in 1 year is 99.99%. In 50 years, earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 2.4 Richter occur 99.99%. Earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 7.4 on the Richter scale and earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 7.5 on the Richter scale have a 99.99% probability of occurring in 100 years.The seismicity coefficient of the region is equal to 3.73 and the b-value which is the structural geology coefficient of the region is equal to 0.594. This means that normally the number of earthquakes in the region will be high and the magnitude of earthquakes will be low.Calculations of the maximum possible acceleration of faults in the study area show that Talesh fault with an approximate length of 82 km and less than 7 km from the center of the study area, has the highest horizontal acceleration of 0.63 m/s2.

With the implementation of any study plan, the first changes will be made in the landforms of the earth's surface, and if a scientific study is not done, it will have dangerous consequences for the natural and human environment of the region. Therefore, considering that the knowledge of geomorphology deals with the study of the forms and processes of the earth's surface, it is necessary to pay attention to the landforms, features and processes affecting the landforms in order to Assessment of the environmental Capacity of urban development. The purpose of the current research is to Assessment the environmental potential in the urban development of Karaj metropolis from the perspective of geomorphology and using the method of scoring the logic of preference. The criteria of geomorphology, geology, soil, hydrology, and vegetation were considered as environmental capability potential, and flood potential and seismicity criteria were considered as environmental hazard potential. By preparing a questionnaire and using the Delphi technique, experts' opinions were obtained about these criteria. After forming the decision tree, the weighting stage and the ability to replace the criteria and features were done. First, a weight was determined for each criterion, and a separate weight was assigned to each subsection that is created by connecting two criteria and to each branch that is created by connecting two subsections. Substitutability or coexistence means determining important features and criteria in decision making. So that their little or big effect on the final decision was determined with a positive and negative numerical interval. By implementing the LSP model, the environmental capability potential map and the environmental risk potential map of Karaj metropolis were prepared, and by combining these two, the environmental capability map of the urban development of Karaj metropolis was prepared.

The aim of the current research is to evaluate the environmental potential in the urban development of Karaj metropolis from the perspective of geomorphology and using the method logic scoring of preference. logic scoring of preference method is one of the improved methods of multi-criteria evaluation in the preparation of land use capability maps. This method includes three main components of attribute tree, preliminary criteria and LSP cumulative structure. The criteria of geomorphology, geology, soil, hydrology, and vegetation were considered as environmental capability potential, and flood potential and seismicity criteria were considered as environmental hazard potential. By preparing a questionnaire and using the Delphi technique, experts' opinions were obtained about these criteria. After forming the decision tree, the weighting stage and the ability to replace the criteria and features were done. First, a weight was determined for each criterion, and a separate weight was assigned to each subsection that is created by connecting two criteria and to each branch that is created by connecting two subsections. Substitutability or coexistence means determining important features and criteria in decision making. So that their little or big effect on the final decision was determined with a positive and negative numerical interval. By implementing the LSP model, the environmental capability potential map and the environmental risk potential map of Karaj metropolis were prepared, and by combining these two, the environmental capability map of the urban development of Karaj metropolis was prepared.

Based on the evaluation map of the environmental capability of urban development, it was found that 16.13 percent (equivalent to 112.68 km2) of the studied area has very low environmental capability for urban development, 23.36 percent (equivalent to 163.18 km2) has low environmental capability for urban development, 24.5 percent (equivalent to 171. 17 km2) has medium urban development environmental capability, 18.51% (equivalent to 129.35 km2) has high urban development environmental capability, 17.47% (122.05 km2) has very high urban development environmental capability.

Suitability maps of LSP method are useful and justifiable results. The analysis and reliability of the LSP method is theoretically calculated. But in the field of working with spatial data, it should be investigated more. This method with excellent quality in land for various applications of land development and evaluators can have different programs from small aspects to form and quality in achieving possible outputs in land suitability.The aim of the present study is to present a new method in land evaluation. In evaluating environmental capability, the role of geomorphological factors, environmental dynamics, and landforms on the earth's surface is obvious and clear, and the knowledge of geomorphology has a practical and important role in evaluating environmental power. While in most methods of evaluating ecological capability, the criteria of slope and direction of slope and height are used as geomorphological criteria, and the role of form and process in these evaluations is very weak.The most sensitive areas of urban environmental capability around the river in the Karaj alluvial landform are mountainous areas with high slopes and shallow soil. LSP is a suitable tool for discussing and reviewing the opinions of stakeholders, decision makers, planners and other experts in land planning.Due to the change in the direction of the Braided river on the surface of the alluvial fan, its dynamic level is more and noticeable in the short term compared to the plain and alluvial plain landforms. This function of Braided river on the surface of the alluvial fan shows the activeness of the eastern part of the Karaj alluvial fan, and therefore it is necessary to consider this dynamic in environmental planning. Failure to pay attention to the activeness of this part of the fan cone causes irreparable risks to human constructions and facilities.

Identification of geomorphological landforms is very important in terms of the origin of their formation and the process of their changes in the past, present and future. Therefore, natural obstacles and the extent of the study areas and field studies are challenging. To solve such problems, the use of remote sensing technologies for environmental management and natural hazards is essential. One of the newest methods is to use the capabilities of satellite images to extract and study changes in landforms at different time intervals and predict their changes in the future. The main goal of this research is to classify, reveal and simulate the changes in the main and important landforms of the Sejasrud watershed using Landsat satellite images and the maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm between 1986 and 2018, as well as predicting the changes using the Markov method for The year is 2050.

The research method in this research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of survey-analytical nature. Field and library methods were used to perform and collect information. LandsatTM and OLI satellite images from 1986 and 2018 were used to collect preliminary data .In this regard, in addition to extensive field studies, Google Earth images and topographic maps of the area were used to better identify land forms. After preparing the data required for better detection and detection of geomorphological landforms according to, different stages of image processing were performed. Then, for classification, educational samples that had previously been radiomatically and atmospherically corrected were used. Using trial and error process, the best method for educational examples was obtained by generating a vector layer on images and converting them into educational examples in ENVI5.3 software environment. In the next step, using the supervised classification method, the maximum probability of land classification of the surface forms of the studied area was studied. Finally, using the functions related to the study of changes in landforms, the rate of change and simulation until 2050 was done. In the process of this research, ENVI 5.3, ArcGIS10.1 EXCEL2013 TERRSE IDRISI software were used.

What can be deduced from Tables (5, 4, 3) and Figure (7) is the extensive changes in the surface area of important geomorphological landforms of Sajasrood catchment, which shows the dynamics of effective processes in landforms and strong performance of tectonic forces, especially external dynamics and human activities. In the evolution of geomorphological forms. According to statistics and information obtained over 32 years, alluvial fans and mountain and river garrisons had the most decreasing change. Instead, the area of alluvial plains and vegetation (Figures 7 and 8) show a significant increase. The area of mountainous areas, hills and recent alluviums also show slight decreasing changes. The Markov model according to Table (4) showed that new alluviums, alluvial barracks and alluvial fans have the highest pixel transfer to the alluvial plain landform, respectively. Also, according to Table (5), the highest area displacement is related to alluvial fans and alluvial plain. The reasons for these reductions and increases are mostly due to the extensive industrial and agricultural activities in the last three decades and climate change. The proliferation of alluvial fans, alluvial garrisons, and new alluviums is closely related to the amount of precipitation, especially snowfall, which has unfortunately declined over the past three decades. On the other hand, agricultural activities have experienced tremendous growth in the last three decades, which has led to changes in land use in various geoforms such as alluvial fans, mountain slopes, hills, barracks and recent alluvial beds, as well as the physical, chemical and biological properties of land surface. Has changed and transformed. Because in the process of baseline pixel classification, the smallest change in ground surface effects in different spectral bands shows its satellite images. Therefore, spatial changes in terms of area and shape over a period of 30 years are quite natural and logical. Activities related to cryoclasts, thermoclasts, and snow and rain constantly cause erosion of mountainous and hilly areas. On the other hand, agricultural activities in the foothills and hills affect the reflection of satellite electromagnetic waves. As a result, parts of the landforms mentioned in the vegetation class may be included in the image classification. However, due to the active tectonic activity in the basin, the effective role of this factor should not be overlooked. Figure (8) shows the process of landform changes in terms of the intensity or severity of the changes. An increasing or decreasing trend means more intensity and speed of change.

The mountainous region of Sajasrood catchment and its various geomorphological phenomena are changing due to different geomorphological processes. Landsat satellite imagery was used to study the geomorphological changes of the surface forms of this catchment and to discover its 32-year changes. After preprocessing, processing and post-processing steps, the geoforms were extracted using the supervised classification method using the maximum similarity method. Then, using two functions, Change Detection Statistics and Image Change Workflow in ENVI software environment, which are used in the field of change detection, changes were extracted statistically and map.The results of the research showed that the biggest incremental changes are related to alluvial plains and mountains and hills, and the biggest decreasing changes are related to alluvial cones. The results of table (6), which is a comparison between the 2018 map and the 2050 forecast map, indicate an increase in the area of new vegetation and alluvium and a decrease in the area of other landforms. This is completely logical because with the expansion of the physical development of cities and villages, the expansion of industries and the cultivation of areas related to the levels of alluvial cones and alluvial plains, foothills and hilly lands on the extent of covered areas.A plant will be added and other side effects will be reduced.

The soil formation process is a complex interplay between specific pedogenic processes, creating a set of solid-phase pedogenic features. Pedogenic carbonates, containing evidence for paleoenvironmental conditions are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions. The heterogeneity of soils and pedogenically modified alluvial deposits and developed from slope deposits can be seen in macroscopic observations of morphological features such as sudden changes within the grain size distribution the presence of rock fragments with different lithology, a significant change of percentage content and/or shape of coarse fragments, various degrees of soil and deposit weathering, and changes in the colour mantle or the soil conciseness. However, transported, displaced and mixed material on slopes can be also efficiently recognized by a number of micromorphological features. Sometimes, even in the absence of macroscopic indications, the analyses of micromorphological features can give even more detailed insight. Unfortunately, micromorphological features in soils or alluvial deposits affected by slope processes have not received much attention in recent years.

The section investigated in this study includes the pedogenically modified alluvial sediments was formed in one of the abandoned anabranches of the Saqez River. Saqqez River basin with an area of 835 km2 is located in Saqqez county, Kurdistan province, western Iran. Saqqez River originates from Pierbodagh and Vazneh Mountains, near Baneh, and flows from southwest to northeast towards Saqqez City as a branch of Zarrinehrud River. Zarrinehrud River flows into Urmia Lake. The area has a Mediterranean continental climate, with hot, extremely dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The minimum winter temperature drops to -30 ̊ C and the summer maximum rises to 40 ̊ C. The average annual precipitation is between 350 and 650 mm and relative humidity ranges from 14% to 95%. The area is located at the margin of the northern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SSZ) which is a metamorphic–magmatic belt associated with the Zagros Orogen and part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic system. The area is actually at the intersection of Sanandaj-Sirjan, Khoy-Mahabad and Alborz-Azerbaijan Zones. The geology of the area is composed of meta-sedimentary, meta-volcanic and meta-plutonic rocks of SSZ and the sedimentary rocks of Alborz-Azerbaijan Zone.Two undisturbed sediment blocks from pedogenically modified alluvial deposit unit were collected. Epoxy resin impregnated for micromorphological studies to investigate the origin of sediments, the process and/or agent responsible for deposition of sediments and post-deposition pedogenic features. The intact sediment blocks grabbed from the profile were dried and then vacuum-impregnated in a vacuum desiccator with epoxy resin mixed with hardener and accelerator. Impregnation of micromorphology samples were done in the Soil Micromorphology Laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. The mammoth-sized thin-sections were made and examined in the Micromorphology Laboratory at Zaminrizkavan Research Co.

Thin-section view of resin-impregnated sediment block from pedogenically modified alluvial unit showing dark-colored basaltic constituents in fine-grained groundmass. Although nearly completely eroded away now, this basaltic lithology should have existed once in the Saqqez River basin. Outcrops of Plio-Quaternary basaltic rocks do occur in the nearby regions in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces. Two studied pedogenically modified alluvial deposit samples marked differences in weathering intensities and degree of replacement by clay minerals in two neighboring rock fragments of similar lithological types indicate that part of the weathering effects might be inherited from the source region of the sediments. Aslo micromorphology study of the samples showed highly vesicular basaltic rock fragments (scoria) in fine-grained matrix stained by iron oxides indicating in-situ pedogenic effects.

The mineralogical composition of fluvial sediments and their textures are useful indicators of past environmental conditions. This diversity indicates fluctuations in climate conditions during the Quaternary in most parts of the world. After a period of erosion, the first sedimentation event on the volcanic bedrock in the study section is represented by alluvial sediments apparently as valley fill deposits. This alluvial unit shows alteration features due to subsequent pedogenic processes. Although the unit includes a variety of rock types, the Plio-Quaternary basaltic constituents prevail reflecting denudation of the youngest lithological unit in the source region. Erosion of Plio-Quaternary basaltic rock and transportation from the source region possibly occurred in Pleistocene when the current fluvial system was not developed and sediment transport was largely through flood events; So, the alluvial sediments in this unit could be considered as debris flow or flood deposits. Marked differences in weathering intensities among detrital constituents with the same lithological types are possibly due to inherited weathering features from the source region of the sediments. However, the fine-grained matrix of the sediments partially replaced by iron oxides/hydroxides and replaced by carbonates clearly represent in-situ pedogenic features. The most conspicuous pedogenic feature in this unit is the development of pedogenic carbonates leading to the formation of carbonate nodules and calcic/petrocalcic horizons. A variety of sources for the origin of calcium in pedogenic carbonates could be considered including weathering of andesitic and basaltic volcanic rocks and calcium release from calcium-rich minerals such as plagioclase and calcium-rich minerals in airborne dust.

Soil erosion and production of sediment load in the watershed has become one of the important environmental problems today, and therefore, Preventing its occurrence is one of the most important factors for protecting natural resources. Increasing soil loss in watersheds Watershed is a continuous challenge that is caused by the increase in population and the pressure on natural resources and unsustainable cultivation in soils and lands Slope causes a decrease in production in the land (Ahmad Abadi, 2017). One of the most important factors of soil destruction and fertility reduction is soil erosion, which is increasing nowadays and leads to Loss of good agricultural soil.

which is called the RUSLE relationship and is a function of six factors as follows:A=R*K*L*S*C*P (2) A: average soil loss per surface unit (tons per hectare per year) R: rain erosion factor, K: soil erodibility factor, L: slope length, S: slope degree, C: management factor Vegetation, P: Factor of soil protection measures This model is still the best available erosion prediction model that can be easily applied at the local level area to be used. In this method, using the DEM map of the basin in the GIS environment and having the factors RKLSCP factors, raster maps are prepared and finally, with the correlation of these maps, the soil erosion map is obtained. In the GIS environment, rain erosibility index maps (R), soil erodibility index (K), slope length index (L), Slope degree index (S) is prepared. Also, Landsat satellite bands 1 and 7 are used to prepare the NDVI map, Vegetation index (C) is prepared. - Third step: modified PSIAC

In 1968, the American Water Management Committee presented the Psiak method qualitatively. This model is based on the sum of 9 factors (X1-9) Effective on erosion, it gives the sedimentation of the basin, according to which the erosion class of the basin can be determined. In the year 1982 Johnson and Wegbhart took these factors numerically (Y1-9) so that the model takes on a quantitative state and its accuracy to increase Factors affecting erosion in this model include: lithology, soil, climate, runoff, topography, vegetation, Land use, the current state of erosion and erosion of Khanhai River. - Fourth step: preparing the necessary invoices:As stated, the revised global equation of soil erosion is an empirical model of soil erosion estimation based on the global equation. Soil erosion is designed. This model, in addition to being able to use data such as the physical characteristics of the basin and Meteorological stations can estimate the amount of soil erosion, it also enables the spatial distribution of soil erosion.

In this regard, in order to calculate the average loss of soil per surface unit (tons per hectare per year), the following factors were examined and calculated and prepared:- Slope degree: S=L* H/A S =541781.94*20/144538670=0.074 S=0.074*100=7.4 - Slope length:Basin slope length 16.03 square kilometers were calculated. Then, the erosive factors of precipitation, soil erodibility, slope length, slope degree, vegetation cover and protective measures were calculated and put in relation to the global equation as follows:R=8.86*0.376*0.72*7.17*1 R=17.197 Also, 3 factors involved in the modified Psiak model were calculated as follows and placed in the relevant section as follows:Q = 0253e^(0/036R) Q = 0.253*〖2.718〗^2.641 0.253×14.02=3.54

In this research, by preparing different layers of information, the state of sediment erosion and the amount of sediment production were determined. According Based on the amount of sediment production calculated and comparing this number with the sediment determination table, it can be said that the basin In terms of sedimentation and erosion, Kal Ismail Dara is in Class I and among the areas with very low intensity of sedimentation. The studied basin has a maximum height of 2000 meters and a minimum height of 1320 meters and in terms of topography (82.38) percent of the region includes, as well as the mountainous region with an area of 25.43 square kilometers, 17.61 percent of the basin includes In this research, using the Revised Universal Equation of Soil Erosion (RUSLE) (sediment erosion rate in the basin) 17.197 tons per hectare per year was obtained in Kal Ismail Valley, and other researchers used the same model for basins.They have calculated different figures. So that Artman et al. (2011) in Navroud, the rate of sediment erosionSediment erosion is 0-100 tons per hectare per year, Mousavi (2015) (in Shahroud-Miami, Mohammadi et al.) (2016) Taaler, Mahmoudi and Naqshbandi (2019) (in Gavshan dam, Arman et al.(2015) in TengSarkh dam, Mozbani et al.( 2021) In Sikan, the amount of sediment erosion was calculated as 2.31-68.185, 0-92.01, 35.2 and 62.17 tons per hectare respectively.Other researchers have also provided different figures for different basins using the PSIAC method. Rostaminia and Safarlaki (2017) In the Cham Gardalan basin, Eylamra 9.6, Alipour et al. (2016) in the Iver basin, 2.95 and Divasalari et al. (2013) in Solqan Qom, Nasiri et al. (2021) in Bakhtar, Qochan and Ghafari et al. (2015) in Cannes, the amount of sediment erosion They calculated 19.85, 4.5-84.2, 4.6-4.17 and 72.78 tons per hectare respectively. The basin of Kal Ismail Dara has an elongated shape

The "badland" term refers to regions that have soft and poorly consolidated material outcrops, limited vegetation, reduced or no human activity and a wide range of geomorphic processes (Martinez- Morillo and Nadal- Romero, 2018). A specific character of these landscapes is their high rates of evolution. Although, these landscapes may be observed in any climate, but they commonly are seen in arid and semiarid areas. Lithology plays a key role in their formation. The most common lithologies creating badlands are mud rocks and marine marls (Faulkner, 2013), because such factors as fine particles and richness in Na+ cause their particles to be dispersed and become prone to erosion and piping. The main particles in badland- forming lithologies include clays and silts, since they are suitable for weathering, dispersion, piping and slope instability (Faulkner, 2016). Clay particles play a major role in permeability, contraction- expansion capacity, slaking, fissility and weathering profile of the materials creating badlands. Two- layer clays such as montmorillonite are more susceptible to dispersion than other clays. There are four main type of badland, which include calanchi, biancane, pinnacle and pseudokarstic. The kind of badland formed in a specific area depends on such diverse factors as lithology, tectonic activity, climate, as well as topographic slope. Pseudokarstic badlands are much less common than the other three types, mainly because they need vertical and horizontal pipes for development. These badlands have several apparent similarities with true karsts and this is why they are called pseudokarstic. The prerequisite for formation of these badlands is development of pipes. Intensified erosion at the mouth of vertical pipes creates funnel- shaped depressions similar to miniature solution dolines. Enlargement of horizontal pipes may cause their roofs to collapse and collapse depressions take form. At a larger scale, it is possible that the entire roof of a horizontal pipe to collapse and a collapse gully will form.

In this study, the following investigations were undertaken. 1. Field investigation for discovering the characteritics of studied badlands. 2. The landforms constituting these landscapes were identified. 3. The hydrological system of the badlands was investigated. 4. The processes creating this landscape were studied. 5. A model for formation of the studied badlands is presented. 6. Morphomeric measuremens of landforms were undertaken. 7. The studied pseudokarstic badlands are compared with true karsts.

The study area lies at at a distance of about 85 km at the east of Kerman city. The playa surface on which the badland landscape has formed gently slopes towards the north and is 9.1 km in length and 1.7 km in average length.The south Golbaf playa is situated at the southern part of NNW-SSE trending Golbaf tectonic valley. This valley in bounded from the west and the east, respectively, by Abbarik and Sekonj mountains. The average amounts of annual precipitation and temperature in south Golbaf playa are about 110 mm and 17 ºC, respectively. Therefore, it expriences a dry climate .The south Golbaf playa is a small pull-apart basin created by tectonic tension and subsidence resulting from right-step condition in Golbaf fault zone (Walker and Jackson, 2002). Actually, this playa is the product of silt, clay and some sand deposition by incoming ephemeral streams.

The material on which the studied badlands are formed is a loam deposit equivalent with mud rock. This material is fit for occurrence of badlands. Its minerals include gypsum, quartz, calcite, dolomite, albite, chlorite and montmorillonite. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) value of these mud rocks is higher than 10, indicating a dispersible material suitable for piping.There are a set of landforms which constitute the studied badlands. They include: erosion gullies, funnel- shaped depressions, collapse depressions and collapse gullies. The main processes operating on these badlands include weathering, erosion, slope failure, shrink and swell, dissolution, transport and precipitation. The main product of weathering is a thin regolith covering the loams. The operating processes acting on these badlands include rain splash, sheet wash, rill erosion and bank erosion in gullies. Additionally, tunnel erosion operates in the pipes which cause them to be enlarged. Pipe collapse, solifluction and creep are other processes affecting these badlands.The studied badlands have formed from erosion of muds deposited in a pull apart basin which was formed as a result of right- step condition in two segments of the Gowk active fault. The thicknesses of these muds is 20m at maximum. This flat depositional environment became an erosional environment as a result of the depression being filled of muds and, the consequent overflowing of floods from the northwestern border of the depression. The resulting steep segment played as a knickpoint which moved backwards into the playa's flat environment, and incision of water courses. Incision of the playa surface created erosion gullies. The gullies devided the playa into a number of separated blocks which became dried as a result of drainage by erosion gullies. Drainage, ultimately, led to contraction of muds and creation of dessication fissures. Penetration of surface runoffs into these fissures, and the consequent erosion, created the pipe system. Also, intensified erosion at the mouth of vertical pipes created the funnel- shaped depressions. Morphometrically, the average depth and diameter of depressions are 1.6 and 2.8 meters, respectively. The studied pseudokarstic badlands have several similarities and differences with true karsts.

The studied pseudokarstic badlands have formed in mud rocks deposited in a small and shallow tectonic basin at 85 Km east of Kerman city, SE Iran. This environment shifted from depositional to erosional, as a result of being filled of sediments which caused overflow of the floods from a point at the north of the basin. The steep gradient resulting from overflowing played as a knickpoint which migrated upstreain. This led to erosion of playa surface by the passing flows. As a result, the playa deposits became dry and a network of contraction fissures were formed in them. The arrival of surface runoff into these fissures was led to depevopment of the pipe system.

Soil is one of the most important natural resource and a place for cultivation. Soil erosion is the main cause of the decline in global available land resources. Water erosion is a major problem because of its socioeconomic impact and the reduction in the agriculture productivity by soil loss, leaching of organic matter, and soil nutrients as well as by reducing water availability and water retention. Quantitative estimates of soil erosion by water are a key component of land-use management plans, which are designed to protect and recover soils. The impact of soil erosion and related sediments decreases dramatically water quality and reservoir capacity in a quantitative and qualitative way. Empirical models such as the Erosion Potential Method (EPM, Flanagan and Nearing 1995), the Modified Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee Model (MPSIAC, Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee 1968 or the most commonly used Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, Wischmeier and Smith 1978) and its reviewed version (RUSLE, Renard et al. 1997).Water erosion is one of the most important of soil loss as one type of land degradation and desertification in many part of Iran. In this study we have applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in Alamarvdasht watershed in the south of Fars province in Iran. This study area is actually effect by different type of water erosion (sheet, rill and gullies). In this study we have applied RUSLE model in Alamarvdasht watershed with focus on gully erosion to produce a potential risk map of water erosion for the whole area.

Our study area in this research is Alaamarvdasht watershed in south of Fars province. This area is actually effect by different type of water erosion (sheet, rill and gullies). For evaluating the severity of soil loss in our study area we have applied the RUSLE model. The input layers of the this model are, Rainfall erosivity (R-factor) is an index that describes the power of rainfall to cause soil erosion, the soil erodibility index or the K factor is defined as the rate of soil loss, the combined LS-factor describes the effect of topography on soil erosion, C is the cover-management factor, is used to reflect the effect of cropping and management practices on erosion rates and management practice factor (P-factor). The R factor has been prepared by the annual perception from the near climate stations of the study area. For K factor we have collected 23 soil samples from different part of the area and then we have determined the soil texture for each sample in laboratory and in sequence the K-factor for each point have been calculated. We have then interpolated the K-factor for whole the study area (by IDW). For C-factor also we used the Sentinel-2 data for making a LULC for the study area and then for each land use the proper score has been given. LS factor has been prepared from SRTM-30m digital elevation model (DEM) in SAGA-GIS. P-factor in this research because of any soil conservation practice in the study area assume score 1 for the whole of this layer. In the next step, by using resample function in ArcGIS10.8, all the layers have been resampled into 30m resolution then with using the raster calculator we have multiplied all the layers for generate the potential soil erosion map.

The results of the final map showed that the largest areas of the study area (54.44 %) is in the category of very high erosion class (more than 75 tons / ha/y), which includes many parts of the northeast, east, and parts of the center and southeast of the study area. While 32.22% of the total area of the basin is in the class of less than 20 tons / ha/y, these areas are mostly located in the low slope and central areas. In the end, due to the weakness of this model in estimating the low amount of erosion in areas with gully erosion, the gully density map was prepared using the Kernel Density function in the Arc GIS10.8. Finally, this map was merged with the water erosion map, and then areas with gully erosion were also classified in severe erosion class. According to the results of this research, it is very necessary to carry out soil protection and watershed management works. The RUSLE model and it combination with the index for assessment of gully erosion can be useful for evaluating of water erosion rate especially in area with deficiency of available data.

Empirical soil erosion models, though relatively simple, are easy to interpret physically, need minimal resources and can be worked out with readily available inputs to precisely the area with high level of soil erosion and degredation. This paper demonstrates the application of empirical soil erosion model such as RUSLE integrated with GIS and Gully density to estimate soil erosion potential and the potential zones in Almarvdasht watershed in south of Iran. The erosion severity map revealed that about 49% of the area comes under high and very high erosion category. The result would help to take appropriate erosion control methods in the severely affected areas. The results acquired from the study can assist in developing management scenarios and provide selections to policy makers for managing soil erosion risks in the most effective method for arrangement of different areas of the study area.

Geodiversity is a quality that we try to preserve. one of the important values for evaluating landforms in geomorphology is geodiversity, to provide accurate data for geoheritage conservation. therefore, it can be said that geodiversity reflects the remarkable complexities of a region in addition, by examining the world from the point of view of geodiversity, a better understanding of natural resources can be achieved. The term sensitivity refers to the inherent sensitivity of a feature to damage, which is a function of its inherent resilience, and sensitivity emphasizes the landform's ability to resist change, in other words, landform sensitivity is related to its erosion pattern and it affects that part of the geosystem that is under stress but has little resistance due to environmental characteristics, therefore, sensitivity analysis is designed to quantitatively measure the land's tolerance to change. Since exposure to geomorphological hazards is unavoidable, it is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of the geosystem and determine the impact of each of the effective parameters on it to provide appropriate protection solutions. It is clear that by qualitatively examining and quantitatively calculating the sensitivity of the landforms and their relationship with the geological criteria of each geosystem, better and more effective solutions can be provided to increase their resistance. Due to the widespread interest in geodiversity studies, especially in recent decades, this research investigates the relationship between geological criteria and the degree of sensitivity of landforms in the eastern Kopet- Dagh zone with the geographical location of 59º 36' 56" to 61º 14' 58" East longitude and 35º 14' 05" to 37º 07' 58" north latitude are assigned.

This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between geological criteria and the degree of sensitivity of landforms in 2 sections and 7 stages. In the first part, the prioritization and determination of the impact of each of the selected criteria were done in the evaluation of geodiversity based on the degree of sensitivity of the geosystem using the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) model. This section is done by Arc GIS Expert Choice software. In the second part, after creating sample points in the study area and calculating the degree of sensitivity of each of the sub-criteria, their relationship with the degree of sensitivity of the landforms was evaluated using Pearson's statistical test.

The results of the hierarchical analysis show that among the protection sub-criteria, landcover (0.495) has the highest level of importance from the experts' point of view and sub-criteria soil (0.240) has the lowest level of importance. In the criteria of vulnerability, the lithology sub-criteria with a weight of 0.336 is in the first place and the climate sub-criteria is in the second place with a weight of 0.285, and the lowest level of importance is related to the fossil sub-criteria with a weight of 0.052. After the weight obtained from the hierarchical analysis model was applied to the layer and the layers were overlapped, the result of this overlap created the landform protection layer and the landform vulnerability layer. In terms of landform protection, the studied area is mainly in medium sensitivity (40.8%) and high sensitivity (43.9%). Regarding the vulnerability of the landform, (47%) is in a state of moderate sensitivity, and (38.1%) is in a state of high sensitivity. Finally, the integration of the two layers of protection and sensitivity led to the creation of the zoning layer of geodiversity based on the degree of sensitivity, which indicates that the largest extent of the studied range is in the medium spectrum in terms of sensitivity, 23% of the range is in the low range and 32% is in the high range in terms of sensitivity. The results of the survey regarding the relationship between each geological sub-criteria and the level of sensitivity of the landform show that only the fossil sub-criteria has a negative relationship with the level of sensitivity and the coefficient of this relationship is -0.233, this means that there is no direct relationship between the increase in fossil diversity and the increase in sensitivity of geodiversity. The highest correlation coefficient is related to landcover, and the coefficient obtained for this sub-criteria is equal to 0.566, also, the coefficient obtained for each of the sub-criteria was at an average level in terms of the intensity of the relationship and each of the obtained correlation coefficients for the sub-criteria is acceptable with 99% confidence level, according to the obtained significance level which is equal to 0.000

The results of applying the weight of each of the sub-criteria in the layers and overlapping the layers and creating two layers of protection and vulnerability in the hierarchical method indicate that in general the degree of vulnerability and sensitivity increases from west to east as well as from north to south, which is due to the presence of more virgin rock outcrops, thin landcover, less slope of geomorphological units, the great diversity of geomorphological and hot, dry to hot and semi-arid weather in the above-mentioned areas, the findings of this research correspond to the features of the landforms and are not far from the mind. The results of the analysis using SPSS software show that there is no direct relationship between the increase in fossil diversity and the increase in the sensitivity of the studied area and the highest correlation coefficient is related to land cover. Based on the results obtained in this research, since the major part of the study area has geodiversity with a moderate and high degree of sensitivity, it can be said that the studied area is critical in terms of sensitivity and land degradation. Also, considering that land cover has the highest degree of correlation between geodiversity and the degree of sensitivity of the geosystem, therefore, this requires comprehensive attention and more detailed investigations to further protect the land cover of the eastern Kopet-Dagh zone against destructive factors.

Karst geomorphic landscapes, which are formed as a result of dissolution of rock ,s ingrediets by natural waters, play an important role in geological diversity and are considered as one of the management priorities. These studies should make a significant contribution to the qualitative and quantitative management and protection of these resources against pollution from human activities. What is important is that the identification and zoning of karst areas has an important impact on the management and planning of these areas. The connection between surface water and groundwater is achieved through precipitation. The denser the joints and fractures and the more rainfall, the better the groundwater resources. Groundwater flow in geological formations depends on porosity and permeability. Tectonic factors and karstic landforms play an important role in permeability and groundwater recharge. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and determine the boundaries of karst areas.Baqmach ,s basin is located 30 km from Chenaran city and 80 km northwest of Mashhad. This area is 96.5 square kilometers. This basin is located in the geological zone of Hezar Masjed-Kopeh Dagh. This basin has spring-winter rainfall and the annual average of rainfall is 250 mm. Water resource in this region include the groundwater and surface water (springs, wells and aqueducts). Due to its carbonate structure and tectonic lines, it has a high potential for karst.The purpose of this study is to identify and zoning karst development by using Fuzzy logic model in the Baqmach ,s basin.For this purpose, information layers including lithology, tectonics, precipitation, temperature, slope, altitude, vegetation and land use were prepared. Information layers were prepared using ARC GIS software. These layers were defined as fuzzy functions based on experts' opinions and knowledge of relationships, criteria and field investigation and have been compared. According to the type of relationship of each parameter with the karst formation phenomenon, the membership function of vector layers is determined. In increasingly uniform, their numerical value is greater than one. In uniform reductions, regions with smaller numerical values have a greater impact on karst development. In this study, only the slope and reducing tectonic layers are uniform. That is, karst development is greater in areas with lower slopes and areas that are less distant from faults and fractures.Then these layers were standardized using ANP model. The structure of the network was adjusted through questionnaires and expert opinions. Fuzzy logic model was used to zoning areas with karst development potential. The information layers obtained are combined using the fuzzy logic method. Fuzzy operator multiplication was used to adjust the very high sensitivity. The sum operator is also used for very low fuzzy sensitivity. The gamma operator has a moderating role. The gamma operator is closer to reality and the final map of areas with karst development potential was obtained and the area of each class was determined. The zoning map of surface karst development was prepared with a gamma coefficient of 0.9 .The studied basin was classified into 5 classes in terms of karst development. These classes include karst with high development, karst with relatively high development, karst with medium development, karst with low development and no karst development. The results showed that 16.3% of the region's area is in the karst region with high development potential and 33.7% is karst with high development. This area corresponds to the formations of Mozdoran and Tirgan with limestone and dolomite lithology. 6.6% of the region's area is in the karst class with medium development and 3.6% is karst with low development, and 39.8% is without karst. The central part of the basin has very little potential for karst formation. The area of this floor is about 43.4 %. This section is located in the karst region, which is less developed and without karst.The lithological coefficient of the area has the highest weight with a value of 0.233.The lithology parameter has been the most important factor controlling the karst development potential in the studied area And the factors of drainage density and land use have the lowest weight. They have the least influence on the current karst formation of the basin. The results show that the factors of lithology, precipitation, temperature and altitude have played the most important role in the current karst development in this region. The investigation of the geological units of the region and their lithology shows that only Mazderan and Tirgan formations are effective in the formation of karst resources. According to the results of using the ANP-fuzzy model, it can significantly help in identifying and zoning karst areas.