Eurasian Chemical Communications
Volume:5 Issue: 5, May 2023

Alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO–MgO) are employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel from non-edible oils such as olive, sunflower, and corn. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of temperatures on the catalytic conversion of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using CaO–MgO. The catalyst was used to investigate the temperatures effect on the trans-esterification reaction. The best circumstances were studied a methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 and temperatures of 30-60 °C. The temperatures of the reaction has a considerable influence on the trans-esterification reaction, with optimum biodiesel conversion occurring at 60 °C and a yield 99%, with R2 values larger than 0.70. CaO–MgO catalyst exhibited 99% yield and strong catalytic activity. According to the experimental results, the CaO–MgO heterogeneous catalyst can obtain biodiesel of high yields that are comparable to those cited in the citations.

Bone infection (Osteomyelitis) is an inflammation of the bone that usually results in infection. Nowadays, in situ forming systems are investigated for the osteomyelitis treatment. These systems are in the form of viscous liquid, but they become solid or semi-solid and the drug is released slowly after injection into the infection site. The aim of present study was the long-term release of vancomycin using a PLGA system loaded with drug-containing chitosan nanoparticles. The in situ formulations formed in this study were composed of three main components: polymer, water-miscible solvent, and active pharmaceutical ingredient. PLGA 504H polymer and PEG 250DME solvent with a polymer to solvent ratio of 3:1 was used to prepare the in situ forming system. Chitosan nanoparticles were designed using gelation ionic method by designing the experiment of chitosan nanoparticles with encapsulation efficiency of 51% and drug loading of 25%. Then, by adding different ratios of released drug to loaded drug through nanoparticles in the system, their release profile was examined. The results revealed that adding chitosan nanoparticles reduced burst release by 44% and increased the release time. In this system, the drug can be added to the polymer solution in different proportions of the free form and the drug-containing nanoparticle. Furthermore, in this system, it is possible to use the combination of different drugs in free form or loaded in nanoparticles to improve the treatment process in the system. The use of biodegradable polymers eliminates the need for surgery in the use of this medicinal system. Moreover, this system is biocompatible and non-toxic due to the non-use of organic solvent in the preparation of the system and the use of PEG 250 DME solvent.

A new method is proposed to detect and precisely determining of promethazine HCl. This procedure is easy, straightforward, quick, and cost-effective technique. It is applicable to a wide range of samples, environmental, municipal wastewater, and of course, pharmaceutical preparations (for both tablets and injections). The highest absorbance value was obtained at 248 nm of a uniform content in distilled water. This procedure obeys Beer-Lambert low at a range of 0.5-15 µg/mL, while the registered molar absorptivity is 2.8X104 L.mol-1.cm-1, whereas the relative standard deviation is less than 2%, and the accuracy (average recovery%) is 100 ± 0.9. This technique was substantiated by sensitivity and precision which confirms appropriation for regular analysis of promethazine HCl in actual samples.

New heterocyclic compounds derived from 4,6-Dimethoxy-1H-indole were synthesized. 4,6-Dimethoxy-1H-indole was reacted with chloroacetic acid to produce compound (R1) which used as starting material to synthesized  pyrazole, isoxazole, and pyrimidine derivatives respectively. Compound (R1) reacted with urea and  thiourea to produce diazetidin-2-one (R2) and diazetidine-2-thione (R3). On the other hand, (R1) was combined with thiosemecabazide to produce thiadiazole (R4) which combined with benzaldehyde in acetic acid to yield Schiff base compound (R5). This compound used as starting material to creation compounds (R6-R11) via reaction with hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, acetamide, urea, and thiourea respectively. Anticancer and antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was investigated with good results. Compounds R3, R6, R9 and R11 with (NH) group demonstrated strong activity against MCF7 cells, the IC50 values range between 31.06 - 51.23 µg/mL.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complicated and varied metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease, is a common term for the buildup of a waxy substance, called plaque, in the heart's arteries, resulting in the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate blood circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue, which can lead to a myocardial infarction (MI). Diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary heart disease are the most common non-communicable diseases in the world, causing morbidity and mortality due to microvascular and macrovascular complications due to the close relationship between diabetes and vascular complications.

Osteomyelitis (OM) is a frequent side effect of diabetic foot infections and/or ulcers. Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodelling, many cell types, intricate signalling processes, and a variety of growth hormones are all part of the complicated process of wound healing. Therefore, this study's objective is to assess the amounts of procollagen type 1N propeptide for osteomyelitis diagnosis and epithelial neutrophil activator-78 for early wound healing in patients with diabetic foot. This study was included 138 participants (46 patients with the diabetic foot and 52 patients with type 2 diabetes without foot ulcer), their ages ranged from 45-70 years. In addition, healthy people (40) participants were included as a control group. Measurements of lipid profile, blood urea, and creatinine were done by spectrophotometry methods (Spinreact, 2 Spain), whereas measurements concentration of epithelial neutrophil activator-78 (ENA-78) and procollagen type I N-terminal peptide (PINP) were conducted by ELISA methods. This study revealed a highly significant increase of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, ENA, and PINP (P<0.01) in type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot when compared with healthy control and between each other, while other parameters did not show any significant difference. There were marked elevations of serum P1NP & ENA-78 in patients of diabetes only and diabetic foot and they had highly beneficial to diagnosis, risk stratification, and assessment the severity of these diseases.

This work focuses on the synthesis of some N-aryl sulfonyl derivatives (H1-H9) through the reaction of benzene sulfonyl chloride or P-toluene sulfonyl chloride with aromatic amines containing a pyrimidine ring in their structures (I-VI) in the presence of pyridine as catalyst at room temperature. The spectral data of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance besides the C, H, N, and S analyses confirmed the validity of the synthesized derivatives. Likewise, the biological activity of the prepared derivatives (H1 - H9) was estimated, including antitumor and antibacterial activity. These activities were determined in vitro using the cytotoxicity assay (MTT cell viability assay) in MCF7 cells to detect the anticancer activity and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method used for antibiotic sensitivity test against different pathogenic strains of bacteria. In this study, the MCF-7 cell line was used to assay the anti-proliferative activity of compounds (H1-H9), compound H4 was the most potent in this group with IC50 value of 8.66 μg/mL and compound H8 was the lowest in potency with IC50 value of 52.29 μg/mL. In addition, the synthesized compounds have been screened for antibacterial against six multidrug resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the results showed effectiveness against tested bacteria.