نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1402)

The Industrial Revolution in Europe, which was accompanied by a change in human attitudes towards various material and cultural affairs, had a tremendous effect on increasing machine production in Europe and reducing or declining the production of other countries' industries. In the serious challenge between machine production and job-shop product in Iran, many branches of job-shop product in the Qajar era gradually evolved, as the carpet weaving industry was influenced by modernity and the intellectual and cultural atmosphere affected by the Industrial Revolution and became doubly important. The attitude of Western society and the general attention of the European classes, especially the growing middle class, to Iranian carpets had an impact on the design, color and even dimensions of Iranian carpets. During this period, variables such as the change in the attitude of the middle class of European society affected by industrial developments, the introduction of Iranian carpets in international exhibitions and the investment of multinational companies in the carpet industry, provided the basis for increasing domestic carpet production and exports. Art-industry became popular among the general classes of Europe and in the development of its international trade. The purpose of this article is to investigate the challenge of carpet job-shop product in the Qajar period with the developments affected by the Industrial Revolution and Iran's growing dependence on the global economy and to analyze the results of this challenge. The data collection of this article is in the form of libraries and documents and the data have been studied by descriptive-analytical method.

In the last and critical years of Qajar reign the lack of a powerful central government caused Reza Khan to reach positions such as “Head of the Cossack Division”, “Minister of War and the commander-in-Chief of the Army (=Sardar Sepah)”, “Prime Minister”, and then he took over the temporary government and overthrew the Qajar dynasty. During this period, Reza Khan issued many declarations that contained various contents about the military, social and political situation of the country. The study and analysis of these declarations makes it possible to understand the causes, factors and the process of his rise to power, the way of changing the monarchy, and the important governmental, military and political changes of Iran in the 20th century. An important part of these declarations is about the military structure of the country, the security situation and its organization, prioritizing the independence of the fatherland, patriotism, establishing order, safety and welfare of Iranians, and social and political priorities. The research question is about:” What points did Reza Khan’s declarations contain about the situation of Iran during the end of Qajar period, and which political and social components did he emphasize? The findings of this research show that the study of the history of Reza Khan’s period from the time he became the Head of the Cossack division to the position of king, in addition to revealing his thinking and activities, also shows the change in his intellectual and political approaches from a soldier to a military ruler.

“Siorghal” was a type of land assignment in the Timurid era, which was given in hereditary by the sultan or the ruler in exchange for military services to relatives, dependents and loyal army commanders, and then to state officials, clerics, etc. Due to having some privileges at the beginning of the Timurid era, the Siorghamishis (owners of Siorghals) quickly became a superior political power compared to their rivals, in such a way that Shahrukh, the second Timurid sultan, made changes in the way of handing over and the privileges of Siorghals.   The main question of the current article is: why Siorghal was given to different classes but in smaller sizes since Shahrukh's era? The results of this research show that the tribal ties dominating the political structure of the Timurid government at the beginning caused Timur to give Siorghal mainly to the military-tribal elite during his world expansion. However, Shahrukh's reign was a period of transition from a tribal structure to an urban structure, so it was necessary to make changes in the political and economic structure. As a result, until the end of Timurid era, on the one hand, the amount of Siorghal lands of military commanders was reduced, and on the other hand, a wide range of religious, administrative, and artist classes were placed in the ranks Siorghamishis by granting lands, albeit with a smaller area.  In this article, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used by arranging the research data in the form of statistical tables.

The newspaper “Yomiya Sobh Sadegh” was published by the franchise owner "Mortaza Qolikhan Moyed Al-Mamalek Fakhri" After the issuance of the constitutional decree and during the first assembly of the National Council. Due to his opposition to the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, he started publishing the newspaper Youmiya Sobh Sadiq and abdicate ruling Mazandaran and Iraq Ajam. The following research aims to the economic situation and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 AH by content analysis of this newspaper. The newspaper has dealt in detail with the problems and common economic conditions in 1325 AH. By analyzing the content of Yomiyeh Sobh newspaper. It is possible to get a correct understanding of the living conditions and economic problems of the Iranian people at that time. In this newspaper, there are accurate and first-hand news about the negotiations and approvals of the first National Assembly, the price of public goods and services, and other economic indicators. The main question of the current research is what was the state of the economy and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 A.H., based on the data of Sobh Sadegh newspaper? The main claim is that the content analysis of this newspaper can lead to providing first-hand information about the Iran's economic situation at this important historical moment. By reviewing this newspaper, we can find the inflation of some goods, the problems of employee situations, and the failure of the plan to establish the National Bank and we get a great picture consistent with the problems of that era and it becomes clear that the economic situation was chaotic and people were suffering from many livelihood problems to the extent that the price of some basic goods increased. According to the nature of the subject, this research is in the field of theoretical fundamental research, and the method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and content analysis techniques have been used in the classification of topics and frequency of words. The method of data collection is library.

In this article using Gidden's "construction" theory, the grounds the policy of suppressing Ilots and Nomads (Batakid on Ilots and Nomads of Lorestan) investigated in the form of Gidden's sociological theory. Based on the "construction" theory, Giddens pays attention to the role of the agent (as a case example, Reza Shah) in the context (as a case example, the community of Ilat and Nomads) and the two-way relationship (interactive or reciprocal) between structure and agent. In a descriptive-analytical way, sociological-historical methodology, this research raised the question based on Giddens' theory of construction, how can the first Pahlavi's policy towards the tribes and nomads of Lorestan be evaluated?? The research approach of the article is that regarding Reza Shah's performance towards the Lorestan tribes and nomads, none of the proposed theories - which are discussed in the text - alone can express the whole reality his performance, we must consider the relationship. He paid attention to the structure-agent and their two-way interaction.

Mohammad Amin Rasulzadeh was one of the most important intellectuals in the Caucasus who published the Takamol newspaper to analyze and study early changes of constitutional era. The purpose of this research is to investigate how Rasulzadeh and Takamol newspaper viewed the developments of the early Iranian Constitutional period and why. The results of this research show that the formation of currents influenced by socialism in the Caucasus and the establishment of parties of Hemmat and Ijtimaiyun-e Amiyun played an important role in developing how Rasulzadeh and his colleagues in Takamol newspaper viewed the events surrounding the Iranian Constitutional period. Rasulzadeh and his newspaper critically investigated the most important issues and hurdles facing the constitutional defenders with a socialist discourse. Furthermore, constitutional supporters and their newspaper played an important role in organizing and aligning Ijtimaiyun-e Amiyun in Iran. The method of research in this article is descriptive and analytical and is based on Takamol newspaper and main documents. In addition, research articles and books and translated books focusing on Mohammad Amin Rasulzadeh have been used.

Ale-Saj, known as Bani Saj, Sajedian, and Sajiyeh, played a significant role in the history of Iran and Islam during the fourth century. Abu Saj, the founder of the dynasty, suppressed local rebellions against the caliphate, which led to his close relationship with the caliphate and his appointment as the ruler of various cities. He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad bin AbuSaj, who continued to suppress rebellions, including those by the Alawide, and conquered Armenia. He even laid claim to the Afshin royal title and achieved the complete conquest of Azerbaijan, after looting Tbilisi and establishing autonomy. However, Muhammad's brother, Yusuf, had a different vision. He insisted on continuing the rebellion against the caliphate and achieving autonomy for Azerbaijan. He was imprisoned for three years after the Samanid agent was removed from Ray, but he regained power later. He was eventually tasked with suppressing the Qarmatians, which marked the end of his work. Ale-Saj served as agents for the Abbasids in critical political moments, both openly and secretly. They were involved in suppressing the Qarmatians and Alevids and accompanied Khumarawayh Tuluni. However, they later rebelled against him. They also accompanied Yaqub and Amribne layeth on safaris, but despite Yaqub's defeat, they became closer to the caliphate. Although their mission was repressive, the caliphate treated Ale-Saj cautiously. The Samanids had no military relationship with the dynasty, and the caliph officially gave them the command to hand over the province of Ray and assigned Ibn Saj to suppress the Qarmatians. This research aims to investigate the complex and intertwined relationships between the Abbasids, Ale-Saj, and Samanids, and their impact on the history of Iran and Islam during the fourth century. The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical, relying on library sources and historical-critical research.