Journal of Research on Crop Ecophysiology
Volume:17 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

Effect of Drought and Heat Stress on Growth and Yield and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)  Imad Alwan Kattan1 Mohammad Mirzaei Heydari2* Wasit Governorate, Al-Kut, Wasit Province, Iraq. Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.  *Corresponding author: mirzaeiheydari@yahoo.com Received: 28 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  10 Jun 2022 AbstractMany agricultural crops in various parts of the world are exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses such as heat and drought. Including the wheat crop, which is considered the first crop in the world, and therefore the seriousness of both stresses is represented in their threat to global food security. In terms of the impact on the rate of yield production and the contribution to reducing the production of wheat grains, where drought can be considered compared to other factors as the most dangerous factor in recent years due to climate change and lack of rain. Accordingly, agricultural specialists and researchers must work to reduce this potential risk by finding and developing agricultural varieties that are able to withstand and resist heat stress and drought, and that can produce a good amount of wheat under the pressures of both stresses, which is guaranteed by securing food globally. Through this research, we touched on the seriousness of drought and heat on the wheat plant, and showed some mechanisms of resistance and adaptation shown by the plant in those conditions.

The Types of Plant Growth Regulators on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Water Stress Condition
 
Mohammad Reza Askarnejad1, Ali Soleymani1,2*, and Hamid Reza Javanmard1
1-Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
 2-Plant Improvement and Seed Production Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
 
 
*Corresponding email address: a.soleymani444@gmail.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
Abstract
Iran is climatically located in semi-arid and arid zones, as stressful environment in the world, Barley is one of the stress-tolerant crops that adapted to salinity and drought simultaneously. In order to evaluate the impacts of different plant growth regulators (PGR) on the grain yield and yield components of irrigated barley crop under water low or deficit irrigation condition, an experiment was conducted as a split plot with three replications in two different experimental fields, namely Abarkuh and Faragheh in 2018-2019 cropping year. Main plots were irrigation after the evaporation from the class A pan, namely control (80 mm) (S1), 100 mm (S2), and 120 mm (S3), and the subplots were the PGR application by spraying water (control) (P1), gibberellic acid (GA3 at 110 mg/l) (P2), salicylic acid (SA at 1.5 mM) (P3), benzyl adenine (BA6 at 60 mg/l) (P4), GA3 (110 mg/l) + SA (1.5 mM) (P5), and superoxide dismutase (SOD at 5 mg/l) (P6) solutions in water. In this experiment the effects of experiment treatments were affected plant height, leaf area index (LAI), the number of tillers per plant, peduncle length, spike length, the number of seed per spike, one thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), and grain protein significantly. The highest values of plant height (102.64 cm), leaf area index (3.62), the number of tillers per plant (4.27), peduncle length (26.02 cm), spike length (7.87 cm), the number of seed per spike (33.09), one thousand grain weight (39.86 g), grain yield (3.06 t/ha), biological yield (5.62 t/ha), harvest index (54.53%), and grain protein (11.82%) was related to 80 mm evaporation from the Pan class A and combined application GA3 and SA. All PGRs, particularly the combined application of SA and GA3 followed by superoxide dismutase significantly increased nutrient uptake, grain yield, grain protein, and yield components of barley. In conclusion, it is important to use tested PGR to increase barley yield and yield components particularly under drought stress condition.

Study of the Sesamia cretica Population Control Using Fibronil Insecticide in Sugarcane Fields of Khuzestan Province
 
Amir Khadempour1, Amir Soraghi1, Fakher Kardoni1*, Shabnam Ashouri2
1- Debal Khazaei Sugarcane Agro-Industry, Khuzestan Province, Iran
2- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
 
 
*Corresponding author: Email: Kardoni1986@gmail.com
 
Received: 10 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  20 June  2022
 
 
Abstract
 
One of the most important pests of sugarcane in Iran is the stem borer, which causes great damage to the amount of sugarcane production every year. Therefore, controlling this pest using insecticides is very important. This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of fipronil formulation on sugarcane Sesamia cretica control. The experiment was carried out in the research fields of the Debal Khazaei Sugarcane Agro-Industry, Khuzestan Province of Iran, in 2021. The experiment treatments included fipronil 20 kg ha-1 (0.2% G), 1 and 1.5 l ha-1 (SC 5%) along with controls in two cultivars CP69 and CP48. The experiment results showed that there was a significant difference in the percentage of dead central buds with the use of fipronil in the form of granules and suspension compared to the control. The percentage of dead central bud in CP69 cultivar with the application of fipronil 20 kg ha-1 (0.2% G) and 1 and 1.5 l ha-1 (SC 5%) was reduced by 26, 34 and 32% compared to the control, respectively. Also, in the CP48 cultivar, the percentage of central bud decreased by 20, 23 and 24% compared to the control, respectively, with the application of fipronil 20 kg ha-1 (0.2% G) and 1 and 1.5 l ha-1 (SC 5%). The number of live larvae in both cultivars in 1 and 1.5 l ha-1 SC was lower than other treatments. Also, the results of poisons efficiency showed that in both cultivars, the highest efficiency of poison was observed in fipronil SC 5% of 1 and 1.5 l ha-1. In general, due to the lack of difference between 1 and 1.5 l ha-1 SC, it is recommended to use fipronil 1 l ha-1 to control of sugarcane Sesamia.

The Effect of Foliar Application of Iron and Proline Nanoparticles on Biochemical, Physiological and Agronomic Traits of Quinoa Plant in Different Cultivation Dates
 
Rahmat Salehi1, Abbas Maleki*1, Mohammad Mirzaei Heydari2, Alireza Rangin1, Amir Mirzaei3
1- Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad
 
2- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3- Agricultural and horticultural sciences research department, Ilam Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ilam, Iran.
 
 
*Corresponding email address: maleki97@yahoo.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
 
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological adaptation of quinoa plant, cultivation in different dates under the effect of foliar spraying of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 in February in Ilam province, Sarableh city in the research center farm located in the north East of Ilam city was implemented in the form of a split-split plot (plots chopped twice) in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor, including the planting date, was done in three levels: February4th, February 19th and March 4th. The secondary factor includes iron nanoparticles in four levels including control or non-consumption, 0/3, 0/6 and 0/9 grams per liter of water were added to the volume. The third factor included proline in two levels: 100 mg per liter consumption and Non-use (witness) which were placed in sub-sub plots. The results showed that the main effects including  year, planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on all traits, plant height, number of flowering branches, height of the main flowering branch, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvesting index were meaningful. Due to the difference in temperature and humidity conditions, most traits were affected. So that the maximum weight of 1000 seeds was obtained with the amount of 6.05 grams in the triple treatment of planting date in iron nanoparticles and proline consumption on the March 4th planting date and 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption. Also, the lowest weight of 1,000 seeds related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained with 1.73 grams. The highest yield was obtained on the date of the third crop on the March 4th and the treatment of 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and the consumption of proline with the amount of 2948.17 kilograms per hectare. The lowest yield related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained 14556.17 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, the best yield was obtained on the March 4th and the use of proline and the treatment of 0/9 grams of iron nanoparticles were obtained, which is recommended to achieve high grain production in the cultivation conditions of the region.
Keywords: Planting date, Iron nanoparticles, Proline, Antioxidant enzymes and performance components
University, Ilam Branch, Ilam, Iran.
2- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3- Agricultural and horticultural sciences research department, Ilam Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Ilam, Iran.
 
 
*Corresponding email address: maleki97@yahoo.com
 
Received: 20 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  2 June  2022
 
 
 
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological adaptation of quinoa plant, cultivation in different dates under the effect of foliar spraying of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 in February in Ilam province, Sarableh city in the research center farm located in the north East of Ilam city was implemented in the form of a split-split plot (plots chopped twice) in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor, including the planting date, was done in three levels: February4th, February 19th and March 4th. The secondary factor includes iron nanoparticles in four levels including control or non-consumption, 0/3, 0/6 and 0/9 grams per liter of water were added to the volume. The third factor included proline in two levels: 100 mg per liter consumption and Non-use (witness) which were placed in sub-sub plots. The results showed that the main effects including  year, planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on all traits, plant height, number of flowering branches, height of the main flowering branch, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield and harvesting index were meaningful. Due to the difference in temperature and humidity conditions, most traits were affected. So that the maximum weight of 1000 seeds was obtained with the amount of 6.05 grams in the triple treatment of planting date in iron nanoparticles and proline consumption on the March 4th planting date and 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption. Also, the lowest weight of 1,000 seeds related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained with 1.73 grams. The highest yield was obtained on the date of the third crop on the March 4th and the treatment of 0.9 grams of iron nanoparticles and the consumption of proline with the amount of 2948.17 kilograms per hectare. The lowest yield related to the planting date of February 4th and the absence of proline and iron nanoparticles was obtained 14556.17 kg/ha. According to the obtained results, the best yield was obtained on the March 4th and the use of proline and the treatment of 0/9 grams of iron nanoparticles were obtained, which is recommended to achieve high grain production in the cultivation conditions of the region.

Effect of Tillage Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Seed Yield, Weed Traits, and Nitrogen use Efficiencies of Maize (Zea mays)
 
 
 
Amin fathi1*, Ehsan zeidali2
1- Department of Agronomy, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol,
2-Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ilam University, Iran.
 
 
 
 
*Corresponding email address: dr.aminfathi@gmail.com
 
Received: 5 March 2022                                                                               Accepted:  15 June  2022
 
Abstract
 
Tillage (T) methods and nitrogen (N) rates are influential factors in improving maize yield. An experiment was conducted as a factorial arranged in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) for two years (2016-2018). In treatments consisting of three tillage methods minimum tillage (MT) (chisel plower and furrower) and conventional tillage (CT) (once moldboard plow+ once disc + furrower), intensive tillage (IT) (two moldboards plow + two disc + furrower) as main plot, and five N levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1) as subplots. The results showed that MT method had the highest seed yield (7615.9 kg ha-1), an increase of 22.3% and 5.8% over IT and CT methods, respectively. Additionally, the highest seed yield (7484 kg. ha-1) was obtained with 200 kg ha-1 of N, an increase of 21% higher than control. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and weed management were affected by N. However, the results showed that weed weight, and the number increased with increasing the N levels. On the other hand, reducing N level reduced seed yield. It is therefore essential to maximize efficiency with good management. Overall, the results revealed that MT method can be recommended as an appropriate agronomic approach and it had higher performance compared to CT and IT methods in the region.