نشریه افق توسعه آموزش پزشکی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Education experts believe that traditional learning patterns can not meet the needs and challenges that human beings will face in the future. Virtual and Video-based teaching has been hailed as a new way of learning educational skills. In this study, which is a quasi-experimental study in the field of research in education, the research population included all laboratory science students at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The topics of the parasitology course were presented in 8 separate sessions with the traditional method in the control group and in the virtual education process for the case group. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean of total scores in two educational methods. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the scores of the sections in two educational methods. Data were analyzed in SPSS software version 28. A significance level of 5% was considered. There was no statistically significant difference between men and women in the two groups (p-value = 0.689; χ2 = 0.160). The mean total score in face-to-face method (15.09 37 3.37) and virtual method (16.28 3 3.00) was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.098; t = 1.675). There is almost general agreement among researchers on the usefulness of computer-assisted and multimedia education in advancing students' cognitive learning. Based on the findings of this study, the combined use of class-based methods and face-to-face communication in some sessions and virtual methods based on showing videos in other sessions can be suggested as an effective method in teaching basic science courses.

Virtual reality, as one of the newest technologies, has been used in various fields from video games to travel and research. This technology is also used as a therapeutic solution for some mental disorders. However, the attitude of patients with mental disorders towards the use of virtual reality is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the level of acceptance of virtual reality technology among patients with mental disorders.Materials & This study was designed and implemented based on a research by Megan Liu   et al. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated in the year 2021 2021. In this study, CVR and CVI coefficients were used to assess the content validity, and its external reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha. : The translated questionnairs consisted of 23 questions, 16 of which were specialized and categorized into 6 different dimensions. The content validity index was 0.8, which is an acceptable value for this questionnaire. In addition, Cronbach's alpha was estimated to be 0.7, and the correlation between the questions was shown to be permitted at a significant level of 0.0001. According to the results, the questionnaire had high validity and reliability to assess the acceptance of virtual reality technology among patients with mental disorders

Clinical education in medicine requires factors such as a hospital education environment, diverse patients, complete physical facilities, and, most importantly, competent professors with excellent educational ability. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the characteristics of clinical professors and the level of satisfaction of medical students.Materials & This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional, and retrospective study is based on the results from the satisfaction forms received from medical students of the Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran, in 2016-2020 by education development office. A total of 130 clinical faculty and visiting professors of the medical school were examined in these five years, and over 500 students participated in the evaluation of professors during these years. The degree of satisfaction of students at a high level with non-native professors (76.91%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to native professors (5.38%). This satisfaction of specialist professors (76.59%) was significantly higher compared to subspecialist professors (27.68%) (P<0.05). However,  there was no relationship between gender, age, marital status, clinical work experience, type of cooperation with the university, duration of collaboration with the university, and the number of scientific articles registered by the clinical professor with the level of student satisfaction. Although students were more satisfied with non-native professors and the university’s expertise, these professors are recommended to be used in teaching students.

Lockdown in educational institutions and universities and implementing virtual education programs were the first and most basic measures to prevent the spread of the Corona pandemic in all countries, including Iran. This study was conducted to compare the state of academic resilience and its relationship with the academic enthusiasm of medical (Nursing and Midwifery) and non-medical students during the implementation of the virtual education program at the Islamic Azad University of Rasht.Materials & This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted 425 students from different faculties of the university were randomly selected and completed Fredericks questionnaires of academic resilience and enthusiasm for education. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), and analytical statistics (independent t-test, one-way variance, and Pearson's correlation). There was the least academic resilience during the implementation of the virtual education program in the Department of Medical Sciences. In addition, the academic enthusiasm was reported to be lower than in other faculties. The average score in both dependent variables was higher in male students than in female students (p<0.001). Moroever, there was a statistically significant difference between the average score of academic resilience in medical and non-medical students (p=0.001). The findings showed the poor condition of resilience and academic enthusiasm of medical students. Medical sciences that work with saving people's lives, especially in medical sciences is essential to save people's lives. Therefore, there is a need for more attention for creating suitable communication conditions in the university environment and professors with students to improve the situation caused by COVID-19 epidemic.

Nowadays, the demand for cosmetic dental services has become widespread among many patients. This qualitative field study aimed to examine dentists’ treatment plans in response to a request for cosmetic services from a single patient. The researcher visited general dental offices in one of the privileged region’s streets in Mashhad after receiving a standard treatment plan from a specialized dental council as an unannounced standardized patient (USP) and a "real" patient. The researcher visited all the private general dental offices on that street using the total population sampling. In each visit, the researcher discussed the need for cosmetic dental services, and divided the dentist's cosmetic treatment plan into three categories: intervention, intermediate, and non-intervention. Dentists’ medical council numbers were divided into four categories: 1) 0 to 50 thousand, 2) 50 thousand to 100 thousand, 3) 100 thousand to 150 thousand, and 4) 150 thousand to 200 thousand. A total of 24 offices were visited. The treatment plans of eight dentists were prone to intervention (orthodontics and restorative cosmetic services of 1 to 10 units of composite veneer or ceramic laminate), nine dentists were not inclined to intervention, and seven dentists were classified as intermediate. Dentists proposed most interventional treatment plans with medical council numbers 100-150 thousand, and most non-interventional and intermediate treatment plans related to dentists in the 50-100 thousand group. There was a wide range of cosmetic treatment plans for a single patient. Therefore, standard instructions appear to be necessary to prevent non-standard treatments and overtreatments in cosmetic dentistry. It may be possible to improve the quality of cosmetic dental service provision by further examining dentists’ and dental students’ educational needs regarding the diagnosis and treatment of cosmetic complaints.

The cognitive processes involved that lead to increased vulnerability in suicidal behaviors have not been well studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to predict suicidal ideation based on irrational beliefs and intellectual rumination of Payame Noor students of Zahedan branch.  In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 150 students of psychology and educational sciences participated in a simple random method in 2020. Data collection tools were valid and reliable questionnaires of suicidal ideation, irrational beliefs and rumination. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression tests and SPSS 23 software. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between suicidal thoughts and irrational beliefs (r = 0.05) at 99% confidence level. There is also a significant relationship between suicidal thoughts and rumination (p 05 0.05). Helplessness in the face of emotional change and irresponsibility has also been able to explain students' suicidal thoughts. Irrational beliefs and intellectual rumination are among the variables related to students' suicidal thoughts and have the ability to predict it.

The importance of Ph.D. postgraduates related to pharmacy in the healthcare system, as well as the many material and spiritual costs associated with their job, must be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the status of education, skill, and job of Ph.D. postgraduates in Shahid Beheshti University's pharmacy school.Materials & This cross-sectional study was conducted by a literature review and getting experts’ opinions to prepare a questionnaire. A random sampling of 166 Ph.D. postgraduates at the Shahid Beheshti university's pharmacy school was obtained to determine the statistical population and sample size in 2021. Finally, data collection and analysis were performed based on Statistical tests. About 70.3% of respondents are in jobs in which the minimum education required is a Ph.D. degree. In addition, 54% of postgraduates work in Tehran and 52.3% work as faculty members. The majority of the respondents studied the Doctor of pharmacy in the previous course. much of them have moderate satisfaction from occupational characteristics as well as skills, and low satisfaction from educational situation. Satisfaction with the educational situation in the specialty course, matching skills with the needs of the labor market, and employment of people in job positions related to the specialized field require serious attention from policymakers to address the shortcomings of this field.

Iranian nursing researchers considered the Kirkpatrick model to evaluate educational programs. The present review study was conducted to determine the possibility of a systematic review and summarize the results on the Kirkpatrick model in Iranian nursing studies.

The present scoping review was conducted based on the Arksey & O'Malley framework. For this purpose, SID, Magiran, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, and Google Scholar search engine were searched with keywords "Kirkpatrick,” "Nursing,” and "Iran" and their Persian equivalents, without time limit. The final studies were selected based on the PRISMA framework. The information from included articles was extracted. In the last stage, the advice of four medical education and nursing experts were applied.

Finally, 16 articles were included in this review. A total of five and 11 studies had quasi-experimental and observational designs, respectively. The Kirkpatrick model’s initial two stages were applied in the six studies. In addition, other studies used four levels of the model to evaluate educational programs. A systematic review study was not observed in the process of search. The six studies focused on the evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation courses.

The current studies had weaknesses in using the evaluation model, such as the incompleteness of the evaluation steps. Future studies should focus on measuring all levels of the model. Further, the evaluation of educational interventions on patients based on the Kirkpatrick model should be considered. According to the available evidence, conducting a systematic review is impossible.

The ultimate goal of educational program evaluation the development of individuals and organizations. Achieving this goal requires evaluation methods with a systematic approach to all components of the program.

In this overview review study, the keywords "Appreciative Inquiry Approach", Program Evaluation", "Medical Education" were searched in Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Medline databases between 2010 and March 2021. After removing duplicates and considering the direct relationship of the articles to the study’s aim, full-text articles were reviewed.

In searching for sources, 170 records were found, of which 15 articles were finalized. The steps of the appreciative inquiry approach for the evaluation and development of medical education programs were extracted.

The appreciative inquiry approach, as well as evaluating the program, promotes personal, organizational, and social development by enhancing individual and organizational capacities.