Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Winter 2022

Sufficient nutrients supplying is one of the most important factors in realizing the crops potential performance and achieving high yield, which in conventional agriculture is provided by using chemical fertilizers.
This study aims to evaluate the root and shoot structure of quinoa cultivars in response to the phosphorus and zinc sulfate fertilizers application in the Research, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province.
The statistical model was factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three factors including the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer at four amounts (0, 6, 12, 18 mg. kg-1 soil weight), foliar application of zinc sulfate in three concentrations (water without zinc sulfate (control), foliar application at 4 and 8 g. L-1 concentrations) and three quinoa cultivars (Giza 1, Q26, Titicaca) in P.V.C pots and in three replications.
The simultaneous effect of experimental factors on chlorophyll index and shoot morphological traits was significant. Root length to shoot length ratio was affected by the main effect of P2O5 fertilizer and the cultivars differences, and the effect of zinc sulfate was not significant on this trait. In most of the analysed traits, the 4 g. L-1 concentration of zinc sulfate was more effective than the 8 g. L-1 concentration. The total grain weight of the three cultivars was affected by the amount of fertilizer, and the best values of this attribute belonged to the 18 mg. kg-1 triple superphosphate and 4 g. L-1 concentration of zinc sulfate in Q26 cultivar. This trait (TGW) showed the most positive correlation with the plant height, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, and chlorophyll index.
Based on the results of this experiment, the optimal application of P-Zn ratios by reducing the antagonism effects led to the root and shoot structure development, and increased quinoa cultivars production.

Vinasse, the effluent of ethanol alcohol factories, is one of the water sources that can be used well in agriculture. The management of this resource rich in nutrients is very important and necessary to supply plants with nutrients. Current research investigated the effect of different levels of Vinasse on germination and absorption of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium by barley. In the present study, an experiment was conducted at two levels of 10% and 25% Vinasse and a control in experimental plots with a randomized complete block design with four replications. Vinasse treatments with irrigation water included the first treatment without the use of Vinasse, the second treatment including 90% water and 10% Vinasse, and the third treatment including 75% irrigation water and 25% Vinasse. The results showed that the increase of Vinasse in the germination stage of the seeds was effective at the level of 1% and caused a decrease in the average daily germination and germination percentage. So that the highest daily germination with an average of 0.90 corresponds to the control treatment, i.e., 100% water, and the lowest daily germination with an average of 0.74 corresponds to the third treatment of 25% Vinasse. The highest and lowest germination percentages were obtained in the control treatment and the 25% Vinasse treatment, respectively 100% and 88%. The amount of absorbed food elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in vegetative parts of barley plant was significant compared to the control. Adding Vinasse to the soil increased fodder yield, so that by adding 25% Vinasse, a significant difference was observed with the control, the amount of fodder increased from 5.87 in the control to 9.19 tons per hectare in the 25% Vinasse treatment. Adding Vinasse to the soil caused a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed in the vegetative parts of the barley plant at the level of 1%. Adding Vinasse to the soil increased fodder yield and barley grain yield. The results showed that due to the abundance of Vinasse in food, adding it to the soil can be recommended as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of plants such as barley with proper management.

Nitrogen is one of the most significant influencing elements that help the atmosphere function better both quantitatively and qualitatively. Balanced and efficient use of applied nitrogen is of paramount importance in the overall nutrient management system than any other plant nutrient in order to reduce its negative impact on the environment.
A study was conducted in Weis city, located in the southwest of Iran, to examine the effect of pure nitrogen from urea (46% nitrogen) on grain yield and qualitative traits of experimental barley.
A split plot randomized full-block design was used to conduct the experiment over four replications. The main plot contained 50, 90, and 130 kg of nitrogen concentrations per hectare. In the sub-plot, nitrogen was distributed as follows: 50% during the planting stage and 50% during the shooting stage, 25% during the pregnancy stage, and 75% during the planting stage and shoot stage.
The results demonstrated a substantial interaction between nitrogen distribution technique and amount on seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, spike length, plant height, seed protein percentage, and seed protein yield. As a result of raising nitrogen fertilizer application to 130 kg per hectare, barley plants produced more seed (517 grams per square meter) and seed protein (71.65 grams per square meter), according to the study's results.
Based on the overall findings of this study, it can be concluded that barley plants should be grown with a nitrogen fertilizer consumption of 130 kg per hectare using a method that divides the planting stage by 25% and the stage of stem growth by 75% in order to produce the highest possible quantitative and qualitative yield.

Balanced supply of essential nutrients is one of the most important factors in increasing crop yields. Copper (Cu) is one of eight essential plant micronutrients and is required for many enzymatic activities in plants and for chlorophyll and seed production. These field results were used to estimate salt stress direct effects and improved methods for high production in saline soils with affected by micro nutrients. Current study was done according split plot design during 2020 and 2021 in sweet sorghum. Plants were Irrigated by saline water with different Electrical Conductivity |EC = 2 (Tl), 3 (T2), 4 (T3) milimohs cm-1 and control (T4)| in main plots and copper foliar spray |0 (C0), 0.20 (C1) and 0.40 (C2) kg net Cu ha-1| belonged to sub plots at stem elongation stage. The response of sweet sorghum to salt stress was statistically evaluated with affected by Cu and showed a significant difference in all traits but no differ in either year. Results from this analysis indicated that adding 0.40 kg net Cu ha-1 did significantly increase forage yield, sugar yield and ethanol yield; however, the increase in these traits did impact the overall silage quality expressed in estimated ethanol per litter per hectare. Compared forage and sugar yield exhibited significantly that C2 could enhance crop ability to Na in which decrease of sugar yield and plant weight was only 19.2% and 24.29% in 2013 and 17.7% and 25.52% in 2014 respectively, in T3 compared to T4. The key findings of this study can support the hypothesis that Cu can stimulate acclimation process in crops in saline lands which cause high ethanol fermentation and biomass production in sweet sorghum.

To alleviate the negative effect of fertilizers, integrated plant nutrient management is an option as it utilizes available organic and inorganic nutrients to build ecologically sound and economically viable farming system. Research has suggested that integrated nutrient management strategies involving chemical fertilizers and bio-fertilizers enhance the sustainability of crop production. Current research was conducted to investigate the effect of urea chemical fertilizer and sugarcane compost on wheat crop production and growth indices. This study was done according split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included different amounts of sugarcane compost at three levels of zero, 15 and 30 t.ha-1 as the main factor and nitrogen fertilizer from the urea source at three levels of 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 pure nitrogen belonged to secondary factor. The results showed that the difference between the levels of sugarcane compost on the leaf area index, total dry matter plant and seed yield was significant. The difference between nitrogen fertilizer levels was statistically significant in all measured traits. The interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane compost on the measured traits was not statistically significant. The highest seed yield in 30 t.ha-1 of sugarcane compost and 240 kg.ha-1 of pure nitrogen was 6446 and 6421 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the lowest seed yield in conditions without sugarcane compost and 80 kg.ha-1 was 5166 and 5304 kg.ha-1, respectively. The results of the current study showed that the consumption of sugarcane compost and nitrogen led to an increase in the yield of corn seeds through the improvement of growth characteristics. The highest quantitative yield was obtained under the conditions of application of 30 t.ha-1 of sugarcane compost and 240 kg per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, which can be considered and suggested by farmers and researchers.

Fertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yields and to increase crop productivity. One of limitation factor in agricultural plants production in dry areas in the water tension at growth step negative effect of water tension on corn growth depends on the time of tension occurrence, the intensity, plant growth and genotype step. This study was done to assess effect of amino acids on alfalfa crop production under water stress condition. Current research was conducted according split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in Karaj Research Farm. The main factor included water stress (S1: full irrigation, S2: Cut off irrigation from the beginning of flowering until the end of the growing season, S3: Cut off irrigation from 50% of flowering until the end of the growing season) and Foliar application of amino acid (A1: without foliar spraying, A2: 0.5 mM salicylic acid, A3: 1 mM salicylic acid, A4: 10 mM glycine, A5: 50 mM glycine) belonged to sub plots. The difference between the mean of the traits in the treatments of using the reducing agent and not using these substances were considered significant. The results showed the adverse effect of drought stress on all studied traits and the reduction of its destructive effects by stress reducing agents. In determining the yield of wet and dry forage, the simultaneous use of full irrigation and glycine foliar application was the best treatment. According to the results, the use of 10 mM glycine betaine is recommended. In both stress treatments (cessation of irrigation from the beginning of flowering and cessation of irrigation from 50% of flowering) when stress relieving treatments were used, the effect of stress was significantly reduced as in most traits.