Journal of Advanced Sport Technology
Volume:7 Issue: 1, Winter 2023

Electronic business is one of the main tools which has revolutionized and renovated the field of commerce and economy. The present research has been accomplished to identify the elements influencing development of sport business structural patterns with e-commerce approach. The present research, by purpose, is applied and in regard to data gathering is analytic descriptive. The statistical population of research include e specialists and experts acquainted with research in the field of sport business and entrepreneurship who responded the researcher-made questionnaire. Based on the number of questionnaire factors (7), at least 20 samples were estimated for each component as sample volume of research statistical sample. 220 questionnaires were distributed and 198 questionnaires were evaluated. Sampling was accomplished as stratified random sampling, so that all classified groups related to statistical population may have enough number of representatives in the sample. In order to gather data required for present research, researcher made questionnaire was used to study factors influencing sport businesses with focus on e-commerce. In data analysis section, descriptive and inferential statistics (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis test for assessing questionnaire construct validity, T-test to study status-quo (the existing status), Cronbach alpha test to assess reliability, Friedman test to rank presentation of a rank- based pattern) were used. Findings indicated that the model of factors influencing development of sport electronic businesses consists of 7 factors: cultural and social, training and awareness raising, environmental, innovation and creativity, regulatory, managerial and organizational. Furthermore, it seems that regulatory, managerial and organizational conditions influence the mentioned development more than other factors; so, it is recommended that sport businesses’ managers, besides considering the model drawn, pay more attention to the importance of these three factors in order to enter the field of e-commerce.

Today, many people in society choose running as a general or special activity in order to improve their physical and physiological capabilities. Choosing the right shoes in endurance running can have a great impact on the athlete's performance. Physiological energy economy and maximal oxygen consumption are of particular importance not only among runners but among all athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare VO2 Max values and physiological energy economy when using double density spike shoes compared to simple spike shoes. Current study is semi experimental. The statistical sample of the current study includes 30 runners from Ardabil city, who were organized in a group, and the parameters of physiological energy economy, maximum oxygen consumption, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and 1600 meters running record were measured during running with both double density spiked shoes and regular spiked shoes. Also, to analyze the data, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used at a significance level of P=0.05. The results of the present study showed not statistically significant difference in the values of maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and 1600 meters running record with two simple and double density shoes after performing 1600 meters running test. However, the systolic blood pressure values while running with double density shoes were less different than the control shoes (P<0.001). It seems that the use of double density shoes does not have much effect on maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and physiological energy economy. Therefore, in order to receive more confidence and make a more decisive conclusion, there is a need to conduct more research.

It is possible that using unstable shoes with fall prevention exercise training contributes to better fall-related measures in older adults. We aimed to evaluate the effects of 12-week agility balance training wearing usual (US) or unstable (UnS) shoes on the balance, mobility, strength, and fear of falling in healthy older men. A prospective three arms randomized controlled trial was conducted in a university lab. Fifty-seven male older adults were initially randomized into US, UnS, or a control group, and 53 participants (mean age 67.5±4.1 years) completed the study. Both US and UnS groups received agility balance training wearing usual and unstable shoes, respectively. Group classes were offered three times per week over 12 weeks. The control group did not receive an active intervention. Ankle plantar flexor muscle strength (Calf-Raise Senior test), balance (Fullerton Advanced Balance scale), mobility (Timed Up and Go test), postural stability (force platform), and Fear of falling (Fall Efficacy Scale-International) were measured at baseline, after the 12-week intervention, and one month after the end of the training program. There was a significant improvement in all fall-related measures after the 12-week agility balance training in both UnS (ES= from 1.19 to 2.4) and the US (ES = from 0.63 to 2.5) compared with the control group. The UnS group experienced more mobility gains at the 12-week posttest (p = 0.03) compared with the US group. At follow-up, all gains were maintained in the UnS group (p < 0.05), but the plantar flexor muscle strength (p = 0.3), mobility (p=0.08), and postural sway (p =0.07) scores returned to baseline values in the US group.  At follow-up, significant differences were found between-group for all fall-related measures (p> 0.05) in favor of the UnS group. Agility balance training with and without unstable shoes improved fall-related measures. However, wearing unstable shoes with agility balance training maintains longer-term positive effects on fall-related measures in older men.

Developing fundamental movement skills (FMS) as the building blocks of complex sports skills and daily physical activity is crucial. The mechanically optimal performance can be determined by qualitative changes in the sensitive aspects of the skill. Accurate scoring of this process is time-consuming and requires minimum training and experience. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial units (IMUs) based on artificial intelligence algorithms (AIA) for objective assessment of catching and throwing skills.Thirteen children aged 4 to 10 years (age = 7±1.84) (boys = 53%) were asked to do at least ten repetitions of two hands ball catch and underhand throw according to the Test of Gross Motor Skills Development- third edition (TGMD-3). Trials were captured with video recording and three IMUs, simultaneously. Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) artificial intelligence algorithms automatically classified IMU signals. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated between expert scores and the artificial intelligence algorithm. All tests were done at a 95% confidence interval. The classification accuracy of the KNN algorithm (k=7) for two hand catch was 73%, ICC =0.51 (CI=0.25-0.69), and for underhand throw was 70%, ICC= 0.559, (CI=0.314-0.717). The algorithm accuracy when using lower back sensor data was 72% for the tow-hand catch and 78% for the underhand throw. The scoring time was reduced from 5 minutes per skill (in an expert-oriented way) to less than 30 seconds (using artificial intelligence). A close examination of the artificial intelligence classification revealed several aspects of performance that did not play an influential role in trials but were artificially consistent with the TGMD-3. Locating the sensor in the waist area for these two skills will save the cost and time in screening plans. This instrument assessment provides instant feedback, is portable, economical and easy-to-use, and is suitable for educational setting. In the future, more research should be conducted on IMUs' real-world applications by teachers, researchers, clinicians, and coaches.

The index of overall demand as an output of the training factors (volume, intensity and density), is an all-around index for assessment of training loading pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the index of overall demand in Iranian premier league professional soccer players during pre-season phase of annual plan. Nineteen professional soccer players (age mean and SD: 25.1 ± 0.6 years, height mean and SD: 176.5 ± 0.78 centimetres, weight mean and SD: 80.5 ± 8.54 kilograms) belonging to an Iranian professional soccer team, participated in this study. All players included participated in the pre-season. For this longitudinal study, training load data were collected over a 4-week period during pre-season. The GPS system with the 15 Hz MEMS was used in all the training sessions. Additionally, flashing RED light was used to track HR. Higher training duration were showed in the microcycle 1 compare to the microcycle 4. The relative as well as the absolute volume of the training decreased from the first to the fourth microcycles, On the contrary, the partial and overall training intensity increased during the pre-season phase. We showed no significant changes in the relative and the absolute density of the training. The index of overall demand as an all-around index of training loading pattern decreased from the first to the third microcycles, while it increased in the fourth microcycle. According to our findings the volume, intensity and density of training are three key factors in training and optimal adaptation to these components leads to the improvement of performance. The index of overall demand as a training main variable reflects the actual training load. The index of overall demand, help coaches to manage the training load of athletes.

With the increase in the elderly population, the rate of their falls has also increased significantly and causes serious damage to the health of the elderly and society. Falling causes kinematic and kinetic changes in walking of the elderly. Ground reaction force (GRF) is often measured in gait and fall studies and analyzes and is considered as a criterion for walking evaluation. However, to date, no research has been done on the frequency content of GRF in elderly falls, which appears to be able to identify patterns leading to falls and injuries in the elderly. 22 active elderly women aged 65 to 75 years volunteered for this research. They were grouped into two groups of 11 people with and without a history of falling. The subjects walked along the designated path in the gate lab, the walking data was recorded with a force plate. The frequency content of GRF was extracted by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and MATLAB 2016 software.  Results This study compared the frequency content of GRF during walking in elderly people with and without a history of falls. The results shown that F99.5% in the anterior-posterior direction and Fmed in the anterior-posterior direction in the fallen group were significantly higher than the non-fallen group. And it did not show any significant change in other trajectories and other variables. It was found that the fallers showed different frequency content. Performing GRF frequency content assessment has the potential to identify fall-related injuries in affected individuals.