نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال نهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1403)

Potato is an important vegetable that grows all over the world and is considered as an important product in developing and developed countries for human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and its origin is from Peru, and after wheat, rice and corn, it is the fourth product in the food basket of human societies. According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under cultivation of this crop in Iran in 2017 was 161 thousand hectares and the crop harvested from this area is about 5.1 million tons. Traditional methods of determining potato varieties were based more on morphological features, but with the production of new products, there was a need for methods that were faster and more recognizable. Meanwhile, the high-performance artificial neural network can be used to classify cultivars. An artificial neural network can classify and detect cultivars, is flexible and is used in most agricultural products. Azizi conducted a study on 120 potatoes in 10 different cultivars using a visual and image processing machine with a MATLAB R2012 software toolbox to detect texture, shape parameters and potato cultivars. First, potato cultivars were classified usithe ng LDA method, which obtained 66.7% accuracy. This method also erred in distinguishing the two cultivars Agria and Savalan and also classified the two cultivars Fontane and Satina in other classes. They also used artificial neural networks to classify potato cultivars, in which the network was 82.41% accurate with one hidden layer and 100% accurate with two hidden layers. In this study, it was found that different types of potatoes can be identified and identified with a very high level of accuracy using the three color characteristics, textural and morphological features extracted by the visual machine and the use of a non-linear classifier artificial neural network. Categorized.In another study that was conducted using neural networks and image processing on 5 sweet potato cultivars, the researchers showed that this method was successful and could classify sweet potato cultivars with 100% accuracy.By determining and examining the existing relations between the force and the deformation of agricultural products up to the point of surrender, the range of forces harmful to fruit can be determined so that harvesting and transportation machines are designed in such a way that the forces from them do not exceed this range. On the other hand, one of the ways to determine the degree of ripeness of the fruit is to touch and press it with the thumb, which is an experimental way and depends on the skill of the person touching it. The mechanical penetration test of the fruit can be an indicator to check the ripeness of the fruit by quantifying this diagnosis and using this diagnosis to determine the optimal harvest time.Several types of research have been conducted on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural products in Iran and other countries. In a research conducted by Ali Mohammadi and Rasakh to determine some mechanical properties of lime fruit under quasi-static loading, the results showed that the effect of loading speed, loading direction and size of a lime on the breaking force of lime is significant. As the size of the lemon decreases, the breaking force and deformation decrease, and also with increasing loading speed, the braking force increases. In another research conducted by Mohd Nejad and Khosdada, the effect of size, speed and direction of loading on the mechanical properties of lime was investigated and the results showed that the interaction of loading speed and size on fracture energy and toughness and the main effects of size, loading speed and The loading direction is significant on the modulus of elasticity, but none of the effects on the rupture force is significant.

First, 5 different varieties of potatoes (Agria, Spirit, Sante, Marfona and Jelly) were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center immediately after harvest. After preparing the varieties, 21 samples of each potato variety were prepared using a cutting cylinder and then data collection was done with santam machine.To measure the rupture energy of potato samples, santam device (available in the Biosystem Engineering Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University) was used. For this purpose, each potato variety was subjected to a compressive force at three loading speed levels (10, 40 and 70 mm/min) with 7 repetitions. Then, using the amount of rupture force and deformation (surface area under the force-deformation curve), the amount of rupture energy was calculated. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed statistically with Minitab 18 software.

Conclusion:

 The amount of rupture energy in 5 different varieties of potato was obtained using santam device and equation 1. The values obtained for 5 potato cultivars were analyzed using Minitab18 software and the results are given in Table (1).The results of the analysis of variance for the firmness of 5 different potato cultivars were significant at the 1% level and the coefficient of variation was 9.6. In Figure 2, you can see the average results.According to Figure 2, it is clear that the lowest amount of rupture energy is related to the Agria variety and the highest is related to the Jali variety. Also, it can be found that with a loading speed of 10 mm/min, the highest amount of rupture energy is obtained in all figures.In this research, the firmness level for 5 different potato cultivars was calculated using the santam machine available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University and the area under the force-deformation curve. The amount of calculated rupture energy has the ability to be used as a method for the proper selection of different potato cultivars. The use of this method in potato cultivars will be very useful for factories such as chips factories and processing units, and it is also expected that similar methods related to mechanical properties such as crispness and hardness and with the help of different statistical methods to optimize production and The processing of agricultural products can be used in the food industry, which leads to more customer-friendliness and can also reduce agricultural waste.

Introduction:

 Potato with scientific name Solanum tuberosum. L is a plant that is cultivated as an important crop in all countries and is known as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins in the human diet. This is a native product of South America and its origin is from Peru. After wheat, rice and corn, potato is the fourth product in people's food basket, which in Iran sometimes takes the place of rice and takes second place, which shows its importance in meeting people's food needs. According to the reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under potato cultivation in Iran in 2019 was more than 164 thousand hectares and the harvested product from this area was about 32.5 million tons. In the food industry, this product is transformed into various products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dry fried potatoes, etc.Agria, Sante, Arinda, Marfona, Jelli, Born, Satina, Milva, Banba, Fontane, Ramos and Esprit varieties are among the most common potato varieties in Iran. Due to the increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, it is necessary to accurately, quickly and purposefully determine the characteristics of food products. In the apple-potato product, quality assessment after the harvest stage is necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because potatoes, like many other products, have uneven quality and handling during the harvest stage. - Be At the same time, the safety and desirability of food play an important role in the food industry and are directly related to people's health. In addition, a huge part of the potatoes used in the processing industry is stored, so considering the importance of this food item and the demand of the people throughout the year, it is possible to meet the needs of the applicants only through long-term storage with optimal conditions was responsible. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, high dry matter and specific weight, high antioxidants, light skin color and no sprouting. Storage conditions after harvesting can cause changes in the chemical composition and quality of the product.The nutritional and chemical composition of potatoes differs from each other depending on the variety, storage period, growing season, soil type and pre-harvest nutrition. In general, potatoes contain 70-80% water and 16-24% starch and contain small amounts (less than 4%) of protein, fat, anthocyanins, minerals, etc.Storage conditions after harvesting can cause many changes in the chemical composition of potato tubers and as a result, change the quality characteristics of the final product. Sugar and starch are the main components that are affected by metabolism after harvesting in the potato tuber and may ultimately affect their texture, sensory and cooking properties.The quality of potatoes and, consequently, the quality of processed products, significantly depends on the variety and environmental conditions, both during the growing season and during the storage period.Although the quality of raw potatoes is determined primarily by the size, shape, color and attractiveness of the tuber, its quality is mainly determined by examining the quality of the final product. The quality of processed potato products is evaluated in terms of color, flavor and texture, and most of their quality depends on the quality of raw potatoes.By analyzing the relationship between the color of chips, dry solids, sucrose, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, protein and storage temperature data, Meza showed that dry solids, reducing sugar and sucrose in determining the color of fresh potato chips and reducing sugar, tuber temperature and sucrose content are very important in determining the color of stored tuber chips, and the relative importance of each of these parameters changes with the variety and age of potato tubers.

different varieties of potato were prepared from Arallo Agricultural Research Center (Ardebil Province) immediately after harvest. Then, data collection was done from different samples and cultivars (measurement of carbohydrate content) as explained below.The carbohydrate content of the samples was extracted using the equipment available in the central laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. This process was carried out by the Schlegel method, in which carbohydrates were extracted using 95% ethanol based on the sulfuric acid method in each sample. The amount of light absorption of each sample was obtained from a nano-spectrophotometer device (Nanodrop) with a volume of 1000 microliters (Figure 1) using a cuvette (made by Termo scientific company from the USA) and the amount of extracted carbohydrates were obtained based on micrograms per millilitre from the standard curve.Glucose was used to prepare the standard curve. Serial dilution of glucose was prepared and color development at 490 nm was controlled for different concentrations of glucose and one millilitre of distilled water was used as a blank. This standard curve was used to calculate the concentration of total carbohydrates in the samples. The standard curve had a coefficient of determination of 0.9955.For each sample, data collection was done in three repetitions and the amount of absorption wavelength and then the amount of carbohydrate was calculated.

In order to obtain the number of carbohydrates, the number of the absorption wavelength was placed in the relationship obtained from the standard curve, and the number of carbohydrates was obtained in micrograms per millilitre. The results of the analysis of the variance of the effect of cultivar on potato carbohydrate content can be seen in Table 1. According to the analysis of the variance table, the effect of variety on potato carbohydrate content was significant at the 1% probability level.As you can see, Sante and Esprit cultivars have more carbohydrates than other cultivars. Also, the carbohydrate content of the Marfona variety was the lowest.According to the data and results of the research, it was observed that the amount of carbohydrates in different potato cultivars is different, and Sante and Esprit cultivars had more carbohydrates at the time of harvest. Also, according to the resulting graphs, it was observed that the amount of carbohydrates of the Marfona cultivar is lower than other cultivars. It is recommended to choose a more suitable variety according to the type of consumption and the importance of quality characteristics for consumption and processing, according to the storage conditions and time.

The most important sources of risk that farmers face include economic risks such as fluctuations in the price of raw materials needed by farmers, including seeds and chemical fertilizers, as well as social risks such as theft from farms and agricultural machinery and natural hazards such as pests and diseases of crops. (Hosseini et al., 2021). The agricultural sector has special capabilities due to its continuous and sustainable economic growth, food security, return on investment, currency appreciation, lower valuation, creating social justice in comparison with other economic sectors of the country, so that it has been able to play a very significant role in the economic field. Have a country (Mousavi and Khosravi Pour, 2020). In recent years, due to the growing population and the growing need for food and clothing, the initial human attitude to nature, which was a friendly attitude, gave way to one-sided interaction with nature (Vahedi et al., 2021). Therefore, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, hormonal products and antibiotics entered the agricultural sector and by using the improved cultivars, great successes were achieved in increasing the production of agricultural products to meet the growing demand for food (Azami et al., 2019). Therefore, considering the importance of organic products in Saveh, in this study, the effective factors on risk management determinants of organic products in Saveh using the method of genetic function approximation and logit algorithm to determine what factors affect the risk of products Organic in Saveh city in changing the pattern of cultivation of environmental products. Nowadays, considering that any agricultural activity faces risk due to the existence of harmful natural events, planning to reduce the amount of risk and increase the security of investment in this sector is essential. Therefore, identifying important factors and determinants affecting farmers' risk management is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the risk of pomegranate growers in Saveh city with the focus on changing the pattern of environmental cultivation using the approximation method of algorithm function and logit regression model. Statistical sample was collected using random sampling method from 130 pomegranate growers in the city in 2020 . Education factors, consumption of animal manure, interest in organic farming, type of tree breed, reduce soil and water pollution, working capital and insurance of pomegranate crop have been positively related to the risk of Kashmir pomegranate growers.

- Statistical community and required data The area under irrigated and rainfed crops of Saveh plain is estimated at 62,540 hectares, which varies in terms of rainfall under different climatic conditions. The statistical population of the present study includes all organic farmers in Saveh region who cultivate selected crops such as irrigated wheat, barley, cantaloupe, pomegranate and grapes in their Faryab or irrigated lands. Pomegranate is considered as a strategic product and index of Saveh city as the center of world production and in terms of the area under pomegranate cultivation, Saveh city is the second province in the country, but in terms of production per unit area and quality, it has the first place. The statistical population includes 130 Saveh pomegranate producers and the statistical sample was extracted from 130 organic products of Saveh (in 1399) using simple random sampling method. Data and information related to the level of cultivation of organic products in Saveh city were collected from the region. In this study, the factors affecting the risk of Saveh organic products have been predicted using the functional approximation of genetic algorithm and Logit, which is briefly described in the method of genetic function approximation algorithm. The genetic algorithm is inspired by Darwin's genetics and evolutionary theory and is based on the survival of the fittest or natural selection. A common application of genetic algorithms is to use it as an optimization function. The algorithm operates on a range of disciplines called populations, and this population evolves and is searched for this purpose. According to the GFA model, a search criterion is performed for each field. Three corresponding operators, namely selection, mixing, and mutation, are executed. New members are scored according to the fit criteria. In GFA, scoring criteria for models are based on the quality of regression fitted to the data. Election opportunities must be added to each new member and re-evaluated for the population. This method continues for a certain number of generations until convergence is achieved (Samuel et al., 2015). Below each of the three operators is examined.

In the agricultural sector, there are natural hazards (drought, hail, etc.), social (theft) and economic (price fluctuations). Therefore, the producers of this sector are forced to allocate resources optimally in more uncertain conditions and environments than other economic sectors. Considering the importance of organic products in Saveh and the region, in this study, the effective factors on risk management determinants of organic products in order to change the pattern of environmental cultivation in Saveh city using the method of genetic function approximation and logit algorithm. Based on the results, education variables, animal manure consumption, market knowledge of organic produce, natural disaster (drought and frost), interest in organic farming, price fluctuations and stability, tree species, soil and water pollution reduction, working capital Organic crop insurance and reduction of farmer income from organic crop cultivation Factors affecting the risk of Saveh organic products can be mentioned. Among the effective factors of education, use of animal manure, interest in organic farming, tree species, reduction of soil and water pollution, working capital and crop insurance have a positive relationship with the risk of Saveh organic products, among which working capital (savings) is effective. Has been more positive on farmers' risk. Also, the components of not knowing the market of organic products, the cause of heat and frost, price fluctuations and its instability and reducing the income of organic farmers have had a negative impact on risk. The results obtained from the logit model estimation also showed that education factor, market knowledge of organic product, interest in organic farming and working capital have become significant. Among the components of education, interest and working capital have a positive effect on pomegranate risk management. In this regard, it is suggested that in order to reduce the risk management of pomegranate growers, the government should intervene in the management of the agricultural products market and increase the insurance of agricultural products, and reduce the price differences to the final consumer between pomegranate growers to a minimum. Organic farming and working capital reduced risk management for organic pomegranates.

The present study is an attempt to investigate the heavy metals (Nickel and Chromium) existing in various types of particulate matters (PMs) emitted from a cement factory located in Bojnord-Iran. The research specifically focused on the improvement of health and environmental indexes thus, this research purposed to evaluate the contamination levels and spatial distribution of PMs for estimating cancer and non-cancer risks owing to the exposure of heavy metals in the residents surrounding the cement factory. For this purpose, three main axes with nine stations were determined by considering the wind prevailing and the location of electrofilters and mills in the cement factory for comparing heavy metal contamination levels in both PM2.5 and PM10 pollutant. The obtained results proved that PM10 concentration is much higher than PM2.5 in all points especially the stations located on the third axis. Moreover, it can be concluded that some processes such as the abrasion of raw materials in the cement production line had the largest contribution to the production of PM10. According to the results, cancer and non-cancer risk values attained for Cr and Ni in all stations were in the negligible range, indicating no health risk exists in the present situation. However, controlling and monitoring PM levels in the area are still required to prevent destructive impacts in the future.

In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chlenvironment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chlorine, bicarbonate and calcium also increased in 1993 and decreased to 94 in 94 years. These changes are more apparent near the Mollaani and Ahwaz stations, which are urban areas. The zoning results of the NSFWQI and WQI index are down from 92 to 94, and are getting worse and ranked bad. Although the water quality in the year 93 was slightly better than in the year of 92, it returned to decline in 94 years. Based on the zonations of the worst condition of water quality, they are also intermediate between the stations of Mollasani to the end of the river boundary. In this study, the importance of remote sensing studies, in particular, interpolation techniques in the ARC GIS environment, was identified due to reduced cost of studies in water quality assessment.In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chlIn this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, In this study, the water quality of the Karun River as one of the most important rivers in the country due to the presence of large pollutants in the province of Khuzestan, as well as passing through large industrial cities such as Ahwaz, using physicochemical parameters and water quality indicators as well as remote sensing techniques and reviewed. The quality of the river was evaluated in six stations of Arab Assad, Valiabad, Bamdge, Mollasani, Ahvaz and Fars province using the remote sensing techniques in the ARC GIS environment at annual scale to study the water quality of the river. In this study, the physicochemical parameters include TDS-SO4-SAR-PH-Na-Mg-K-HCO3-EC-CL-Ca in 2013, 1393 and 1394. Also, Karoon River Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI and WQI) were calculated using the DOFC-PH-BOD-Temperature-Phosphate-Nitrate-Turbidity-TDS parameters at the stations and analyzed in the ARC GIS environment. The results of zoning of physicochemical parameters showed that the waters of the Karun River have become more alkaline from 1392 to 1394. The amount of electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble solids (TDS), sulfuric acid (SO4), sodium permeation ratio (S.A.R) increased in 1993, compared to 92 years ago, and have been growing in 94 years. The percentage of sodium, potassium, chl

In many developing countries, natural resource conservation has not been a priority despite an increase in production, resulting in reduced agricultural productivity and compromised sustainability. Sustainable agriculture, as a rapidly expanding concept, emphasizes the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of producing food and energy for present and future generations. Smart agriculture, including the intelligentization of agricultural production units and greenhouses, is a key solution to address sustainability challenges by optimizing crop production through environmental control and reducing the impact of climate change. While sustainability is interpreted differently across fields and regions, there is a consensus on the need to use sustainability indicators to measure changes. This study aims to evaluate and validate the environmental sustainability indicators of smart greenhouses, which are unique to each region and country. By adopting a sustainability perspective, this study contributes to a better understanding of the multidimensional nature of agricultural sustainability and the need to consider the social and environmental implications of agricultural practices. The results of this study can help policymakers and practitioners in the field of smart agriculture to develop and implement sustainable agricultural practices that maximize productivity while minimizing environmental and social impacts. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and validating the environmental sustainability indicators of smart greenhouses.

This study targeted greenhouse managers in Isfahan province who utilized intelligent greenhouse management equipment in their production units due to the technological nature of the subject and climatic conditions. The agricultural Jihad Organization's statistics showed that there were 303 greenhouse units in the province, of which 170 were selected as the statistical sample. Isfahan province, known for its advanced technology and high greenhouse production, ranks fourth in greenhouse products in Iran, accounting for 12.33% of the country's greenhouse products.The data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire designed by the researcher in the form of a 5-option Likert scale including "very low", "low", "moderate", "much", "very much". To develop a measurement tool, the study identified three components of economic justification, environmental renewability, and social viability by systematically reviewing previous research on sustainable agriculture:Economic justificationSEC1 Increasing crop productivity using precision agricultureSEC2 reduction of consumption inputs in smart agricultureSEC3 increasing the income of smart greenhouses compared to traditional production unitsSEC4 Improving the quality and marketability of productsSEC5 Optimal management of water consumption in smart greenhousesSEC6 Optimum energy consumption in smart greenhousesEnvironmental renewal SEM1 Use of biological and non-chemical control to control pests and weedsSEM2 use of bio and green fertilizersSEM3 Planting modified and resistant seed varietiesSEM4 Utilization of renewable energiesSEM5 planning of recycling process and waste managementSEM6 Modifying and meeting the needs of the soil or planting bedSocial viabilitySSC1 Employing expert and educated personnel in the production unitSSC2 desire to learn and acquire knowledge of smart technologiesSSC3 Reducing human error in smart greenhouse managementSSC4 Creating sustainable employment for local youth in the regionConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to measure the factor structure of the environmental sustainability measurement index. The calculated indices in the research measurement model showed good validity and reliability. One of the advantages of using CFA to evaluate environmental sustainability indicators of smart greenhouses is its ability to systematically measure the validity and reliability of the measurement tool. This approach can be used continuously in similar environments in the future. This study contributes to the literature by providing a systematic approach to measure environmental sustainability in smart greenhouses, which can inform policymakers and practitioners in sustainable agriculture to maximize productivity while minimizing environmental and social impacts.

Descriptive statistics revealed that most greenhouse owners were between the ages of 31-40 and held university degrees, and the majority of production units were personally owned. Given the need for human and financial resources, there is potential for developing the cooperative sector and knowledge-based companies in this field.The study introduced 15 indicators for measuring the environmental sustainability of greenhouses, and factor loading values and t values for each index showed that all identified factors played an important role in explaining the sustainability of smart greenhouses. The factor load values for the selected markers (above 0.5) were statistically significant at the error level of one percent (P<0.01).The confirmatory model revealed that the components of social livability and environmental renewability had a greater role than economic justification in explaining the underlying variable of sustainability, with path coefficients of 0.844 and 0.858, respectively. The results highlight the importance of paying more attention to natural resources and empowering active human resources in the sector. While most agricultural policies in Iran prioritize increasing productivity and efficiency, less attention is given to aspects of justice, social welfare, durability, stability, and compatibility. The study emphasizes that agricultural sustainability is a multidimensional phenomenon, and policymakers should consider other dimensions of efficiency beyond crop production and productivity.

This study has made a significant contribution to the development of scientific concepts and sustainability evaluation indicators in new technologies in the field of agriculture.Despite numerous studies on agricultural sustainability, few efforts have been made to design and validate sustainability measurement indicators specifically for smart agriculture, particularly in greenhouse production units. Valid and reliable indicators are crucial for the agricultural sector worldwide, as farmers, policy makers, decision makers, and agricultural extension workers require accurate information about agricultural activities.However, in most cases, these stakeholders lack the tools to evaluate such information, leading to incorrect decisions, policies, and actions due to the absence of documented knowledge and indices on the sustainability of smart agriculture. Therefore, this article presents a multi-step process for designing and validating sustainability indicators for smart greenhouses in future research. This process is essential to improve the accuracy and reliability of sustainability information and promote sustainable agricultural practices in the greenhouse sector.The development and validation of the environmental sustainability index in this study can have a significant impact on the direction of agricultural policies in the field of intelligentizing greenhouse activities. Researchers, decision-makers, and policymakers face significant challenges in achieving greenhouse sustainability, and this study provides valuable insights and recommendations for addressing these challenges.

Following the horizontal expansion of the city around the city, some spaces have been abandoned within the city and have failed to develop. These spaces, which are called intermediate levels, have the potential to develop the city because of their establishment within cities. One of the benefits of intermediate development is now environmental benefits and promotion of sustainable urban development indicators. Urban Development, unlike other urban development policies, is a complex, multi -faceted, intermediate and transcendental issue given that it takes place in the context of the existing city and with the presence of residents, citizens and neighborhood units. Inappropriate uses are reformed within the city's present -day life such as prisons, military garrisons, factories and intruders within the city. The level of passages and access networks, the level of green space, etc. approach urbanization standards. Increased development is to build new buildings on empty lands or unused parts between neighborhood units as well as commercial areas. In fact, the term of development, renovation, refurbishment and usability of existing urban areas, and equitable distribution of urban buildings and facilities at all areas and levels, is to provide and regenerate and reorganize the body of the city. Special for cities that face horizontal development restrictions is a good approach. Typically, cities that are facing natural bottlenecks and land limited to their horizontal expansion are the basis for the use of urban development, as well as other Iranian cities, have accelerated urbanization as a result of severe rural migration to the city. The agricultural and forest lands of its suburbs have been resolved, which in the future will lead to environmental consequences such as rising temperatures, shortage of crop land, urban irregularity, increased cost of service, and so on. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to measure the intermediate development in Rasht based on indicators (physical and demographic).

It is now possible to use the work of the work, and from the point of view of the method and the method in the sheets. For data analysis, the text of the text (document) of the general census of the population and housing in 2016 and the GIS layers in the Rasht city level are used in terms of administrative -political divisions of the Ministry of Interior. The present study attempts to analyze and analyze the appropriate pattern for urban development in different areas of Rasht in the context of the concepts and relying on the current situation. In the work process, the data were first compiled and theoretical by using library and electronic resources, and then, in order to analyze the appropriate pattern for urban development, investigate the existing capacities of the region in the form of physical indicators (type The materials, the life of the building and the quality of the building) and the demographic index have been taken. The following layers of information related to them are produced using digital information and GIS databases.

Spatial Distribution of Physical Index: In order to analyze the spatial distribution of the physical index of criteria (type of material, building life and quality of buildings) at different regions of the city of Rasht, each of which is described. • The materials used in the building and the life of the building The life index of the building or in other words the age of the residential unit is one of the qualitative indicators in the housing sector and related studies. In this study, the materials used in the building are specified in the form of 4 spectra, with the highest amount of the second spectrum (brick and iron), which have moderate to low resistance to natural disasters. In this study, buildings over 20 years have dated the title of development component between the criterion of action. That is to say, the older buildings of 20 years of life with brick and iron materials, the potential and development capacity of the inter -neighborhood in that area or neighborhood. Of course, it depends on the materials used in the building, which is more commonly used in the study city of brick and iron. According to the materials used in the building and the life of the building, the districts (2,3,4), dating back to 20 years, have the largest brick and iron building in Rasht and the neighborhoods (1,5) of the new neighborhood. And they are newly manufactured with steel structure materials. Therefore, areas (2,3,4), given that it is used as brick and iron, has the potential to develop intermediate development. • Quality of buildings The quality status of the study area is measured in the form of 4 spectrum (renovation, medium, old and destructive) according to the research goals. Based on spatial distribution of buildings quality,District 2 of Rasht has the lowest and destructive area, and the neighborhoods of Rasht are among the old neighborhoods of the city and form the main core of the city. Areas (5, 3,4) in Rasht also have a renovation building. Accordingly, the greater the area of destructive and restoration, the higher the capacity and potential of the city for the development of the middle. District (1) Rasht is a renovation and without destruction. Finally, it can be stated that the neighborhoods (3,4,5, 2) have the largest area of destructive and restoration, so they have the highest potential for intermediate development. •population density Population density is one of the indicators in the field of developmental development. The population density status of the study area is measured in the form of 4 spectrum (density below 50, density of 51-21, density of 150-101 and density above 150).High population density belongs to part of District 2, high density (4, 3, 2), which is the logic of 3 suburbs and informal, mostly due to the relatively high migration of villagers and other provincial cities, especially East Azerbaijan (Hashtrood). And Ardebil (Khalkhal) has been in this part of the city in recent years. Areas (3, 1) have a moderate population density and eventually the 5th district of Rasht has the lowest density. Given the population density index, which is one of the intermediate development potential in Rasht city, the lower the population density of the city, the capacity, potential and capacity to develop between greater and population attraction. So the concept of population density indicates the relationship between the number of people and their occupation space. Population scattering plays an important role in implementing urban development plan, and areas with low population density are more prioritized than elsewhere.

In recent decades, various non-destructive technologies have been used to evaluate the quality of fruits and vegetables. Among these methods, hyperspectral imaging has been noticed by researchers as a non-destructive, fast and minimal environmental pollution method to evaluate the properties of agricultural products. The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of variety, duration and storage conditions on the quality properties of sugar beet and also the feasibility of using hyperspectral images as a new and non-destructive technique in measuring quality properties. Three sugar beet cultivars including Agrit, Muriel and Shokofa cultivars in three different storage conditions (1- in storage conditions with protection 2- without protection i.e., in atmospheric conditions 3- subsoil and the same field conditions) for 45 days of storage and then ultraspectral imaging in the mode Reflectance and in the wavelength range of 400 to 1100 nm was measured once every 15 days. In the next step, the properties of the samples (including soluble solids (SSC), mechanical properties, sugar content, moisture percentage and pH) were determined based on destructive methods. Because the acquired spectra have noise, the effects of disturbing factors were minimized through various pre-processing to provide clearer data for modeling the qualitative characteristics of the samples. Finally, modeling was done using the resulting data from hyperspectral imaging and reference tests based on the least square regression (PLS) method, and in the last step, after validating the resulting models, the most appropriate model was selected. The results show that the hyperspectral imaging method can be used as a valuable tool to predict the quality properties of sugar beet during the storage period.

Extensive construction projects such as dam construction, road construction, water transfer, land leveling, and railways are active in the country, and in all these projects, manpower and equipment play an important and decisive role. The purpose of this research is to identify the ergonomic hazards of the office environment and the activity of machinery in the workshop of section 6B of the Chabahar-Zahedan railway project. In order to collect information, questionnaires were compiled and distributed among workshop experts who were a group of senior managers and middle managers of the workshop. After completing the questionnaire, the obtained data were analyzed using the FMEA technique, and three indicators of probability, severity and probability of risk detection and finally the rank of each risk were determined. The results of the risk assessment of the office environment, including the technical office, HSE, human resources and the warehouse, show 17 ergonomic risks in the office environment, the highest risk is related to the warehouse unit with a risk rating of 196 and the risk of moving equipment. Examining the risks of machinery activity shows 18 risks related to excavators, dumpers, rollers, graders and loaders. The highest risk rating is related to the excavator with a risk rating of 192 with the risk of rock fall from the trench. All identified risks are placed in the group of risks with a low risk rating.The trend of accidents in industrial environments has also increased due to the increase in industrial activities, the development of technology and the increase in the use of machines. In traditional systems, investigating the causes of accidents after the occurrence of accidents, irreparable damage is determined, in other words, system or process defects are determined after the accident. Today, due to the existence of different methods of hazard identification and risk assessment, it is possible to determine critical and accident-prone points before an accident occurs and take necessary measures to prevent accidents and control measures. To identify and prioritize risks, the method of risk identification and risk assessment, which is a structured method, can be used. Risk assessment is a logical method that measures the quantitative and qualitative assessment of risks and the investigation of the potential consequences of possible incidents on people, materials, equipment and the environment. In fact, in this way, the effectiveness of the existing control methods is identified and valuable data is provided for making decisions in the field of reducing risks and hazards, improving control systems and planning for them. The information obtained from the risk assessment has three basic uses, which include prioritizing the degree of importance of risks in order to allocate risks for limited financial, technical and human resources in eliminating defects and improving conditions, determining points that need optimization in terms of occupational safety and health, and Their risk should be reduced to the minimum tolerable level, and finally, the content of classic trainings should be determined while working in the field of occupational health and safety. Among the different methods for risk assessment, there is a useful risk assessment method that, in addition to being simple, should be appropriate to the nature of activities, processes, culture, and other characteristics of the organization in question. Among the existing risk assessment methods, there is the method of analysis of failure modes and their effects (FMEA).The present research is an evaluation-analytical method; And it is survey type. To collect and compile information, the method of library studies and compiling a questionnaire was used. Questionnaires were distributed and completed among 20 senior personnel of the workshop, including the workshop manager, deputy workshop manager, machinery manager, HSE manager and other unit managers located in the Chabahar-Zahedan railway workshop complex, workshop 6B. The accuracy and reliability of the questionnaire developed in this research was confirmed by the experts of the workshop, and the reliability of the questionnaire with the analysis done in SPSS software and the use of Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure the reliability was about 0.85. It has been stated that the evidence of optimal and reliable conditions was compiled with a questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire and data analysis, the data was analyzed using the FMEA technique, and three indicators of probability, severity, and probability of risk detection were determined, and finally, the rank of each risk was determined. Then, the ergonomic risks of office personnel and the risks related to the operation of machines were compared. Analyze the identified hazards by considering the risk factors of occurrence (O), severity (S) and detection (D). The main purpose of FMEA is to allow analysts to identify the failure modes of a system, design, process, product or Prioritize services to allocate limited resources to high-risk cases.The prioritization of failure modes in FMEA is determined through the risk priority number (RPN), which is the coefficient of risk factors D, S, and O for each risk, where O stands for the probability of occurrence, S is the severity of the risk, and D is the probability of detecting the risk. and RPN represents the risk priority number. The three risk factors are presented in Tables 1. As mentioned, the RPN number is obtained from the product of the three components of risk probability, risk intensity and risk detection capability according to formula number 1. According to the obtained risk number formula, they are divided into three levels of low risk, risks 1-300, medium risks including risks 301-600, and high risks with RPN 601-1000. The overall flowchart of the study is shown in Figure 2. The steps of the research are:1. Distribution of questionnaires among experts2. Forming a working group of data analysis experts3. Using FMEA technique for risk assessment4. Comparison of ergonomic risks and machines The purpose of this research was to identify the risks in the two fields of ergonomics and machines activity using the FMEA method. The obtained results indicate that 17 identified ergonomic risks have a higher probability of risk and 18 risks related to the activity of machines have a higher risk intensity. The highest risk rating in the two evaluation cases belongs to the risk of moving equipment and tools of ergonomic activity in the warehouse with a risk number of 196 and the lowest risk rating also belongs to ergonomic activities and the potential risk of inappropriate lighting with a risk number of 60. A total of 35 identified risks are in the group of risks with a low risk rating, which is evidenced by the low number of workshop accidents. At the end, suggestions on control measures for ergonomic risks and machinery activity are presented in Table 4.

In this study, the properties of carboxymethyl cellulose made from waste paper were investigated. For this purpose, waste paper with different conditions was utilized to producing carboxymethyl cellulose, which included waste paper without ink and without bleaching (CMC-Ni), waste paper with ink and without bleaching (CMC-P), waste paper without ink and bleached (CMC-E). Also, industrial cellulose available in the market was utilized to producing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Ic), and in order to compare the resulting samples, the properties of industrial carboxymethyl cellulose were also examined as a control. Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the chemical structure of carboxymethyl cellulose. And to investigate the manufactured carboxymethyl celluloses, the degree of substitution (DS), viscosity and pH of the samples were measured. The FT-IR results showed that the carboxymethyl celluloses obtained from waste paper have functional groups similar to industrial carboxymethyl cellulose, and the presence of ink and other impurities had no effect on their chemical structure. Carboxymethyl cellulose made from industrial cellulose showed differences in structure. The most important difference between cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose is the presence of a peak at the wavelength of 1060/1 cm, which indicates the presence of carboxyl groups. Investigating the characteristics of the manufactured carboxymethyl celluloses showed that the degree of substitution of carboxymethyl cellulose is about 0.73 and the degree of substitution of carboxymethyl cellulose obtained from unbleached waste paper is about 0.69, which are not much different from each other. The viscosity of industrial carboxymethyl cellulose was higher than carboxymethyl celluloses made from waste paper. The characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose obtained from bleached waste paper were more similar to industrial carboxymethyl cellulose. The pH of carboxymethyl celluloses was about 8 and very close to each other. In general, according to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the presence of ink and other impurities in the structure of waste paper does not have much effect on the characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose, and by removing these steps, a simpler and more economical method can be used to produce carboxymethyl cellulose. Also, avoid from environmental pollution caused by these processes.

Kiwi, belonging to the family Actinidiaceae and genus Actinidia, is a dicotyledonous, perennial, deciduous plant that includes a number of commercially important species. Iran ranks fourth in the world in terms of kiwi production after China, Italy and New Zealand. The most common variety of kiwi grown in Iran is "Hayward" with green flesh. Kiwi has a high nutritional value because it contains a large amount of nutrients that provide many health benefits to its consumers by improving the digestive, immune and metabolic health of a person.Due to its numerous medicinal properties, kiwi fruit has become extremely popular in the last two decades and the demand for its consumption has increased. The amount of components and the type of chemical composition of kiwi fruit depends on several factors such as genotype, weather conditions before harvesting, maturity of the fruit during harvesting and storage conditions. The fruit has a shelf life during storage.Mechanical damage to fruit is a common cause of quality reduction and post-harvest losses during handling and storage. Bruising damage on fruits is mainly due to one or a combination of mechanical forces of pressure, impact and vibration during harvesting, transport and handling operations. Maturity stage is one of the most important factors affecting susceptibility to bruise damage for many fruits. Previous studies have shown that mature fruits are more susceptible to bruising than immature fruits. In addition, maturity at the harvest stage potentially affects the susceptibility of fruits to water loss and mechanical damage. Therefore, identifying factors that reduce mechanical damage can be a way to maintain product quality. Kiwi is a climate fruit that can be picked before it is fully matured and then it will reach full maturity over time. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of harvesting time and storage period on the quality properties (firmness, slouble solids content (SSC) and pH) of kiwi under mechanical damage.

To conduct experiments in the first stage, enough number of Hayward kiwi was harvested from gardens in Astara city, in two intervals of 15 days. 45 semi-ripe kiwi fruits (hard texture) (T1) were picked on November 15th and 45 fully ripe kiwifruits (soft texture) (T2) were picked on November 30th in a controlled manner to avoid any mechanical damage. In order to avoid bruising during transportation, all the samples were covered by foam. In order to induce artificial bruising to the samples, each kiwi fruit was placed inside a net cloth and then hung from a height of 50 cm. Then, a metal ball with a diameter of 15 mm and a mass of 32 g was used to impact the sample. The metal ball was released in a circular path with an angle of 60 degrees to the sample and an impact force was applied to the surface of the sample. The angle of 60 was chosen by trial and error in order to prevent severe damage to the samples. Then the samples were divided into three groups and transferred to the cold room with a temperature of 0°C and a humidity of 90%. Then, the samples were taken out of the cold storage at intervals of 1, 5 and 10 days and tests related to quality properties (firmness, soluble solid content (SSC) and pH) were performed on them. The statistical design used in this research includes two independent variables: maturity stage and storage time after bruising. Analysis of the variance of the results was done with a factorial test in a completely random basic design with 15 repetitions, and then the comparison of the average of the main and reciprocal effects was done with Tukey's mean comparison test and using Minitab 18 software.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of the factors of harvesting time, storage period and their interaction on firmness, SSC and pH is significant at 1% level. The firmness of the fully ripe samples is much lower than the immature samples, so that even 10 days after the induction of mechanical damage, the immature samples have a harder tissue than the fully mature samples. The results of this research show that fully ripe samples are very sensitive to mechanical damage and their tissue firmness is severely affected and their quality decreases, while semi-ripe fruits are easily affected. There is no mechanical damage, and in case of damage, their quality has been maintained for a longer period of time and they are still marketable. The softening and reduction of the firmness of the fruit over time can be attributed to reasons such as the conversion of insoluble protopectin to soluble pectin and also to the reduction of hemicellulose in kiwi fruit. Also, with the increase in the storage period, the firmness of fruits has decreased, and the softening process of mature fruits has a lower slope than that of immature fruits. The slower process of decreasing firmness may be related to the higher amount of calcium in the fruits at the time of the second harvest.The SSC of mature samples is higher than that of semi-mature samples, and the SSC of these samples increases more steeply than semi-mature samples as a result of mechanical damage with increasing storage period, which indicates this fact. It is possible that mechanical damage accelerates chemical changes in mature fruits and their deterioration process is formed quickly and their shelf life is reduced, while immature fruits have a more natural aging process even in the presence of mechanical damage, and have a better shelf life. The reason for the increase in SCC with time is attributed to the increase in the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase enzyme, which has the ability to convert starch into simple sugars such as glucose phosphate. This enzyme is activated by the hormone ethylene during the ripening process. According to the results, it is clear that with the passage of time, the acidity of the samples decreases. Also, immature samples are more acidic and their pH is lower. The noteworthy point is that the mature samples are more sensitive to the passage of time and the slope of their pH increase is greater than the immature samples. In similar studies, it has been reported that the pH level depends on the type of biochemical activities, tissue characteristics, type of organic acids and the variety of the fruit, and the increase in pH occurs due to the biochemical activities inside the fruit, which subsequently lead to substances. The acid in the fruit is converted into sugar products. On the other hand, mechanical damage intensifies the chemical activities in the fruit and accelerates the conversion of acidic substances into other products.

The results of this research showed that the factors of harvesting time and storage period after harvesting have a definite effect on the quality properties of the fruit. Fully matured fruits have less firmness and are vulnerable to mechanical forces and undergo chemical decay and decay over time. On the other hand, immature fruits have a firmer texture and are not easily affected by mechanical forces, and their quality properties are preserved even after being hit. However, immature fruits have a lower pH (higher acidity) and also their SSC is lower and they do not have a suitable appetite and taste for immediate consumption. Therefore, it is better to harvest kiwi fruit when it is immature to minimize the possibility of being damaged by mechanical forces in different stages of harvesting, transportation and grading, and to enter the consumption cycle with a delay until they reach full biological maturity and greed and have a good taste for the consumer.

Precipitation, as one of the important climatic elements, has certain complexities, and usually the precipitations of one point in different time scales do not have simple and symmetrical statistical distributions (Asgari and Rahimzadeh, 2015). Reducing or increasing the amount of rainfall has an effect on many other climatic and environmental phenomena such as runoff, floods, air temperature, humidity, and also on many human activities (Gandhamkar and Khadem al-Hosseini, 2018). Therefore, it can be seen that the change in the amount and regime of rainfall can be a sign of climate change. The issue of climate and its change is an irreversible situation, and one of its manifestations and consequences is the change in climatic elements, especially temperature and precipitation in different regions (2001, IPCC). One of the most important changes in the climatic elements is the rainfall extremes, which according to atmospheric scientists, climate change has not only caused an increase in the rainfall extremes, but also increased the intensity of these rainfalls (Narimani and Daran, 2019). Therefore, it is very important to know the mechanisms governing these precipitations. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to identify the atmospheric conditions governing these types of precipitation. In recent years, the effect of an atmospheric phenomenon called atmospheric rivers in causing heavy rains in some parts of the world such as Europe and the United States has attracted the attention of atmospheric scientists, which shows that atmospheric rivers play a very important role in providing The humidity of these rains has been (Shadamani et al., 2015). As a result, in this study, it has been attempted to examine the effects of the Joy River and the conventional conditions of heavy rainfall western Iran.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the atmospheric structure of the west of the country, emphasizing the effects of the atmospheric river on such rainfall. As a result, environmental attitudes have been used to achieve this goal. The reason for this approach is that the time and spatial changes are much more severe than other climatic variables, so the circulation approach to the environment often fails to explain atmospheric falls (Mirmosavi et al. 1399). In fact, the choice of this approach allows the researcher to focus only on precipitation and consequently synthetic types that are associated with the phenomenon of precipitation (Masoudian, 2011: 51). Therefore, in the first step, the daily rainfall data for the years 1990 to 2019 is from the country's meteorological organization, which creates a matrix of 10957 (32) (32 indicating the number of stations and 10957 representing the number of stations and 10957. The number of days is the day. Then, considering the two main conditions of one: Extraction of heavy precipitation threshold based on the 95th -by -95th: The heavy rainfall based on the 95th percense was at least 30 % of the stations were extracted. Used to analyze the atmospheric atmospheric database of the US Oceanic and Oceanic Climate (NCEP/NCAR) with 2.5 x 2.5 degrees of arc and geoptt altitude of 1000 and 500 hectopskal, The orbital and meridian components of the 1000, 850 and 500 hectops and the special moisture of 850 for 10 degrees west to 80 degrees east and zero to 80 degrees North were obtained from this base and to identify the atmospheric rivers. The integrated data of the vertical vapor flux (East and North of the Horizontal Water Vapor Transport (IVT)) has been used by the European Middle Ages Preference Center (ECMWF) with 0.5 degree arch. The integrated data of the vertical water vapor flux, including special sprinkle, orbital, and meridian, from 1000 to 300 hectop barley levels, are calculated in the Utiller device as follows (Relation 1).In this respect, IVT indicates the vertical water vapor flux, q indicates a special kg per kg (kg kg^(-1)) U and V orbital and half-enclosure components per second (m s^(m s^ 1)), G is a acceleration and DP is the difference between the two levels. (Lavers et al, 2012; Ramos et al 2015) In the present study, to accurately examine the effects of the riverbank and carefully analyze the weather conditions affecting heavy rainfall, classify corresponding days with heavy rainfall data based on sea pressure data Using the mergers' analysis method, then to analyze the effects and identify the effects of the atmospheric river, to provide average atmospheric and IVT data for each group and separately the entry route of each atmospheric river for each identified group.

This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between heavy rainfall and the Joy River and its synergy analysis. To this end, the daily precipitation data of 32 synoptic stations with the same statistical period during 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Meteorological Organization, then the criterion for extracting the days with heavy rainfall of 95, 95th per station occurred at least 30 % at least 30 %. The stations were found and it was found that 52 heavy rainfall cases were taken into account with the above two conditions. Then, for better understanding of the clustered analysis by integrating methods, the sea pressure alignment data for 52 days was heavy with heavy rainfall, and the results showed that these rainfalls were investigated in three major groups, followed by more and more. The average for each group has been analyzed and identified by the Joy River, and in the final step of the Joy River movement is drawn for each group.In all three patterns, there is always an interaction between the two high-pressure Siberian-European centers with Sudan and Iceland's low pressure. In most cases, the high -pressure Siberian and European compactness has merged with one another in its orbital expansion and created a high -pressure belt. Siberian high -pressure and high -profile European pressure, both at the time of integration with unity and at the time of confrontation with Iceland, has been drawn to the Arab and North African Sea, respectively, each strengthened the Sudanese low pressure, respectively, respectively. . Siberian high -pressure tongues on the Arabian sea have paved the way for strengthening and even creating a high -pressure cell on the Arabian sea. The airflow showed that the two high -pressure Siberian and European tongues have transmitted the Arabian Sea, the Oman Sea and the Mediterranean into the Sudanese low -pressure, and given the low dynamic nature of the Sudanese Pressure, the field of activity and movement. Outside the normal conditions, it has exacerbated the movement of the atmosphere. The arrangement of air flows and curves in the lower and middle levels of the atmosphere well proves and proves the role of the Arab Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and to some extent the Oman Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in supplying heavy rainfall western Iran. It can be said that a strong convergence of the moisture of the aforementioned water resources is created from the lower to the middle of the atmosphere and has paved the way for the creation of the atmospheric river. In the study, 52 heavy rainfall cases were observed in all cases with a river from East Africa and extended to the western parts of Iran, confirming this issue of the movement of the Joy River in all three groups. In the first group, the main origin of the rivers from East Africa started, but in the second and third group we saw another route from the Mediterranean that increased the rainfall so that the average rainfall of the first group was 18.81 mm and in the second and third group. Respectively reached 18.61 and 19.50 mm.

The dust phenomenon has adverse effects, such as affecting human quality of life, economy, environment and damaging the livelihoods of rural communities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic, social and environmental effects of dust phenomenon on quality of life of rural households in Masjed Soleiman. Masjed Soleiman city is one of the cities of Khuzestan province. This research is quantitative in terms of type of research, also in terms of purpose, applied, in terms of data collection method, field and in terms of methodology is descriptive-analytical, because it seeks to assess the effects of dust on quality of life in rural areas. In this research, first, with field studies and observations, basic information about the situation of the study area and issues and problems caused by the dust phenomenon were collected, then the required information in the theoretical section was collected based on a library study. In the process of field studies and reviewing the existing studies and theoretical literature, the most important effects of the dust phenomenon on the quality of life of the villagers of Masjed Soleiman were identified. To this end, a questionnaire containing the effects of dust phenomenon on the quality of life of rural households in the form of economic, social and environmental dimensions was first developed. The statistical population of the study is the villages of Masjed Soleiman city in Khuzestan province, which according to the 2016 census has 128 villages with 2286 rural households and a population of 10954 people. Since the statistical population of the study has a large volume and geographical area and it is not possible to refer to all of them, so using the sampling method, some of them were selected as a sample and the results were generalized to the whole population. In order to select the research sample, multi-stage sampling method was used. By determining the total number of samples, the number of samples in each village was determined by proportional assignment based on the population of the selected villages. A questionnaire was used to measure the components of this research. The questionnaire was designed in two parts, the first part is related to the personal information of rural farming families. The second part is related to the economic, social and environmental effects of the dust phenomenon and the severity of these effects in the region was measured based on the Likert scale. The apparent and content validity of this research tool (questionnaire) was confirmed based on the opinions of professors and technical experts. In the present study, before distributing the questionnaires among the samples, in order to determine the reliability of the questionnaires, the results of 30 preliminary questionnaires from the statistical population were tested by Cronbach's alpha test in IBM SPSS Statistics v22 software. Its reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha and the obtained value was 89%. Then 400 questionnaires were distributed among the villagers in the study area through Cochran formula. Finally, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and IBM SPSS Statistics v22 and EXCEL 2013 statistical tools were used for data analysis.In terms of time, this research was conducted in 2020. To describe the independent and dependent variables, the statistical characteristics of frequency, frequency percentage, cumulative frequency, mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation were used.The results related to prioritizing the effect of dust phenomenon on economic dimension variables show that the total average was 3.30, which indicates that the average effect of dust phenomenon on economic dimension variables of the respondents. The results show that the effect of the dust phenomenon on the production dimension of the economic dimension of the respondents is higher than the effect of the dust phenomenon on the consumption dimension of the economic dimension. Indicates the effect of dust phenomenon on production factors in agriculture and rural life.The results of prioritizing the effect of dust phenomenon on social variables show that the total average was 3.32, which indicates that the average effect of dust phenomenon on the social dimension variables of the respondents. The results show that the effect of the dust phenomenon on the migration variable of the respondents is higher than the effect of the dust phenomenon on other social dimension variables, indicating the effect of the dust phenomenon on the migration of villagers. The results related to prioritizing the effect of dust phenomenon on environmental dimension variables show that the total average was 3.40, which indicates the average to high status of the effect of dust phenomenon on environmental dimension variables of the respondents. The results show that the effect of dust phenomenon on the housing variable of the environmental dimension of the respondents on the variable of rural infrastructure of the environmental dimension is at a higher level. Indicates the effect of dust on the pollution of rural housing. Prioritizing the effects of the dust phenomenon on the dimensions of quality of life shows that the greatest effect in terms of an average of 3.40 is related to the environmental dimension. It can be inferred that the greatest effect of the dust phenomenon has been on the environmental dimension. Pearson correlation was used to investigate the relationship between different effects of the dust phenomenon. The correlation results of different effects of dust phenomenon among rural households in Masjed-e-Soleiman city show that there is a positive and significant correlation between all effects of dust phenomenon in the study area at an error level of 0.01. The results also indicate that there is the highest correlation between socio-economic effects (r = 0.637) and the lowest correlation between economic-environmental effects (r = 0.495). Pearson correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the effect of dust on quality of life and its various dimensions. The results of the correlation between the effect of dust phenomenon on quality of life and its dimensions among rural households show that there is a significant negative correlation between the effect of dust phenomenon and quality of life (r = - 0.184) and all its dimensions in the study area. There is an error level of 0.01. The results also indicate that there is the highest correlation between the effect of dust phenomenon and social dimension (r = - 192). The results also showed that there was a significant positive correlation between all effects of dust phenomenon. The highest correlation was between economic and social effects and the lowest correlation between economic and environmental effects. In addition, the results showed that there is a significant and negative correlation between the effects of dust phenomenon and quality of life.

The phenomenon of dust in recent years has affected a large part of the western and southwestern regions of Iran and has caused great socio-economic damage.The phenomenon of dust has existed in Iran for many years, but the main studies have been done on the climate issue of this phenomenon, and not much attention has been paid to the human dimension and its effects on agriculture and rural life.Because rural areas are more exposed to pollution than urban areas and are more vulnerable to dust due to lack of facilities, so the damage to villages, which have a share in the economy of Khuzestan province, is greater. Khuzestan province is the main center of the crisis caused by the dust phenomenon. One of the obvious effects of this phenomenon in Khuzestan province is the damage it has caused to the agricultural sector and rural life of the province. Agriculture affects many aspects of the national economy, but a number of factors limit the quantitative and qualitative trends of production in this sector. One of these is dust, which causes some special economic effects. In this study, by using parametric methods, some of the economic damages of dust phenomenon on the agricultural sector of Masjed Soleiman city have been estimated for the years 2012-2016. Masjed Soleiman city, like most cities in Khuzestan, has a hot and relatively dry climate and has hot summers and Mediterranean winters.The average annual rainfall is over 400 mm and the average temperature is less than -4 ° C in winter and more than 50 ° C in summer. The phenomenon of dust affects the affected areas in economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions. Some dust effects are very complex and take time to determine. Therefore, it is very difficult to estimate such dust effects as Rial damages. One of the most important effects of the dust phenomenon is its production effects. Production effects will include reducing the amount of production in various economic sectors due to the closure of production units, reducing the productivity of production factors, failure to complete investment plans, and so on. In three ways, the effects of dust production can be examined through econometric methods. The estimation of dust damage to agricultural sector was performed using four scenarios of depreciation of agricultural output (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). In order to calculate the depreciation of the agricultural sector based on the four scenarios, first the estimation of the output value was assumed based on four scenarios (estimated estimation value) and then calculating the depreciation rate from the estimated estimation values. The phenomenon of dust reduces crop production in the agricultural sector. Based on the four defined scenarios, the amount of damages suffered by the agricultural products of the rural sector of Masjed Soleiman city has been calculated separately for the year. Damage or loss to agricultural products has been interpreted in the form of devaluation of output.According to the first scenario (10% decrease in output value) due to the occurrence of dust phenomenon, the value of agricultural output in the rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city has decreased by 4846974650, 14863214620, 2156169370, 24558426098 Rials, respectively. Estimated losses of dust phenomenon on crops in rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city during 2012-2013 based on the second scenario (20% decrease in output value), the third scenario (30% decrease in output value) and the fourth scenario (40% decrease in output value) It was calculated separately for the studied years. The amount of livestock production in the study area was calculated separately by the type of crop and the desired crop year. The main livestock products produced in the rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city include: red meat, chicken, milk and dairy products, eggs and honey. Also, the average price of livestock products was collected by product type and crop year. Based on these statistics, the amount of damage to the livestock production in the study area was calculated.The phenomenon of dust reduces livestock production in the agricultural sector. Based on the four defined scenarios, the amount of damages suffered by livestock products in the agricultural sector of rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city has been calculated by year. Damage or loss to livestock production in the agricultural sector is interpreted in the form of devaluation of output. Four scenarios were considered (damage value). The total economic value of dust damage on agricultural (livestock and livestock) in the study area, based on four scenarios of 10, 20, 30 and 40% reduction in staff value have been, respectively, 52701567573, 105403135847, 158104704021 and 377935497352 tomans. According to the results, dust is one of the atmospheric phenomena that causes a lot of economic damage to the agricultural sector annually. Based on the four defined scenarios, the amount of damage suffered by the entire agricultural sector and agricultural and livestock subdivisions of rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city has been calculated. Dust is one of the atmospheric phenomena that causes a lot of economic damage to the agricultural sector every year. Based on the four defined scenarios, the amount of damage suffered by the entire agricultural sector and agricultural and livestock subdivisions of rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city has been calculated.The estimated amount of economic losses imposed on the agricultural sector of rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city indicates the heavy costs of this destructive phenomenon on the agricultural economy of the region. Obviously, if all the tangible and intangible economic, social and environmental costs caused by the dust phenomenon on the country are calculated, the depth of the catastrophe will become more apparent. The estimated amount of economic losses imposed on the agricultural sector of rural areas of Masjed Soleiman city indicates the heavy costs of this destructive phenomenon on the agricultural economy of the region. Obviously, if all the tangible and intangible economic, social and environmental costs caused by the dust phenomenon on the country are calculated, the depth of the catastrophe will become more apparent.Therefore, crisis management and prevention management should be used to overcome this environmental problem.

The two-level cooling output is the main framework of the bi-evaporator technology by which the refrigeration cycles’ capability enhances. Hence, the current study is motivated to assess the feasibility of thermal energy utilization of geothermal energy for an innovative trigeneration system encompassing a bi-evaporator-based refrigerator, a heating terminal, an electricity generation setup. In this paper, a tri-generation system of cooling, heating, and power generation is proposed, which can simultaneously produce all three outputs. The Rankine cycle is combined with an improved ejector refrigeration cycle, where the outlet flow from the second evaporator creates suction in the ejector and activates the ejector refrigeration cycle. In addition, binary working fluids are used instead of pure working fluids to enhance the system's performance. The proposed system is thermodynamically analyzed based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics for various mixtures. The highest power, refrigeration capacity, and heating output are found to be 33 kW, 214 kW, and 306 kW, respectively, for the R236fa/Pentane mixture. Additionally, the highest energy and exergy efficiencies are 54.7% and 27.48%, respectively, for the R142b/Pentane mixture.

According to the latest UN report, the global population in 2018 was 6.6 billion and the urban population 4.2 billion. By 2050, the global population will reach 7.9 billion and 68 percent of the population will live in urban areas (2020, Liquan et al). The rapid increase in urbanization is leading to the growth of informal settlements in high-risk areas such as landslides, increasing the risk among low-income populations. Although technical and social methods of earthquake risk management are known, in underdeveloped countries these measures are often difficult for complex social, economic, political, and institutional reasons (Smith et al. 2020). The growing trend of urbanization in underdeveloped countries and the housing crisis causes an increase in Halabiabad and the construction of housing without the necessary urban development standards (Valizadeh Kamran et al., 2013). Since informal settlement arises from a context larger than its location and also affects a larger environment, the solution to this problem requires policy and action not only at the small level, but also at the large level (Hakimi and Et al., 1397). Because informal settlements are of relatively poor quality and do not use earthquake-resistant designs, they are expected to be highly vulnerable to earthquakes. In addition, these settlements often occupy areas with a high seismic risk, which may cause landslides and fluids. Hence, hazard and vulnerability pose a significant seismic hazard (2008, et al Castillo).

This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and its purpose is applied. To collect data in this study, written documents, statistical data, visual documents and field studies have been used. Also, topographic maps were 1.25000, geological maps were 1.100000, urban maps were 1.000, digital elevation model (DEM) ten meters, main and secondary fault maps and land use maps were used in the research. In the present study, in order to explain the vulnerability situation caused by earthquake risk in informal settlements of Tabriz, a list of criteria was extracted based on the research background and according to the available data, 13 criteria were selected. In order to weight the indicators, the fuzzy model has been used and to rank the indicators and variables, the ELECTRE FUZZY model has been used. Finally, weighted parameters were put into a function to determine the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz using GIS software. • Introduction of variables and indicators.In this study, in order to investigate the risk and risk of earthquake on the context of informal settlements in Tabriz, thirteen indicators have been used, which shows the flowchart Figure 2 of the indicators and research stages.

Data fuzzy:

Fuzzyization is done directly or using algorithms and logical expressions. In the present study, two methods, direct calculation and expert calculation, have been used to fuzzy numbers. In expert calculation, first the range of changes of each parameter is determined, then, according to previous researches, and finally, they are weighted manually, based on reality and according to experts. In order to create fuzzy sets, mathematical functions such as sigmoidal linear threshold, S-shaped, hyperolithic, etc. can be used. • ELECTRE FUZZY method.

The ELECTRE method is one of the most widely used decision-making methods. The ELECTRE FUZZY method is used to consider its uncertainty and to complete the decision performance array. ELECTRE technique means the method of cleaning and selection in accordance with reality. One of the most important compensatory techniques, based on the concept of non-ranking, the answer of this method is based on a set of rankings. This method does not lead to non-ranking relationships, ie it does not necessarily lead to the classification of options but may eliminate options. In this model, all options are evaluated by non-rank comparisons and pairwise comparisons are based on the degree of agreement of the weights and the degree of difference ofthe weighted values.The calculation steps of the mentioned method are as follows:Formation of fuzzy decision matrix- Normalization of the decision matrix- Formation of a normal weighted matrix- Calculate the distance between both options- Build an agreement set and create an agreement matrix- Formation of Boolean matrix agrees- Build the opposite set and create the opposite matrix- Formation of opposite boolean matrix- Formation of the final matrix- Final ranking of options.

Investigating the situation of informal settlements in Tabriz in relation to the occurrence of a possible crisis will play a vital role in efficient management in the event of a crisis. Due to the large fault zone in the city of Tabriz, the informal settlements of this city are often at risk of earthquakes. In the study area, due to high population density, the use of low quality buildings, small parts, etc. during an earthquake, the effects of the disaster will be irreparable. Therefore, determining the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz to earthquakes is of great importance. Which will play a vital role both in planning for resilience and in managing crisis and emergency housing. According to the findings of the present study, the fuzzy electrode method and its integration with GIS has the ability to integrate information with different structures. Therefore, in the present study, data analysis was performed using fuzzy electr model and GIS. The results of the fuzzy electrode method calculations indicate that the informal settlements located in region 3 will experience the lowest vulnerability with a rank of 1, while the informal settlements located in regions 1 and 10 with a rank of 5 will have the highest vulnerability. They will experience vulnerability to earthquake risk. Also, more than 34% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz is exposed to very high vulnerability and more than 27% are exposed to high vulnerability and more than 25% are exposed to moderate vulnerability and only 12.69% of the texture of settlements Unofficially, the city of Tabriz is exposed to low vulnerability to earthquake risk. In terms of vulnerability spectrum, informal settlements in zones 1 and 10 are in the very high range, informal settlements in zones 7 in the wide range, settlements in zones 4 and 5 in the high to medium range, and informal settlements. Located in Zone 3, they are in the medium to low vulnerability range. Informal settlements located in areas 10 and 1, which are in a very high range of vulnerabilities, include neighborhoods (Yousefabad, Silab, Mola Zeinal, small spring, large spring, Loti Ibrahim, Ahmadabad, Beheshti, 40 meters, Ismail Baqal, Ghorbani, Idelu, Khalilabad). These neighborhoods have the highest population density and fine-grained texture, most of them do not have strong buildings and are built without proper planning, and in terms of the passage parameter, they have narrow and narrow passages. And have mostly spread in the area of North Tabriz fault. Therefore, increasing the values of parameters such as population density, building quality, distance from the fault, building density, etc. have caused informal settlements located in these neighborhoods to be in a very high range of vulnerabilities. In general, it can be concluded that if the construction is properly managed and the rules of 2800 earthquake regulations are strictly observed in the informal settlements of Tabriz, we will see a decrease in earthquake hazards.

The concern about limited fossil resources has led researchers to use renewable and new energies. Bioethanol is one of the most important and widely used biofuels that can replace fossil fuels. Bioethanol can be produced from various agricultural products and waste, such as grains, molasses, fruit, lignocellulosic materials, and algae. Molasses, an amorphous sugar extracted from sugar cane and sugar beet, is considered one of the most essential raw materials of sugar base. Sugars are usually produced with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and bio-ethanol. Starch-based materials, such as wheat and corn, must first be enzymatically hydrolyzed, and then bioethanol is obtained with the help of the fermentation process. Agricultural wastes such as cereal straw, sawdust, and black liquor are considered lignocellulosic raw materials. Lignocellulosic raw materials are first de-ligninized. Then, the enzymatic hydrolysis process is performed, and finally, with the help of fermentation, bioethanol is obtained. This review article first deals with the production status of this biofuel in the world's leading countries. Then, it briefly mentions the bioethanol production process from sugar, starch, and lignocellulosic raw materials and the challenges of each method. It also examines the types of yeasts and compares them and the effective parameters in the fermentation, pre-treatment, hydrolysis, and distillation processes.

Nitrate is the most abundant and common pollutant in Iran's underground water sources. More than half of the nitrogen fertilizers are wasted and returned to the environment due to nitrogen solubility in water, sublimation, oxidation and reduction, nitrification, and denitrification. Therefore, the use of slow-release fertilizers can be one of the appropriate solutions for its waste. Also, the use of slow-release fertilizers saves money and improves product performance. The results of this research show that slow-release fertilizers enhance the quality of water. This study also shows that natural slow-release fertilizers are not harmful to the environment and can even benefit plant growth. Slow-release urea fertilizers release nitrogen for a more extended period. In addition to reducing pollution, these fertilizers can also improve crop performance. This is because they provide a more stable nitrogen source for plants, which helps prevent nutrient deficiencies. The use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers dramatically increases the duration of nitrogen release in water and the environment, and this ensures a healthier environment and will be much more economical than conventional fertilizers.

Water is the most important component for the sustainable production of agricultural products. Droughts and the increase in plants' water requirement show the necessity of proper and accurate plant irrigation planning. Lack of water is one of the important economic and social factors in most developing countries, especially countries located in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. One of the most important agricultural products in the world is wheat. This product is always a part of macro-agricultural policies, and the analysis of the productivity situation and related challenges plays an important role in agricultural planning. Considering the high cultivated area of this plant and in order for irrigated cultivation to be a sustainable cultivation, it is necessary that its management, modification and methods of water consumption in agricultural lands should be given more attention by agricultural experts and managers. In order to be able to generalize the parameters measured at a point to the regional scale and to determine the water requirement at the regional scale, methods that, in addition to the quantity of data, also measure the location should be used. Therefore, this information should be converted from a point mode to a regional mode and establish the spatial integrity of the point data.

In the current research, the indicators of irrigation planning in wheat production (water requirement, irrigation depth and irrigation interval) in Darab Plain lands in Fars Province have been investigated.In order to create an optimal management, an irrigation database including soil, climate and plant information layers was formed in the GIS, and this information and data was obtained from the Agricultural Jahad Organization. The desired spatial variables are the water requirement of the wheat crop and the net depth of irrigation water. The weather data used to determine the water requirement, such as air temperature and soil parameters, are spatial data and are dependent on spatial characteristics. Then, based on the information provided in the GIS, the location map of the farms was prepared in the first stage. According to the size of the area, after the field visit and information about the condition of the farms, 30 farms that had a pressurized irrigation plan were selected. Due to considering proper dispersion and non-overlapping of information, a number of points were removed, and due to the fact that in order to use the kriging model, it is necessary for the points to have proper distribution, so finally 15 points (farms) were selected. The whole plain is scattered. Based on the selected points, the condition of the soil type was determined. The required information on water requirement, net and gross depth of water irrigation and soil texture were formed in the Geographic Information Systems. So that in the points without data, an estimate of the desired data was made and the required maps were prepared. In order to estimate the irrigation interval in each of the studied lands, using spatial analysis in the GIS and irrigation water depth maps and wheat water requirements, the irrigation interval map was prepared separately for each month.The purpose of the research is spatial analysis and the studied data is of the spatial data type, and geostatistics models were used to prepare spatial distribution maps of water requirement and net depth of water irrigation, and interpolation of data were done using Kriging method.

First, the condition of the soil texture in the study area was investigated. Based on the soil texture in the selected areas and with the help of the Thyssen method, the soil texture map of the study area was prepared. The texture of the soil in the northeast, east, southwest and west is loamy and in the northwest, center, south and southeast it is clay loam. The north of the studied area is sandy loam. The growing season of wheat cultivation in the study area is from December to June. The maps prepared for water requirement and irrigation depth showed that in most months, the highest amount of water requirement is related to the north and northeast parts and the lowest amount is related to the northwest and west parts. Also, the water requirement maps showed that during the wheat growth period in the study area (November to June), the month of May has the highest monthly water requirement with an average of 86.45 mm/month. The irrigation depth maps also showed that the irrigation depth in the center of the plain has the highest value and the northern parts of the plain have the lowest value. Also, the irrigation depth maps showed that the irrigation depth in the whole area varies from 8.6 cm to 13.8 cm. According to the water requirement maps, since the changes of water requirement in the study area are large and also the net irrigation depth map shows a high depth, as a result, the irrigation interval is affected by both. The lowest of wheat irrigation interval in the study area (1 day) is in the months of April and May for lands in the north, northeast and southeast, which increases from the east to the center, and in the northwest and southwest, the maximum irrigation interval is 3 days. Considering that the minimum water requirement of wheat in the growth period is in January and the range of its changes in different parts of the study area is between 6.6 and 18.05 mm/month. Therefore, the longest irrigation interval (5 to 18 days) is related to this month. According to the obtained results, the estimation of water requirement, net irrigation depth and irrigation interval based on regional changes and spatial analysis is a suitable method in irrigation planning. The use of spatial analysis and advanced geostatistics models can be effective in estimating irrigation parameters and productivity indicators and help different land managements and determine the amount of water requirement and the appropriate irrigation interval.

Landscapes and urban green spaces are an important part of urban open spaces and they have various types, among the most important types of these places, we can mention urban parks, urban parks themselves also have different categories and according to area And the covered population provides services to the people that the citizens use and attend these places to relax and fill their free time. Based on this, the importance of urban parks in creating peace is considered, and to measure the importance of these places in creating peace, which is the aim of this research, we decided to conduct this research. In this research, library sources, interviews and questionnaires with 13 main questions and five optional options were used to collect the required data, and a total of 125 questionnaires were collected. Also, to check the received data by assigning 4, 3, 0, 2, 1 points respectively to the options I completely agree, I agree, I have no opinion, I disagree, I completely disagree. The results showed that greenness of urban parks with an average score of 3.3 and being with friends in urban parks with an average score of 2.4 are the most important and least important factors of creating peace in urban parks, respectively. In the following, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 5 experts related to the research topic and it was processed by Atlas TI software, which was consistent with the results obtained from the questionnaire. In general, it can be said that city parks play an important role in creating peace in citizens and indicators such as beauty, security, facilities and furniture should be considered in these places so that visitors to city parks enjoy spending their free time in this place and get rid of the fatigue of daily work.

Currently, soil erosion is considered one of the important environmental problems in Iran's watersheds. Accurate estimation of sedimentation and soil erodibility is very important for the protection and management of natural resources. Soil erodibility indicates the potential ability of soil to erode, and its increase is considered a serious threat to the stability and production capacity of agricultural lands. Measuring soil erodibility by direct method is expensive and time-consuming, and nowadays indirect methods are used to determine it. One of the most common indirect methods for estimating this parameter is the use of the Wischmeier and Smith nomograph, which was developed for non-calcareous soils. However, the majority of the soils in Iran is calcareous and the use of the nomograph method does not provide a correct estimate of the amount of erodibility. Loess is one of the most important Quaternary sedimentary formations in northeastern Iran, which consists of a relatively high percentage of lime. Therefore, the main goal of current research is to determine the most suitable indirect model to determine soil erodibility in Loess lands with the origin of calcareous sediments.

In the current study, Arab-Qara-Haji watershed with an area of 2596 hectares located in the east of Golestan province was selected as a typical loess area. The average annual precipitation of this watershed is 489 mm and it has a moderate semi-arid climate. This area is one of the sedimentary basins of Kopeh-Dagh zone related to the Jurassic period and consists of limestone and loess sediments. Based on the field studies, three main types of soil including hills (67.1%), loess plateaus (20.6%) and river terraces (12.3%) were identified in this watershed and the land unit was selected as working units. For this purpose, 48 surface samples (0-10 cm depth) were collected from each part of the land unit. In this research, two series of samples were taken from each section. The first series of samples was used to determine the soil physicochemical properties and the second series was sampled by a special cylinder to determine the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity using the falling head method. In the laboratory, soil texture was determined by hydrometric method (D<0.075), soil granularity by sieve analysis (D>0.075), soil organic matter by wet burning method and neutral lime percentage by Nelson method. The experience of the soil expert of this research was used to determine the soil structure in field. Then, soil erodibility was estimated using four indirect methods, including Weishmeier and Smith nomograph, Torri, Shirazi, and Vaezi. In this study, the soil actual erodibility was measured using rain simulator in the field (in plots of 1 m2). Then the validation of the models was performed using three standard indices MAD, RMSE and MAPE and the most appropriate model was selected.

Soil texture assessment in this watershed revealed that around 90 percent of soil samples have silt loam texture and the rest of samples has loam one. Also, the average lime in study area was estimated about 29%. The high percentage of lime (29%) and silt (60%) in this watershed has greatly increased the tunnel erosion probability. The validation results of the used models revealed that the use of the Vaezi method to estimate the soil erodibility factor in the loess lands of the study area has the highest accuracy (RMSE=0.00225). However, it is less estimated than the actual values. These results were confirmed in all 3 soil types of Arab-Qara-Haji watershed. After Vaezi model, Shirazi model (RMSE=0.03600) is more suitable than other models to estimate the soil erodibility factor in the loess lands of the area. This model has overestimated in all three types of soil including hill, loess plateau, and alluvial terrace, which is 11.2 times higher than the actual data from the rain simulator in the Arab-Qara-Haji watershed. After the Vaezi and Shirazi models, Wischmeier nomograph and Torri models, respectively, have a weaker performance in determining the soil erodibility factor in the limestone lands of the study area. Like the Shirazi method, Wischmeier nomograph and Tori methods have overestimated the soil erodibility factor. In the study area, this increase has been18.6 and 21.9 times higher than the actual data for Wischmeier nomograph and Torri models, respectively.

The present research results revealed that the use of Vaezi model to estimate soil erodibility in loamy lands with a high percentage of neutral lime is more appropriate compared to other used models. Based on the Vaezi and colleagues model, if the amount of neutral lime in the soil is less than 13%, it has a controlling role on the soil erodibility factor. While, this model is not able to estimate the soil erodibility in areas with neutral lime more than 30%. Therefore, for a number of soil samples in which the neutral lime was above 30%, the Vaezi model was not able to calculate the soil erodibility factor. It seems that currently, for the areas where the percentage of neutral lime in the surface soil is less than 30%, the use of the Vaezi model is more suitable than other models. It is suggested to recalibrate and update the Vaezi model for areas where the percentage of lime is more than 30%. The present research results revealed that the use of Vaezi model to estimate soil erodibility in loamy lands with a high percentage of neutral lime is more appropriate compared to other used models. Based on the Vaezi and colleagues model, if the amount of neutral lime in the soil is less than 13%, it has a controlling role on the soil erodibility factor. While, this model is not able to estimate the soil erodibility in areas with neutral lime more than 30%. Therefore, for a number of soil samples in which the neutral lime was above 30%, the Vaezi model was not able to calculate the soil erodibility factor. It seems that currently, for the areas where the percentage of neutral lime in the surface soil is less than 30%, the use of the Vaezi model is more suitable than other models. It is suggested to recalibrate and update the Vaezi model for areas where the percentage of lime is more than 30%.

Horizontal visibility is one of the most important optical characteristics of the atmosphere. Predicting horizontal visibility is of great importance in various aspects such as air pollution, air traffic, flight safety, road traffic, and maritime travel safety. The aim of the present study is to analyze the spatiotemporal variation of horizontal visibility in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, hourly data of horizontal visibility, present weather phenomenon, and relative humidity were used for a 70-year statistical period (1951-2020) in the study area. In this study, the extinction coefficient was calculated using the Koshmider formula. Finally, using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, the trend analysis of the frequency reduction of horizontal visibility phenomenon was conducted in the region. The results showed that among the studied stations, Babolsar, Ramsar, and Astara stations experienced an increasing trend, Nowshahr station experienced a decreasing trend, and Gonbad-e Kavus and Maraveh Tappeh stations had no trend in the extinction coefficient. Based on the Mann-Kendall output among the seasons, significant decreasing (increasing) trends were observed in the autumn and winter seasons, and no trend was observed in other time scales. The results of the analysis of the impact of weather parameters showed that among the factors affecting horizontal visibility, precipitation (39.75%) and dust (0.83%) had the highest and lowest percentage of impact, respectively, compared to other effective factors in the region. In general, it can be said that due to the forested nature and suitable vegetation cover in the region, the possibility of the occurrence of local dust storms is very low.

Germination, growth, yield and quality of crops are determined by seed material, which can be ‎‎improved by pre-planting treatments with the participation of various physical factors including ‎‎electric field, magnetic field, laser radiation and microwave radiation. Stimulation before sowing ‎seeds with a magnetic field includes a constant magnetic field generated by permanent magnets ‎and electromagnets, as well as a variable magnetic field. The variable magnetic field is generated ‎by specially designed electromagnets. The biological behavior of seeds, roots, pollen grains and ‎buds of some plants changes under electromagnetic fields. For this reason, studies have been ‎conducted on the side effects of this field on the germination response and seedling growth and ‎yield in some plants. Plant cells have a negative charge that can absorb positively charged ions. ‎Cytochemical studies have shown that root cells exposed to a weak magnetic field compared to ‎control cells show a state of calcium saturation in the cytoplasm of all their organs. Magnetic ‎fields affect both the activity of ions and the polarization of bipolar molecules in living cells. The ‎magnetic field also stimulates cell metabolism and mitosis in cells. Meristematic plants become ‎plants. Variable magnetic fields, if used properly, have a great stimulatory effect on cell ‎proliferation and the growth of plants and fungi. According to studies, the use of ‎electromagnetic field may also affect the seed germination of medicinal plants and improve seed ‎germination, but taking into account that the intensity and duration of these pretreatments It can ‎have different effects in different seeds, it is better to do studies with different intensities and ‎durations of these treatments before recommending these methods for commune failure. Due to ‎the great medicinal properties of Echinacea and the lack of information about the effect of these ‎treatments on germination of this species, the aim of this study was to investigate the germination ‎of Echinacea seeds after electromagnetic field treatments.Therefore, the aim of the ‎present study ‎was to investigate the germination of Echinacea seeds after electromagnetic field ‎treatments. ‎

In order to investigate the intensity of 100 ms and the duration of the magnetic field on the ‎germination components of Echinacea seeds in the laboratory of production and processing of ‎medicinal plants, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in a completely randomized design ‎with three replications in 2015 Done. Experimental treatments included a constant magnetic field ‎strength (100 ms) and the duration of exposing the seeds to a constant magnetic field for 5, 10, ‎‎15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 minutes and control treatment (without magnetic field ‎exposure). The dried seeds were placed in batches of 75 in a thin transparent plastic tube between ‎the poles of the magnet with a constant magnetic field strength and time required, and then ‎placed in batches of 25 in each petri dish. To apply the magnetic field, a magnetic field inductor ‎was used, which consisted of a pair of magnets with the ability to adjust the distance from each ‎other. The two magnets were embedded in the machine so that they were attracted to each other. ‎The distance between the two magnets was adjusted by measuring the intensity of the magnetic ‎field with a teslamter device so that the magnitude of the magnetic field was 100 milliseconds. ‎First, the seeds were disinfected by soaking in 10% sodium hypochlorite for three minutes and ‎then washed several times using distilled water to remove residual sodium hypochlorite from the ‎seed surface. In this experiment, after applying the treatments, 25 seeds of each treatment were ‎placed in three replications in a nine-centimeter dish with a Whatman filter paper. The petri ‎dishes were then placed in a germinator at 22 ° C for 12 hours for germination for 15 days. The ‎number of germinated seeds (2 mm rootlet exit was considered as germination criterion) was ‎counted and recorded daily. On the last day, to obtain the length of the root and stem, first the ‎root was separated from the stem and their length was measured with a ruler, as well as the fresh ‎weight of the root and stem. Which was calculated by the scales with an accuracy of 0.001 and ‎then to obtain the dry weight of the samples, after weighing, they were placed in an oven at 70 ° ‎C for 24 hours and finally the weight Their dryness was calculated by a scale with an accuracy of ‎‎0.001. Also, ratio of root length to stem length, ratio of root dry weight to fresh weight of root ‎and ratio of dry weight of stem to fresh weight of stem Was calculated. The following equations ‎were used to determine the germination rate (GS) and germination percentage (G%).‎

The results of analysis of variance showed: root dry weight, shoot dry weight, germination rate, ‎ratio of root dry weight to fresh root weight and ratio of stem dry weight to fresh weight of stem ‎At the level of 1% probability and fresh weight of stem, root length, germination percentage and ‎ratio of root length to stem length were significant at 5% probability level and fresh weight of ‎root And shoot length was not significant. Comparison of means showed that the highest fresh ‎weight of shoots in 15 minutes treatment (exposure to magnetic field), highest dry weight of ‎shoots and shoots, root-shoot length, germination percentage And germination rate and ratio of ‎root length to stem length in 15 minutes treatment (exposure to magnetic field) and maximum ‎root dry weight to root fresh weight and stem dry weight to Stem fresh weight in 20 minutes ‎treatment (magnetic field exposure) and the lowest amount of root and stem fresh weight, root ‎dry weight, root length, ratio of root length to Stem length and shoot to dry weight ratio of shoot ‎to fresh weight in 50 minutes (exposure to magnetic field), minimum shoot dry weight and shoot ‎length in 30 minutes (exposure Magnetic field exposure), the lowest percentage and germination ‎rate in 20 minutes treatment (magnetic field exposure) and the lowest ratio of root dry weight to ‎fresh root germ weight in control (without exposure Magnetic field) was observed. Based on the ‎results obtained from the comparison of means, 10 minutes of treatment (magnetic field ‎exposure) had the greatest effect on the measurement components compared to the control.The ‎magnetic field not only allows water to penetrate the seed faster, but also affects the rate of ‎enzymatic reactions. Increased water absorption in the first stage caused the inflammation of the ‎seeds to be affected by the magnetic field, which resulted in an increase in their fresh weight. ‎The magnetic field reduces the surface tension and viscosity of water, as well as the latent heat ‎of vaporization, which eventually leads to rapid evaporation of water. These three phenomena are ‎related to the power of action designated as hydrogen bonding. Changes in these indices lead to ‎faster penetration of water into the seeds, causing faster and more effective germination of seeds.‎

The subject of this paper is to investigate the effect of the amount of enclosure of urban pedestrians as well as the type and amount of vegetation on the amount of air suspended in Tehran. The results of the previous studies show that vegetation and physical patterns of urban space have a significant effect on the rate of airborne particles. The research seeks to answer these questions: What is the relationship between the amount of enclosure in the pedestrian streets urban spaces and the amount of suspended particles? And also how does the type and amount of vegetation and location and its severity affect the amount of airborne particles? The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal amount of physical enclosure of city walkways as well as vegetation type and their size and their distance, and the density of their leaves, in order to reduce the airborne particles contaminated with particles less than 1 micron (PM10). The research method in this paper is descriptive analytic and simulation using Envi-met software. Pedestrians are special pedestrian crossings that are implemented to create a suitable and safe environment for pedestrians by imposing a complete or relative ban on the movement of motor vehicles in some passages (Hakimi, 2014). Pedestrians are crossings with the highest level of social role in which pedestrians are completely dominated and motorized vehicles are used only to serve the current life in the crossing. Sidewalks are a tool for collective activity (Pakzad, 2014). In recent years, the increase in air pollution has made urban public spaces less usable for different segments of the society, so that one of the most important environmental challenges facing metropolises is the phenomenon of air pollution (Yeganeh). et al. 2018). Air pollution is the presence of one or more pollutants or compounds in the external or internal atmosphere, in amounts and duration that may cause damage to human, plant or animal life or property and unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property (Ajlali, 2016). Air pollution is not caused by a single factor, but a series of complex issues cause air pollution. In fact, a part is related to the industry, a part is caused by cars, a part is related to meteorological parameters (such as wind speed) and some cases are also related to geographical conditions such as mountains, seas, the slope of the region, etc. (Shafipour) , 1387). The unfavorable condition of the air and the concentration of pollutants exceeding the limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in metropolitan cities are considered a serious threat to the health of citizens. The city of Tehran, as the largest and most populous city in the country, has a problem due to specific geographical (topography and weather), social (population distribution and traffic), cultural (level of culture and related education) and urban development conditions. It is air pollution (Air Quality Control Company, 1390: 12). One of the ways to optimize the environment in order to provide thermal comfort and remove air pollution is to use plants (Bourbia, Boucherriba, 2010). Planting plants on the surface of roads, increasing the planting of plants on the roofs of buildings and increasing greenery in the city will reduce urban heat islands, reduce energy consumption and improve air quality (Bourbia F, Boucherriba F. 2010; 35). Plants are able to absorb pollution better than artificial surfaces and buildings, which is proved by the chemical analysis of the foliage surface (Beckett, Freer-Smith, Taylor, 1998; 99). In a research conducted using a wind tunnel, it was shown that the presence of trees on the street surface increases the presence and concentration of pollutants in the roads (Gromke C, Ruck B, 2007; 41). Dust removal is one of the important environmental effects that urban green spaces are responsible for. Green plants absorb fine particles of dust, bitumen and oil, and as a result, the speed of dust that hits a mass of greenery is reduced. Heavy dust settles and smaller particles stick to the surface of plant leaves. Grass absorbs dust 3 to 6 times more than bare surfaces, but the same grass absorbs dust 10 times less than a tree with the same surface (Yang, J., McBridea, J., Zhou, J., Sun, Z., 2005) Pollution removal is one of the various ways of the effect of urban trees in improving the city air, therefore, tree planting management based on shading and choosing the appropriate plant species can be a sustainable strategy to improve the city air and bring it closer to the standards. be a city Therefore, it is better to use plants that have the ability to absorb environmental pollutants in planting combinations. To increase purification, plants that occupy more space per surface area can be used or combined with green plants, which is based on size, color, compatibility, etc. Taghizadeh, 1387. This article aims to study the effect of vegetation and the degree of confinement in urban sidewalks on the dispersion of airborne particles in the city of Tehran, with an emphasis on suspended particulate matter less than 10 microns or PM10. Among the sources of emission of pollutant M10, we can mention the indiscriminate construction in the city, the activity of brick making and asphalt making units around the city. The lack of green spaces and forest parks and the lack of suitable vegetation in the suburbs are also among the main factors in aggravating the pollution of suspended particles during storms and strong winds (Hava Health, 2016). Methods of data collection at the theoretical level by referring to scientific documents and texts and at the experimental level, using data from databases related to climate variables and databases related to air pollution measurement (Meteoblue, ASPA's STREET) Physical, spatial, activity-social and symbolic sequences are studied (Yeganeh, Bemanian, 2012). The observation unit includes sequences and transversal and longitudinal sections of the thirty-third axis of Tehran city. Software analysis technique has been done with leonardo software. The variables include air pollution and the degree of confinement in urban pedestrian axes. This variable is the causal conditions for the dependent variable and the amount of air pollution is the dependent variable in this research. The determined indicators have the validity of the standard due to the fact that they refer to previous researches and common and accepted indicators of researchers in the field of landscape architecture and urban planning. In addition, the indicators have construct validity because they are determined based on the theoretical framework of the research. The reliability of the results of this research is due to the validity and citation of the software used in this research (Envi-met), which is cited in most theses and articles and scientific research related to the subject. It is • Operationalization of variables In defining the concepts and their practical identifiers, the experimental background and the theories discussed in the theoretical literature have been used. Based on this, the variables used in this research are conceptually defined as follows: Conceptual definition of sidewalks: Sidewalks are passages with the highest level of social role, in which pedestrians have full control and motorized vehicles are used only to serve the current life on the passage. Sidewalks are a tool for collective activity (Pakzad, 2014). In determining its quality, factors such as vegetation, the relationship between mass and space, and the speed and direction of wind flow are of great importance.

In different regions of the Persian Gulf, oil pollution along with other urban, agricultural and industrial pollution has destroyed this valuable ecosystem and the valuable aquatic resources in it have been exposed to the risk of various corruptions and have threatened the aquatic populations in it. (Pourrang, 2005). The Caspian Sea is one of the unique lakes in the world due to its biological resources (plants and animals) and supply of protein materials, sturgeon fishing, and caviar production (Bazrafshan, 1374). In recent years, the increasing development of human activities in the countries bordering the Caspian Sea has changed the ecology of this sea. The Caspian Sea has oil and gas refineries and oil reserves in oil fields and exploration and drilling activities by five common countries, especially Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. And the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents has caused the pollution of the sea (Varedi, 2015). Some microorganisms are present in the contaminated site, but for more effective remediation, the growth of the microorganism must be stimulated. Biostimulation is the process of adding nutrients, electron acceptors, and oxygen to stimulate bacteria in bioremediation. This is the process of optimizing the environmental conditions of the place of correction. Additives are usually added to subsurface layers through injection wells. Subsurface characteristics such as groundwater velocity, subsurface hydraulic conductivity, and subsurface lithology are essential for the development of a biological stimulation system. The natural microorganisms in the soil are responsible for the decomposition of pollutants. But biostimulation can be improved with biological additives. The quality of life on earth depends on the quality of the environment. Large amounts of organic and inorganic substances are released into the environment every year as a result of human activities. Contaminated lands are generally the result of industrial activities, the use, and disposal of hazardous substances, and such. It is now widely recognized that contaminated land is a potential threat to human health, and its continued discovery over the past 13 years has led to international efforts to remediate many sites, or as a response to health hazards.or environmental effects caused by pollution or to activate this place for use, to be developed again. Bioremediation is a general concept that includes all those processes and actions that take place to transform an environment, which is currently changedby pollutants to its original state (Adhikari, 2004; Gunasekaran, 2003). Also, bioremediation means the process of cleaning hazardous waste with microorganisms or plants, and it is the safest method of cleaning soil pollution.So far, there have been several studies on biological indicators (various plant and animal species as biological monitors) of heavy metals in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, which we can mention here. The use of biological information and biological control programs for water pollution for the management of ecosystems started at the beginning of the 1920s in the United States and then in a more serious way since 1948 all over the world. Today, many researchers from international organizations, including the EPA and the World Health Organization (WHO), introduced these indicators as the most appropriate indicators for environmental assessment and ecosystem management (Freund, 2007). Hilsenhoff's research, which started in 1979 with periodic sampling of the end of aquatic habitats and measurement of physical and chemical parameters, and finally using the biological coefficient formula; is considered a turning point in the biological evaluations of the environment (Hilsenhoff, 1988).Also, by examining the management of drilling waste, which is one of the new biological methods being developed in Iran, we will deal with it. The wastes of drilling operations are mainly the result of the washing and cooling activities of drilling machines. These wastes are generally divided into two groups in terms of physical phase: solids and liquids. In the new method invented in this collection, these wastes are managed separately. Solids are recycled by biological methods (composting) and liquids are recycled by three chemical methods, biological absorbents, and evaporation-condensation, depending on their initial quality. This new method first recycles water with the help of flow management and mixing, and then with different chemical, physical, and sometimes biological methods.The results of various surveys show that by measuring different pollutants in the plants of the same region, it is possible to understand the state of pollution of various compounds, including heavy metals (Lehndorff, 2009). In 2010, Bonanno and Gaddis in South Phragmites examined reed aquatic plants in terms of the accumulation of heavy metals cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc in the root, rhizome, stem and leaf tissues and concluded They found that the mentioned plant can be a monitor to control water pollution (Bonanno, 2010). Wild oysters can also be used to monitor pollution. In 2011, Victoria et al. investigated the concentration of heavy metals in the soft tissue of a species of wild oysters from the Spanish North Atlantic coast and stated that wild oysters are a benchmark for international evaluation. Besada, 2011). Also, in 2015, Phillips et al. tested the concentration of four heavy metals cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the tissue of three aquatic plants, and based on the results of the research they have conducted, these species are suitable for use as indicators of the presence and level of pollutants. Heavy metals are introduced into estuary water places (Phillips, 2015). In Iran, many types of research have been conducted so far, by examining their results, the potential of different species in the direction of bioremediation can be achieved, and we are now mentioning some of them. In 2013, during research, Azami et al. investigated the amount of total mercury in different tissues of three of the most important waterfowl species in the north of the country, including the great cormorant, the mallard, and the green duck, and compared the results with the international standard of the American Environmental Protection Organization. Global health and domestic standards are compared and finally, while warning consumers of waterfowl, especially vulnerable people, the results of their research are an achievement for managers to control and monitor metal pollution in Gamishan and Anzali wetlands, which are one of the most important habitats. The wintering birds are listed (Aazami, 2012).

Although bioremediation is not the answer to all pollution, it provides a method of removing pollution by enhancing biological processes and natural biological decomposition. Also, its application in each place must be determined and depends on the local mineralogy, hydrology, geology, and chemistry of that place. Therefore, with the development and understanding of microbial communities and their response to the natural environment and pollutants, expanding the knowledge of microbial genetics to increase the ability to reduce pollutants, and conducting proper tests of new bioremediation techniques that are cost-effective, this technology is an efficient and cost-effective way to purify water, contaminated land, and soil. Therefore, this method is being developed and improved to be able to cover more areas of pollution.

One of the most important climatic factors that affect the distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in the plant is the lack of water available to the plant. Water stress is actually one of the most important environmental stresses that can severely affect plant growth and performance. The mechanism of resistance to drought stress, in turn, differs among plant species. Therefore, plants have the ability to reduce the use of their resources and regulate their growth to cope with adverse environmental conditions such as drought. Stomatal regulation of plants through increasing ion transport, and abscisic acid signaling is also in the molecular mechanisms of plant response to drought stress.It is involved. One of the most efficient mechanisms of plants, when faced with water stress, is the osmotic regulation mechanism that occurs in plants in order to maintain turgescence and cell swelling.Considering that the effect of GABA in inducing resistance to all kinds of stresses in plants is significant and the research in this field is increasing in the world, This research in Iran is still in its initial stages. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of GABA on the quantitative and qualitative growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions.Considering the significant role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in inducing resistance to various stresses in plants and the increasing research in this field globally, it is important to explore the effects of GABA on the quantitative and qualitative growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions in Iran.

This research was carried out as a field and as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. For this purpose, 27 x 1.5 meter plots were prepared for each plant. 5 rows were placed in each plot and 7 seeds were placed in each row. After sufficient initial growth and seedling establishment, the first stage of GABA spraying (0, 1, and 2 mg/liter) was done. After about a week passed from the first phase of foliar spraying, water scarcity stress (irrigation at 100% (control), 75%, and 50% of the agricultural capacity of the field) was applied. The irrigation method applied in this research was closed-end irrigation, where water was provided to the roots using the plots created in the field and inside the experimental plots. Water entered the experimental plots through a 1-inch hose from the irrigation piping of Miandoab University. Irrigation treatment at three irrigation levels up to 100% of crop capacity as a control treatment. Irrigation of the land was applied until reaching 75% of the agricultural capacity and irrigation up to 50% of the agricultural capacity. Before each irrigation, the soil moisture was read using a hygrometer at a depth of 30 cm. According to the average amount of water required for irrigation control treatments, the volume of water for other treatments was determined by considering 25% and 50% reduction. Two weeks after the last stage of foliar spraying with GABA treatment at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 mg/liter, morphological characteristics such as the number of side branches, plant length, pod length, pod diameter, pod number, and seed number per plant and the quantitative and qualitative yield of fenugreek was measured.Chlorophyll and carotenoids were measured using the method (Arnon, 1949). To measure the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids, 0.2 g of the fresh leaves of the plant were ground in a Chinese mortar containing 2 mL of 80% acetone, so that the chlorophyll enters the acetone solution, and then about 2 mL of the extract the obtained acetone was removed. The obtained acetone extract solution was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4000 revolutions and then the optical absorption of the supernatant solution was read at wavelengths of 470, 646, and 663 by a spectrophotometer.Folin Ciocalto reagent was used to measure total phenol compounds (Slinkard and Singleton, 1997). To perform this test, two mL of Fulin Ciocalto reagent was added to 400 µL of the diluted extract, and after five minutes, 1.6 mL of 75 g.L-1 sodium carbonate solution was added to it. After half an hour, the absorbance value of the mixture at 765 nm wavelength was read by a spectrophotometer in front of the blank. Different concentrations of calic acid were used to draw a standard curve. A spectrophotometer was used to measure flavonoids using the method of Krizek et al. (1998). The method of Miloskos et al. was used to measure the total antioxidant.Data collection included measurements of plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, and yield components such as number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and seed germination rate. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. In the end, the data obtained from this experiment were analyzed with SAS 9.1 statistical software, and the averages were compared using Duncan's test at the probability level of 5%. Also, the graphs were drawn using Excel software.

In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate the positive effects of GABA application on the growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions. GABA-treated plants exhibited enhanced growth parameters and improved yield components compared to the control group. These results highlight the potential of GABA as a promising tool for mitigating the negative impacts of water stress on plant growth and productivity. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms of GABA-induced stress tolerance in plants and its potential applications in agricultural practices.The results of the research showed that the morphological and functional characteristics of fenugreek plants are directly affected by irrigation stress, and the use of GABA foliar application moderates the effects of irrigation stress in studied plants. One of the reasons for the decrease in the number of seeds in the pod can be related to insufficient photosynthesis and the production of the necessary materials for the growth of all the seeds due to water stress, which ultimately causes a smaller number of seeds to grow in the pod. As an additional result, the use of GABA foliar spray treatment with a concentration of 2 mg.L-1 under irrigation stress conditions has increased the content of phenol, flavonoid, and total sugar.

Soil erosion is a natural process that causes soil loss due to various environmental factors such as weather, soil, topography and vegetation (Obayat et al., 1400). However, human interventions through land use change and agricultural and construction activities can accelerate this flow (Wenker et al., 2019). For this reason, soil erosion caused by land use change has become the most important problem of land degradation all over the world, and the transformation of the land form and the disruption of the main functions of the ecosystem are the consequences of these geomorphic reactions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of land use changes in a period of twenty years on the amount of erosion and sedimentation in Shafa Roud basin.

Shafarood watershed is between 48 degrees and 41 minutes to 49 degrees and 6 minutes and 30 seconds from the Greenwich meridian in the eastern hemisphere and between 37 degrees and 25 minutes to 37 degrees and 41 minutes and 30 seconds from the equator and in the northern hemisphere and in It is located in the west of Gilan province and Talash region. The highest peak of this basin called Sharaf in the northwest of the studied area is 2892 meters high, and its lowest point is about 71 meters above the surface of open water.In this research, the data of rain gauge stations nearby and inside the basin were used to analyze the rainfall data. It should be noted that the quality of the data used was checked before entering the statistical analysis stages, and after removing the possible statistical deficiencies and also checking the outliers of the data, it entered the statistical analysis stage. In the processing of satellite images, it is very important to choose the right time of the images taken to prepare the land use map, so in the present study, the multi-temporal images of the Landsat series in cloudless conditions (Bascula et al., 2017) in the middle of June 2011 and 1401 Shamsi (2004 and 2022 AD) was obtained through the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website. Considering the growing season of pasture plants and the timing of planting and harvesting crops, it seems that the images from mid-June are suitable for preparing land use maps. In this research, the information of all the spectral bands of the mentioned images was used for land use classification. Also, in this research, Excel, 5.4 Arc GIS, Archydo and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze data and prepare maps. In this research, the RUSLE model was used to estimate the annual average soil erosion. RUSLE model is a function of 6 input factors including rain erosion (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and degree (LS), vegetation management (C) and conservation operations (P).

In this research, the supervised classification method and the support vector machine classification method, which has high accuracy, were used to monitor the changes that occurred during the 20-year period. The classification accuracy of both images was evaluated with the Kappa index and overall accuracy, and according to the research of Mather (2005), the results of the current research are statistically acceptable. Based on the results of the classification accuracy in the two images, the classification accuracy in the order of the date of receiving the image had an increasing trend, which is due to the up-to-date information of the region for the 2022 image and the possibility of direct access to the current land use in the region for selecting educational samples. It was natural. In addition, the accuracy obtained in both images is acceptable and shows the high ability of Landsat images to prepare land use maps with acceptable accuracy, which is in line with the research results (Sengari and Broumand, 2013; El Kawi et al., 2011). Correspond. Of course, it should be noted that the high accuracy of classification is not the only result of the implementation of the classification process, in addition to these cases, the collection of educational samples with appropriate distribution and number at the basin level has played a significant role in improving the classification process. In general, the accuracy of the results obtained from the two images had similar results for all applications, which can be attributed to the collection of suitable educational samples and the simultaneous date of the collection of the two images (June). The results of the survey of land use changes during 20 years in the region showed (Table 3), agricultural lands and pastures have decreased in the region. The reason for this can be related to the droughts of recent decades in the region and also the decrease in the level of underground water tables, which has reduced the amount of water available to farmers. This result is in line with the research results (Sultanian et al., 2013), but it is against the research results (Nazari Samani et al., 2006 and Rajesh and Yoji, 2006) that the agricultural land has decreased in a period, of course, It seems that the reduction of agricultural lands in his research was due to the increase of residential constructions in the agricultural lands of the region. On the other hand, the level of residential land in the region has increased, which seems natural due to the increase in population in the region and new construction in the villages. The obtained results show that the amount of erosion in 2011 varies from -0.84 to 5.63 tons per hectare per year and in 1401 from -1.33 to 8.37 tons per hectare per year. These results show that the amount of erosion in This basin has increased slightly in 20 years.The obtained results show that the amount of erosion in 2011 varies from -0.84 to 5.63 tons per hectare per year and in 1401 from -1.33 to 8.37 tons per hectare per year. These results show that the amount of erosion in This basin has increased slightly in 20 years.

Soil erosion is a natural process that causes soil loss due to various environmental factors such as climate, soil, topography and vegetation (Abedini et al., 1402: 115). This phenomenon is one of the most critical problems that cause the destruction of land on the earth's surface all over the world. This phenomenon occurs as a result of complex interactions between natural and human-caused factors (Elson et al., 2022). Erosion is the movement of materials from one point to another, after the destruction of rock or soil, the resulting materials due to the loss of adhesion and density by various factors such as water, wind and snow, and depending on the strength It acts as a transport and deposition agent (Ahmadi, 212: 1386). Soil erosion is one of the most important factors of destruction and reduction of soil fertility, which is increasing throughout the year and leads to the loss of high-quality agricultural soil (Bayziz et al., 2011:238). The ever-increasing increase in world population, especially since the last half century, severe interference in water and soil resources (pressure on the land), has caused the study of soil erosion as one of the most important issues in its various dimensions, such as environmental effects, sustainable development of agriculture and food production. and so on, the more attention is paid to it (Abdini, 1400 and 1401(.Ghanbarlu watershed with an area of 34.50 square kilometers and 3450 hectares is one of the sub-basins of Dareh-Rood in Pars-Abad, Moghan city.

The WEPP model is a new technology for predicting erosion, which was established for the first time in 1985 by the US Soil Protection Organization (Refahi, 2016). This model has three methods of watershed, range and flow paths. The amount of soil erosion and sediment production is estimated in the watershed method, in slopes and waterways, in the slope method, in the slope and in the flow path method. In the recent method, the amount of erosion and deposition in waterways is not estimated and the waterway is the only transporter of incoming sediment. The required factors of the WEPP model are: topography, soil, climate, management and waterways. Two factors of slope and direction of slope are considered for the topography factor and GeoWEPP software is used to enter their information into the model. The slope factor was entered in two files: one in the slope file where the slope of the domain and the other in the waterway file where the slope of the waterway was entered. Slope information was entered into the software by means of a digital elevation model map (in GISASCII format) and as a longitudinal profile. Therefore, for this purpose, first the route of waterways was determined and a suitable cross-section for each domain was selected on the topographic map, and then the relevant profile was drawn with the help of ArcGIS software.The main goal of this research is to estimate the soil erosion and sedimentation rate of Ghanbarlo watershed with the WEPP model. In this research, according to the topic, various books, articles, official publications, theses and websites related to the topic have been used. Meteorological and regional water organization of Ardabil province was used to collect meteorological data and discharge and sediment statistics of the basin. Then, in order to directly observe and investigate erosion issues and identify existing phenomena in the area and take soil samples, several stages of field visit to the area have been carried out. Also, the soil laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and the laboratory of Moghan Soil Testing Company have been used to obtain the parameters of the WEPP process model in estimating the amount of erosion and sedimentation. WEPP model has three modes of watershed, flow paths and range. In the case of a watershed, the amount of sediment in the slopes and waterways is estimated. In the case of slopes, the amount of sediment is estimated in the slopes, and in the case of stream paths, the amount of sediment in the slopes is also estimated, and waterways are the only transporters of incoming sediment (Abadini and Toulabi, 2016). In this research, the amount of sediment was estimated with the above three modes. Estimating the sediment produced using the WEPP model was done in two steps: calculating the factors required by the model and entering the data into the software and calculating the sediment.

So far, many experimental and process models have been used to estimate erosion and sedimentation, each of which has strengths and weaknesses in prediction. As a process model, the WEPP model is able to estimate the amount of soil loss on the slopes and on the surface of a watershed based on each rainfall event or for consecutive years. The information required to implement the WEPP model is entered into the relevant software in 5 files: climate file, management file, soil file, slope slope and waterway. Finally, after preparing all the data and implementing the WEPP model, the model identified 5 types of management, 2 types of soil, and 5 types of waterways for the Canberra basin. Based on this, the amount of specific sediment was obtained with 3 methods of watershed, flow paths and range with 0.73, 0.168 and 0.119 tons per hectare per year and the range method of WEPP model was obtained with 0.119 tons per hectare per year. . The results show that the WEPP domain method provides better results in mountain basins (Figure 10).A similar scientific work done by Ahmadi al (2016) in Cherdavel basin, Ilam province, and its results also showed that the WEPP model is more accurate in estimating the amount of soil erosion and sediment production in the watershed compared to the hydrophysical method. In this model, the flow path method to estimate the amount of soil erosion and sediment production is close to the observed number in the hydrometric station, but because the range method is suitable with the natural conditions of the studied basin, it provides correct results and the results show this problem. That the domain method of the WEPP model has a suitable efficiency in the hilly and mountainous areas.

Volatile organic compounds are air polluting agents that are in the form of volatile liquids or solids. These compounds containing organic carbon are produced through various processes and evaporate at a high speed. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) are volatile organic compounds that have similar physical and chemical properties and are more important among volatile organic compounds. These materials are one of the main components of gasoline and one of the main solvents used in industries. BTEX present in used gasoline enters the air of cities through the exhaust, engine of vehicles and also as a result of gasoline evaporation from oil product distribution points, and in this way, gas station employees are exposed to these compounds. The increase in the distribution of gasoline in gas stations in recent years has caused the employees of these stations to be exposed to gasoline compounds. In order to decide on the control measures and protection of employees against adverse effects caused by chemical substances, it is necessary to specifically evaluate the health risks caused by exposure to these substances. Risk assessment can be used as one of the effective tools in environmental and health assessment, and it is needed for different jobs. Due to the high exposure of people working in refueling stations to dangerous organic substances, this study aims to evaluate the health risk of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds in gasoline, in the employees of gasoline fuel distribution stations in Sabzevar city, and in order to provide solutions was done.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 9 gasoline fuel distribution stations in Sabzevar city in the winter of 2014 and the spring of 2015. After determining the positions, the health risk assessment of the investigated compounds was carried out in the positions. For this purpose, the method presented in the Health, Safety, and Environment unit of the Ministry of Oil of Iran has been used. At first, a working group was formed consisting of supervisors of the sites under investigation, staff representatives and environmental pollution experts. In the next step, in order to analyze the work process, the employees were grouped according to their job duties. Then, according to the specificity of the investigated chemicals, BTEX in gasoline, the Hazard Rate (HR) of each of these compounds was determined. For this purpose, risk assessment was carried out in 3 steps: 1) determination of the Hazard Rate, 2) determination of the Exposure Rate (ER), and 3) determination of the Risk Level (RL). After identifying the chemicals in question, in this stage, the level of toxicity or risks caused by these substances was determined. Substances are classified into 5 levels of risk based on the toxic effects or harmful side effects of the chemical substance. According to the provided guide, the ER can be determined using the actual exposure level (pollutant measurement results) or using the exposure index (Exposure Index (EI)). Then the level of risk is obtained according to the degree of danger of the chemical substance (HR) and the degree of exposure (ER). Finally, the risk rating was determined in order to provide a control solution.

Results and duscussion:

The results of the risk analysis and evaluation in all the studied sites showed that the highest risk score was assigned to benzene with a very high rank, ethyl benzene was ranked next, i.e. high, and two other compounds, toluene and xylene, had an average rank assigned to themselves. It is very important to control health risks from the stage of production, use and disposal of chemicals. In recent years, with the increasing urban population and the consequent increase in car production and refueling stations, gasoline consumption has increased and the risk of exposure to vapors caused by this chemical substance has increased. Health risk assessment of chemicals determines their adverse effects. During the investigations, it was determined that Beyhaq, Parsa, and Mehrizi locations have a higher risk score for benzene than other locations due to more traffic of heavy vehicles (Gasoline sales operator).In the discharge operator's job, in Beyhaq and Al-Ahmed stations, due to the high amount of gasoline sales and the consequent increase in the amount of loading and unloading cargo per day (3 to 4 times a day), benzene has the highest risk score with a score of 4.36 and got a very high rating. In the above two positions in the discharge operator's job, ethylbenzene has a high risk rating and the two compounds xylene and toluene have a medium risk rating. In other locations such as Resalat, Parsa, Qarzi, Iran Zemin, Mianabadi and Mehrizi, benzene with a high risk rating had the highest amount of risk and ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene with a medium risk rating were ranked next. In all positions in administrative jobs, benzene with a risk score of 3.98 has the highest risk rating, i.e. a high rating, and the other three compounds all have a medium risk rating.

The increase in the distribution of gasoline in gas stations in recent years has caused the employees of these stations to be exposed to gasoline compounds. These people are in contact with a high level of BTEX compounds through inhalation and skin while refueling vehicles, emptying gasoline from the tanker into the tanks of the fuel distribution stations, cleaning the reservoirs and also opening the devices and equipments. The results showed that the personnel working in gasoline fuel distribution stations are exposed to volatile organic compounds in gasoline at high levels. In order to reduce the risk, it is necessary to take measures such as: controlling the risks at the source, replacing dangerous substances with safe or less dangerous substances, requiring annual and continuous environmental and biological measurement and monitoring in the locations, training to all employees regarding the dangers and health risks of exposure to chemicals in gasoline and its vapors for the use of personal protective equipment, medical examination and testing of sensitive employees such as respiratory and cardiac patients in order to work at the station, visit and control failure of nozzles and station equipments.

To determine the amount of sediment and flood zone and study water quality, engineering operations in rivers are necessary and any change in the steady state of rivers will cause a change in the physical characteristics of rivers and a new reaction in the behavior of rivers. The role of morphological studies in determining the quantity and quality of river reflection and predicting future river behavior. (Morphological studies of rivers, 2012). In Iran, many agricultural lands and good lands along rivers are eroded by floods, and many projects on the coast, such as bridges, residential areas and gardens, etc., have been destroyed. Therefore, river management is essential and the future behavior of rivers can be predicted by studying the natural response of rivers. (Sharifi Asadi, 1390). Khiavachai River starts from the confluence of the upper rivers of Dizo and Moil villages in the south and southeast of Meshginshahr. The current in Moil village is one of the main tributaries of Khiavachai. This river passes through a route about 15 km east of Meshginshahr city. In the meantime, many tributaries join the river. In addition, due to the mountainous nature of the region, the slope of the catchment towards the river is high and the slope of the riverbed is steep. The use of any river classification system is an attempt to simplify the complex relationships between rivers and their catchments. The primary purpose for classifying a river based on morphology is to understand the conditions of the river and its potential. In this regard, it is important that the classification system is a combination of river management issues, the development of river engineering projects and the discussion of river rehabilitation (Ward, 2008: 9). In the present study, according to the purpose and available data, part of the plan of the Khiavachai River canal is analyzed using the Rozgan hierarchy model Continuous change and transformation is one of the principles governing any river that along with the movement and flow of water and sediment in its bed, changes and displacements occur in other geometric characteristics of the river. On the other hand, self-regulation and variability of river canals can create hazards in the form of floods, erosion of the bed or turbulence of the bed, which is why lateral displacement and stability of rivers are of special geomorphic, engineering and ecological importance. Canal displacement can erode valuable lands, pose a threat, and threaten adjacent structures. . Therefore, the variability of rivers creates many problems for human societies, especially with regard to the efforts made to regulate or control rivers. In addition, these unintended consequences of human activities can lead to unfavorable results (Khairizadeh Arough, 2016: 4). Khiav Chai river basin is one of the basins of Qarasu river in Ardabil province, which is located in the northern slopes of Sabalan mountains and has four sub-basins, so this basin, like other basins in the country, is not immune to these problems, so It is important to study the morphological changes of river canals in order to find a suitable control solution to solve dynamic problems. Gregory et al. (2008) in an article entitled "Application of river geomorphology for river canal management" state that in the last three decades, there has been significant progress in the application of river geomorphology that can be used as a result of these studies to examine changes. Used an environment in management. Work on river canal management is more concerned with tolerance capacity, global climate change, environmental beauty, ecosystem health and public participation. The application of river geomorphology in the field of river canal changes related to the form and trend, canal change assessment, urbanization, canal construction, mining industry, the effect of engineering works, land use changes, is renewed and rehabilitated. Based on the research results, they have provided additives containing palohydrological inputs for use in river canal management that show how and how geomorphological research can be reviewed by managers. Hancock et al. (2010) used two landscape evolution models from SIBERIA and CAESAR in southeastern Australia and compared the results of this model in terms of erosion and geomorphological changes and erosion and sedimentation patterns. Hancock et al. (2011) model and simulate the effect of rainfall changes on erosion and duct movement in a study of the South East Australian Basin. In this study, they used the CAESAR cell model, which is able to show the rate of erosion and duct changes. The results show that the sensitivity of the basin to different rainfall patterns is very high. Slight changes in rainfall can lead to high sediment loads, indicating climate change. Batala et al. (2018) analyzed the geomorphological evolution of the natural river channel in the Mediterranean basin of Chile. In this study, the relationship between climate and river morphology has been investigated using remote sensing and satellite images. The results showed that morphological changes such as narrowing of the river canal and loss of vegetation by humans have caused the frequency and magnitude of flood events in this basin. Also, ten-year fluctuations in the Pacific Ocean and climatic activities and reduced discharge have led to river stability and simplification of the river channel drainage pattern.

Khiavchai watershed with an area of approximately 1300 hectares, is located on the western edge of Sabalan Mountain, in the south of Meshginshahr city. With eight sub-basins in the geographical range of 47 degrees and 38 minutes to 47 degrees and 48 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees and 11 minutes to 38 degrees 23 minutes north latitude, with a maximum altitude of 4560 meters above sea level at the location of Kasra peak in the southern heights The basin and the minimum height of 1375 meters is located at the exit of the basin at the location of Pol-e-Soltan hydrometric station. Khiavchai is the main river in this basin, which is one of the rivers with a history of landslides that is a real threat to natural resources and residents of the region. Khiavachai River is one of the important tributaries of Qarahsoo River in Meshginshahr city. The river originates from the heights of Hezar Mikh, Ai Qari, Deli Ali, Janvar Daghi and drinks the villages of Dizo, Aghbolagh, Nasrabad, Dastgir, Pashalo, Hajiloo and Meshgin city. The river was fed by springs and flows from south to north. The length of Khiavchai river is about 35 km and the average slope of its bed is 8% in mountainous areas and 4% in the plains and in the direction of south-north river flow (Farhang-e-Roods, 2005: 27). Figure (1) shows the geographical location of the study area. In order to study the morphology of Khiavachai river channel, it is necessary to use some variables and hydraulic parameters. In this regard, HEC - RAS hydrodynamic model was used as one of the most common models. The HEC-RAS model can perform water level profile calculations for variable constant flow in rivers and artificial canals in underground, supercritical and mixed flow regimes. The calculation of water surface profiles from one section to other sections is done by solving the energy equation as a standard step by step (Bruner, 2010: 27). Flow data for HEC-RAS include flow regime, flow information, baseline conditions and boundary conditions (Maroud, 2004: 29). For steady flow variable constant flow, the main method for calculating water level profiles between sections is called the direct phase method. The main computational method is based on iterative solution of energy equation. According to the flow and height of the water level in a cross section, the purpose of the standard step method is to calculate the height of the water level in the adjacent cross section. The energy equation (Bernoulli equation) is expressed as follows (Center for Hydrological Engineering, 2010, Chapter 2: 2).

  Simulation results in HEC-RAS By sending information obtained from different layers of GIS to HEC-RAS and by entering other desired information such as discharge with different return periods, roughness coefficients and flow boundary conditions, this model will be able to calculate the water level at each section for return periods. Extracted the longitudinal profiles of the studied periods, its average slope, flow velocity distribution, critical water depth, wetting surface and environment, hydraulic radius, mean depth, landing number and type of flow regime at different sections and flooding levels. Due to the provision of basic geometric information in GIS, the application of the combination of HEC-RAS and GIS has a high capability in the management of flood plains in the basin. Figure (4-1) shows the water level profile of the Khiavachai watershed. The results showed that due to the introduction of separate flows for each interval and the ability of HEC-RAS software to calculate the water level profile in a step-by-step manner at the junction of water level intervals, it has been simulated correctly. It is natural that the larger the flood discharge, the more the surface will be submerged. What is important is the ratio of the extent of .

The sorghum forage plant with the scientific name Sorghum bicolor Moench belongs to the cereal family. This fodder is one of the most likely crop plants to drought stress and it has been called the camel of the crop plants of the world. Sorghum is considered a short-day plant and its suitable day length is 10 to 12 hours. Sorghum is resistant to dehydration and consumes 35-40% less water than corn during its growth period. You can grow it in the tropics all year round very sensitive about the spring cold. Length of forage growth period of sorghum based on climatic influence, environmental, agronomic and genotype factors has suggested at least 90 to more than 150 days in three main phases: vegetative, inflorescence development and seed growth. Also, it has specified the stages of development of sorghum as follows: stage zero; greening, observation of stalk pods on the soil surface. Step 1; View the third leaf collar. Step 2; View the fifth leaf collar. Step 3: Transition from vegetative to reproductive. Step 4 – Exit the flag leaf vertices. Step 5, Cluster Cover. Stage 6; 50 percent pollination. Step 7; Soft paste. Step 8; Stiff paste. Stage 9: Physiological Proceedings. The results showed that sorghum is cultivated at latitude between 45° of the northern hemisphere to 45° in the southern hemisphere, and in Philippines the height of sorghum is 1500 meters and in East Africa between 90 and 1500 m in East Africa, in America 25 to 850 m and in Africa from 400 m to 2500 m and generally cultivated from zero to 1500 m above sea level. Considering the importance of protein in the human diet, it is necessary to increase the production of fodder plants that are the source of animal protein production. In this research, an attempt is made to prepare suitable areas for the cultivation of sorghum fodder plant, which is very important for livestock feeding in Ardabil province, using the methods and criteria of the study of agricultural climate zoning map of sorghum fodder cultivation in Ardabil province.

Ardabil province is located in north-west of Iran and its location is at latitude of 37° and 45 minutes to 39° 42 minutes in the northern hemisphere and in geographical length of 47° and 3 minutes to 48° and 55 minutes of eastern longitude. Its area is about 17953 square kilometers (about 1.09% of the country's area). In this study, the optimum climatic requirement of sorghum forage cultivation from available sources was determined. Then, according to the favorable climatic requirement, precipitation, temperature, 12 synoptic stations during the statistical period (1400-2000) were obtained from Ardabil Meteorological Department and soil elevation, slope and depth maps were prepared from the relevant organizations. Also, multi-criteria decision making models, Shannon entropy, ANP and WLC weighted combined method and ARC GIS software, Export Choice and Super Decision software have been used for research. Shannon entropy model: It was introduced in 1972 by Shannon and Weaver. Shannon's entropy method works by saying that the greater the dispersion in a given index, the more important the index is (Shannon, 1988).Analytic Network Process (ANP):Network analysis is one of the multi-criteria decision making techniques and the developed form of analytical hierarchy process. This method is used to solve problems in which criteria and options are not independent of each other. In this process, measurement of relative values and significance such as analytic hierarchy process is done by paired comparison.Weighted Linear Composition (WLC):Weighted linear combination method is the most common technique in multi-criteria evaluation analysis. The purpose of multi-criteria assessment is to select the best option (alternative) based on their ranking through the evaluation of the main multi-criteria. This method is based on the concept of weighted average. Direct analysis and decision making based on the relative importance of the study gives weights to the criteria. The weighted combination method can be implemented using the geographic information system and the overlapping capabilities of this system. It is practical to use this method in both raster and vector GIS formats. After the final value of each option is determined, the options with the highest value will be the most suitable option for the intended purpose.

Shannon Entropy: In Shannon's entropy model, quantitative data collection is used by using questionnaires. In this model, five criteria: precipitation, temperature, elevation, slope and depth of soil were analyzed in seven stages. Data matrix formation was selected based on i option and j index. Then, the normalization of the data matrix numbers was done in order to perform other phases of Shannon's entropy model. The final ranking of the studied options for sorghum cultivation in Ardabil province was based on the studied criteria and after determining the importance factor of the indicators (WJ), the final prioritization of the options was formed by multiplication of the components of the group normalized decision matrix in the importance factor of indicators (WJ) Formation of priority coefficient matrix. Suitable options for sorghum cultivation compared to each index was formed. Finally, from the total row of priority coefficient of each option, the appropriate areas were formed for the Sorghum cultivation was estimated. The results showed that Bilehsavar and Parsabad regions with the degree of importance of 0.105 and 0.095 in terms of the studied criteria are in the appropriate condition for sorghum cultivation in Ardabil province. The results of data analysis based on the method WLC showed that the areas are suitable and very suitable for sorghum fodder cultivation in Ardabil province based on rainfall 49%, temperature 65%, altitude 52%, slope 44% and soil resistance 36%. The results of agricultural climate zoning of sorghum fodder cultivation in Ardabil province with WLC method in GIS environment showed that about 26% are very suitable, 34% are suitable, 35% are slightly suitable and 5% are unsuitable for sorghum fodder cultivation. Also, agricultural climate zoning with Shannon's entropy method showed that about 10% are very suitable, 19% are suitable, 59% are slightly suitable and 12% are unsuitable for sorghum cultivation in Ardabil province. Therefore, based on the methods studied at the level of Ardabil province, in case of water demand, tropical areas such as; Parsabad, Bileh Sowar, Dasht Givi and Ardabil are known to be suitable for sorghum cultivation.

Developing urbanization and population growth in recent centuries, there is a special attention to cities and urban issues which are essential in country planning. The aims of investigating physical development process are identifying physical development problems and barriers, investigating the mayor position and city development management, and identifying the main reasons of Emigrationto the Amiriyeh town. In this applied research, the method is descriptive- analytical and survey. 380 Amiriyeh Town residents were determined as the participants of this study using Morgan table and cluster sampling was used to identify the samples. Arc view was used in order to have better analysis in examining the city development, and t-test and FIRIDMAN ranking test were used to determine the meaningful relationship between variables in SPSS software while the role of management in city development as well as the main reasons for Emigration to Amiriyeh town were investigated. The results indicate that the effects of environmental constraints (gardens and farmlands, ccommunication road axis of Shahryar to Robat Karim and it's privacy, cemetery and workshop industries) have the most important role in directing the physical development of Amiriyeh and attracting more immigrants , and then the low price of land and housing, as well as opportunities caused attracting immigrants while the lack of municipal administration (municipal, construction and guide plan for the reorganization of the police) had a minimal role in migrating to Amiriyeh town.The existence of kinship, proximity to the larger cities such as Tehran and Karaj, and expensive lands in the surrounding cities (Shahryar and Andisheh) are the main reason of immigrating to Amiriyeh town. The analysis results of the Friedman test in the statistical population of the study show that 18 indicators (questionnaires) are not at the same level in the population in question, which according to the obtained significance ( 0.000) is less than the mean you have It is 0.05. The results of Friedman's test, 3 indicators (assumptions) in the target society are not at the same level, according to the obtained significance ( 0.000), which is less than the significance of 0.05. The analysis of these three indicators shows that in the ranking of the main components of the research, environmental complications and limitations have played the most important role in directing the physical development of Amiriya, and the immigrability factors of this region and the price of land and housing have played a role in the intense and accelerated development of the city.In which the lack of urban management system has the least role in illegal immigration and development in Amirieh. The rank of a priority between the first and the last in the test that is set to a rank increases, and according to the above outputs the final result of migrating to Amirieh settlement in the results, different and different factors. It has attracted and immigrated them. The findings of the current research show that the cheapness of land and... in attracting the population of several countries, but the final results of the research can have the greatest effect on the physical development and attracting the population of family dependency. In the meantime, we can mention indicators from the analysis of Friedman's test, such as the proximity of Amiriya to big cities such as Tehran and Karaj 12/10, the expensiveness of land in Shahryar 11/28, the existence of educational and health facilities, 10/86, low The presence of infrastructure facilities in the surrounding settlements is 10/35, the endowment of Amirieh land is 9/40, and at the end, while the cheapness of land and housing with an average of 7.98 and the presence of agricultural land, workshops and factories with a range of 7.33, which indicates There is no These factors in the migration to Amirieh have been contrary to the expectations and findings of the research. Based on the results obtained, in order to prevent the indiscriminate development and destruction of gardens and agricultural lands, considering the existence of descriptions of the development and development of barren lands within the legal limits of Amiriye town for construction in the field of urban physical development, it is possible to present and promote the policy reinforcements in the field of vertical development instead of horizontal development, which increases the growth of population density on the surface, which prevents excessive horizontal development on high-quality land, and also due to the reduction in recent decades compared to the 60s and 70 can lead. Raising the level of supervision and strictness in the field of illegal construction with the supervision of the municipality and related bodies has led to the implementation of premeditated construction and development. that one of the most important cases of the successful and proper implementation of construction is the existence of waqf lands, which is an obstacle in the implementation of legal development plans. The result of the Friedman test can be concluded that the three hypotheses in question have no effect on the results. Each of its indicators has influenced the region. The studied area has experienced rapid growth in its development process in several decades, which is the result of land use change, the incompatibility of migration land characteristics with the principles of urban planning, and as a result, population growth. Build-and-sell rents and targeted sales, destruction and infrastructure of valuable and green agricultural lands in and around cities, liquidity and people's capital in the land, building and build-sell sectors have been affected by three hypotheses. but none of the components of the research has been influenced by others. Although each of the mentioned cases alone or together has been an effective factor in the process of expansion of space and cities, and by its nature, it has brought positive or negative economic, social, political, cultural and physical-ecological feedbacks. But in the city of Amirieh, the set of these factors together sometimes as a cause and sometimes as a role-playing nature and structure, which resulted in the city of Amirieh in its present form. With popular implementation policies and encouragement for construction to solve the endowment problem, which causes problems and lawlessness in land owners, and leads to the construction of endowment lands in the field of construction, by implementing appropriate plans, such as giving density provocative Land from endowment, issuance of construction permit by the municipality will prevent illegal construction in the internal context of the legal boundary and prevent development outside the boundary, so that the physical development of the city is more organized and with a plan in the direction of direction. The physical development of Amirieh should be planned in advance. Physical and spatial solutions: 1-Quantitative and qualitative increase of city services and equipment in the medium-sized cities of the province 2-Organization of workshops and industrial centers and animal husbandry and animal husbandry inside the city 3-Organization of the area of Amiriye town and its verification compared to the surrounding areas in order to prevent from the uncontrolled expansion of the city .

The soils of arid and semi-arid regions of Iran contain small amount of organic matter due to the lack of sufficient vegetation. Improving the soil organic matter due to the rapid decomposition of the added materials requires the continuous return of organic materials to the soil. Addition of organic amendments such as straw and stubble, manure, sewage sludge and other waste to the soil increases the amount of organic matter in the soil. Sewage sludge is one of the most important organic wastes and byproducts of wastewater treatment processes, and due to the increase in their production in recent decades, its management has become one of the key tasks in the environmental policies of many countries. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture provides a high amount of the nutrients to plants. But potential environmental hazards such as the presence of microbes and heavy metals in sewage sludge is considered as a limiting factor, thus sewage sludge transformation to biochar is a desirable way to manage them. Biochar is a product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in the absence of air (pyrolysis). It has been shown that biochar production from sludge reduce the volume of sludge and removes some heavy metals from the sludge. Biochemical properties of soil are more sensitive to changes in soil management compared to chemical and physical properties. Among them, soil enzymes play an important role in nutrient cycling in nature, additionally they are sensitive indicators to agricultural operations, and respond faster than other soil biological characteristics to changes in soil management and agricultural operations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sewage sludge and its biochar on the activities of soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrose enzymes.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Effects of sewage sludge biochar at three level of 0 (B0), 2 (B2) and 4 (B4) percent, the sewage sludge at three level of 0 (S0), 4 (S4) and 8 (S8) precent and four different incubation time were evaluated on soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase activities. Nine treatments including 1) control; zero level of biochar and sludge (B0S0), 2) 2% w/w of biochar (B2), 3) 4% w/w of biochar (B4), 4) 4% w/w of sludge-sewage (S4) 5) 8% w/w of sewage sludge (S8), 6) 2% w/w of biochar + 4% w/w of sewage sludge (B2S4), 7) 2% w/w of biochar + 8% w/w of sewage sludge (B2S8), 8) 4% w/w Biochar + 4% w/w of sewage sludge (B4S4), 9) 4% w/w of biochar + 8% w/w of sewage sludge (B4S8) was incorporated in the soil. Each of the treatments was mixed with one kilogram of soil samples and then transferred to plastic containers with a capacity of 1.5 kg and their moisture was kept 60-70% of the field capacity. Then the lid of the containers was closed and five holes with a diameter of approximately 2 mm were installed on each for air exchange. During the incubation the moisture of the samples was kept constant by regularly weighing the containers. Sub-samples were taken at intervals of 2, 15, 30 and 60 days. In these samples, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and activities of sucrase (invertase), urease and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were measured.

The activity of urease in various treatments showed a high fluctuation during the incubation time. At the beginning of incubation, the addition of amendments caused a significant increase (p˂0.01) in the activity of this enzyme compared to the control. On day 15, the highest urease activity of urease in was observed in S4 (950 µg NH4+ g-1 h-1) and B2S8 (954 µg NH4+ g-1 h-1). After one month of incubation, the activity of this enzyme in B4, S4 and B4S8 decreased significantly compared to the control, and in other treatments, its amount was significantly higher than that of the control. However, at the end of the incubation time, the maximum activity of this enzyme was achieved in B2S4 (1196 µg NH4+ g-1 h-1). Alkaline phosphatase activity fluctuated highly in different treatments during the incubation period. After one month from the beginning of the experiment, the activity of this enzyme increased significantly in all treatments compared to the control, and the highest amount alkaline phosphates was observed in B2S4 (3348 µg pNP g-1 h-1) and B4S8 (3342 µg pNP g-1 h-1). Nevertheless, by Day 60 the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in all treatments compared to the control. Sucrase enzyme activity increased on Day 30 days in all treatments compared to the control. The highest amount of the activity of this enzyme was obtained in S8 at the rate of 2574 µg glucose g-1 h-1. But at the end of the incubation time, the maximum activity of this enzyme was observed in B2S4.

The highest pH was observed in control and B2 treatments. Increasing the dosage of sludge and biochar did not have a significant effect on soil pH, perhaps because the pH of sludge and biochar was lower than soil pH. The highest amount of organic carbon was observed in the B2S8. Increasing the dosage of biochar did not have a significant effect on organic carbon, but increasing the dosage of sludge caused an increase in organic carbon. The highest amount of total N was achieved in B2S8 treatment. Maximum amount of available was observed in B4S8. No significant difference was recorded in higher doses of sludge and biochar, which may be due to stabilization or surface absorption of phosphorus. The highest amount of urease activity was observed in B2S4 and B4S8. In higher doses of biochar, urease activity relatively remained constant, however, higher doses of biochar reduced it. The maximum activity of alkaline phosphatase was achieved in S8, B2S8 and B4S8. The highest amount of sucrase activity was recorded for S8. Overall, our study showed that co-application of sewage sludge and biochar (B2S4) seems suitable to improve the soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase activity.

Cosmetics are products that are applied to the body or face to improve appearance. The concept of beauty and makeup is as old as mankind and civilization. All kinds of beauty products such as skin care products, hair products, and perfumes may contain toxic chemicals that can be harmful to human health, especially women. Most cosmetic products contain dangerous chemicals such as parabens, coal tar dyes, phthalates, perfumes, and some heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and mercury. Bioaccumulation of these harmful chemicals and metals in the body over time has been associated with cancer, reproductive and developmental disorders, contact dermatitis, hair loss, lung damage, allergies, etc. At present, cosmetic industries have increased the use of compounds with preservative functions, surfactants, perfumes, stains, etc. in the formulation of cosmetic products. Such substances enhance the quality, properties, and durability of cosmetics, but on the other hand, many of these substances are toxic to the human body and pose health risks ranging from simple mild allergic reactions to an anaphylactic process or even fatal poisoning. Therefore, the indiscriminate use of cosmetics may present itself as an emerging public health issue.Along with the increase in the use of cosmetic products and exposure to their ingredients for a long time and repeatedly, the side effects caused by these products are increasing in the population around the world. Women and men around the world use numerous of cosmetics and health products to achieve beauty, ignoring the possible health risks. Also, cosmetics are emerging pollutants and their environmental monitoring is in the early stages. However, it is known that they enter the environment through multiple routes, often through water, which poses health risks to marine and freshwater ecosystems and ultimately to humans. Hence, in the science of public health, the term “cosmetovigilance" began to represent a type of health supervision in which the goal is to ensure the safety of cosmetic products for commercial purposes. This monitoring is very important for the control of potentially dangerous substances and therefore can put our minds at ease about the products released on the market.In today's world, the importance of taking care of skin, hair, and beauty has doubled. Of course, beauty has a meaning along with health. Using and buying cosmetics and skin care products has become one of the attractive daily activities of most women, but perhaps few people pay attention to the fact that cosmetics can affect the health of women of all ages and even the health of the fetus during pregnancy. Among a wide range of different brands and products, it is very important to choose the right cosmetics and to know the type of skin and the type of makeup that looks natural and ensures the health of our skin. Using the right cosmetics has benefits such as reducing acne symptoms; skin care against the sun's ultraviolet rays; reducing sweating and bad body odor; increasing the beauty of the appearance; reducing bad breath; Reduction of skin bacteria etc. On the other hand, using inappropriate cosmetics can cause disadvantages such as skin diseases and allergies; damage to eyes, skin, and hair; nail weakness; Cancer and other chronic diseases; premature aging; Headache; risk to genital organs; Addiction to cosmetics and etc.The indiscriminate use of cosmetics and health products around the world has led to an increase in the types of chemicals used in the manufacture of these products. Therefore, the risk of poisoning, allergic processes, long-term exposure to chemicals, and side effects from excessive use of cosmetic products also increases. Therefore, considering the importance of chemicals in cosmetics and their health effects on human health, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the health effects of cosmetics and health products on human health.

The current research is a descriptive-review study whose data was obtained through library studies and different sources were used to process the materials. Considering the importance of chemical substances in cosmetics and their frequent use and their health effects on human health, we tried to use the most relevant and up-to-date sources containing valuable tips regarding the products as much as possible cosmetics and their effects on human health. In this review study, the classification of cosmetics and their effects have been discussed first. Then the harmful substances in the cosmetics were investigated and then the ingredients prohibited in the composition of the cosmetics were pointed out and then the topics related to the health and environmental hazards of some chemicals in the cosmetics were studied. Finally, necessary solutions and recommendations were presented in order to reduce the adverse effects of cosmetics on human health.

Cosmetics and beauty products, although not essential for physical health, help a lot in providing mental health and self-confidence. They are widely used in all countries of the world, especially among women of all ages, even with awareness of their harmful effects on human health. In addition, cosmetics and beauty products are used even by children and elderly people who are more exposed to toxicity due to the easier absorption of chemicals and toxic substances through their skin. Cosmetic products are not very good for human health because they contain more than 10,000 substances that can be linked to disease. Due to the continuous use of cosmetics, people are exposed to side effects such as skin rashes, contact dermatitis, allergies, skin redness, high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney failure and cancer, type IV hypersensitivity, etc., which are toxic substances. Used in the preparation of related cosmetics.The contents of chemicals and heavy metals in cosmetic products may harm consumers. Various studies as well as this research showed that cosmetic products may contain or absorb heavy metals, which can be a potential global threat to people's health and hygiene. It has also been proven that the long-term effect of using cosmetic products has the capacity to affect the health of the consumer. Therefore, long-term continuous use of cosmetic products should be avoided because the heavy metals in these products, such as mercury, lead, arsenic and cadmium, are easily absorbed through the skin. Products containing heavy metals can lead to the development of diseases. A large number of chemicals are incorporated into the complex formulation of cosmetic products to improve the beauty, health, and quality of human life. However, based on a review of the literature related to cosmetics and this study, many of these substances, especially heavy metals, are bioactive and environmentally persistent and show potential bioaccumulation, meaning any traces of exposure accumulate. Heavy metals are stored in bones and remain in our bodies for decades. There is no completely safe and effective way to detoxify heavy metals. Therefore, excessive, extensive, and long-term exposure to such compounds can be a serious threat to human health and the environment.Also, the chemicals used in cosmetic products have a direct effect on the hormonal systems of the human body. People should be warned about the presence of toxic substances in cosmetic products. The implementation of a global cosmetic care system is crucial to encourage changes and reforms in the production, marketing and use of cosmetic products by the general population. Such a system increases the safety of these products and their ingredients and prevents the adverse effects of these products. Also, more comprehensive studies should be conducted on the acute or chronic toxicity of these worrisome pollutants to enable more careful monitoring and explicit inspection of their tangible health and environmental risks. It is very important to conduct studies to investigate the adverse effects of cosmetics. It is recommended that researchers around the world, especially from developing and underdeveloped countries, conduct more recent studies, especially on the adverse effects of cosmetics. Finally, information about the environmental and health impacts of cosmetic products on their packaging will reassure consumers and encourage more conscious and responsible use of these products, and consumers should also play their role by keeping their knowledge and awareness of the ingredients up to date to perform in the products it uses.

Ecosystem health is a concept that is often used to evaluate ecosystems (Lu et al., 2015). A healthy ecosystem can be considered as resilient against disturbance. On the other hand, degradation occurs when different states of ecosystems related to energy flow, nutrient cycling, and hydrological regimes are negatively affected. Especially for forest areas, it is necessary to protect the structure and function of ecosystems and actively restore destroyed ecosystems to ensure their integrity and maintain their health. As a result, a wide range of forest ecosystem health indicators has been developed with an emphasis on the use of quantitative and qualitative indicators (Chen et al., 2016; Fei et al., 2013). Assessing the health of ecosystems based on these indicators is a prerequisite for ecological restoration and sustainable development.Forest management requires information about the state of the forest with a focus on forest health. Because healthy forests are able to perform well compared to unhealthy forests. Forest health monitoring is especially important in creating sustainable forest management and also the integrated watershed management. However, today, the protection and monitoring of forests concerning forest health still do not exist and are limited to small scale studies. Therefore, this study assesses the health conditions of forest ecosystems at the watershed level in the north of Iran. In this research, by using remote sensing data and preparation of vegetation indices along with field data obtained from forest health monitoring in the Siahkol Shenrud watershed, the analysis of these indices and their grading at the forest health level is discussed. The protection and monitoring of forest conditions requires an extensive investigation of different forest types that are located inside a watershed. Therefore, in this study, a method suitable to the conditions of the forests of northern Iran is presented, which is necessary for detecting forest health levels based on the different types in a watershed. This study is conducted to provide useful knowledge in the field of creating a sustainable management strategy in the forests of northern Iran, which is based on watershed management.

Study area This research was carried out in the Siahkol Shenrod watershed located in Gilan province with a total area of 190 km2 (Figure 1). This basin is located in a plain where a small river named Shamrod passes through the middle and its height increases from north to south. This region has a mild and humid climate, which is also influenced by the cooler climate of the hills. The average annual temperature is 18°C. The average rainfall varies between 800 mm (southern part) and 1200 mm (northern part) per year.

This research is a combination of remote sensing survey and analysis methods and a geographic information system (GIS) to describe the health status of forest ecosystems in the Siahkol Shenrod watershed. Land use classification was done using the Landsat 8 OLI satellite image of 2021. Supervised classification method and maximum likelihood algorithm were used to prepare land use maps. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the classification, Google-Earth images were used by selecting 30 educational samples. For accuracy assessment, the high value of the Kappa coefficient (0.92) was obtained.  Vegetation indices calculation After pre-processing, the Landsat 8 image was used to calculate vegetation indices according to Table 1. Reference Equation Vegetation Index Frampton, Dash, Watmough & Milton (2013) NDVI Huete et al. (2002) EVI Bannari et al. (1995) L=0.5 SAVI Gao, 1996 NDWI Gitelson et al. (2001) ARI1 Gitelson et al. (2002) CRI1  Forest health index extraction The six calculated vegetation indices (Table 1) were combined and classified for the input of forest health index (FHI) in ENVI software. In this classification, ten classes were defined for all six indices, and then in calculating the FHI index, it was reduced to five classes by combining both related classes. The FHI index (Gupta and Pandey, 2021) is available in the ENVI forest health toolbox, as follows:• Field data collection To validate the forest health levels in different forest types of the watershed obtained from remote sensing data, it is necessary to conduct a field survey. Field survey data were obtained from the study area in September and October 2021. A stratified sampling method was used before the field survey in the GIS environment. Based on this method, 40 square-shaped samples (30 m * 30 m) were built. Observational activities were conducted using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method (USDA Forest Service, 2020). The area with less than 10% damage was classified as a very healthy forest, and the forest damage between 10 and 25% was classified as a healthy forest. 25-50% damage was classified as medium health forest, 50-75% as poor forest health, and 75-100% damage was classified as very poor forest health.

 Vegetation indicators Six vegetation indices extracted for forests in the study area are presented in Figure 3. Based on the results, 95% of the forests in the study area showed an NDVI index of more than 0.5, which indicates healthy vegetation. Also, healthy vegetation with high chlorophyll content was shown in 91% of the studied area with an EVI index between 0.2-0.8. In this research, according to the multiple linear regression analysis of the effect of vegetation indices used in calculating forest health, the NDVI index with an R2 value of 0.77 has the greatest effect on the level of forest health in the watershed, which is the greenness level. It also shows the density level of forest stands. Similar results of the influence of vegetation indices have been presented by Tuominen et al. (2009). Furthermore, the higher effectiveness of NDVI in this study is similar to the findings of Barkey and Nursaputra (2017) and Oliech (2019) in assessing forest health. After NDVI, R2 values for EVI, SAVI, and AR1 indices were 0.75, 0.73, and 0.72, respectively, and for NDWI and CRI1 indices were 0.63. Forest health index The relationship of six vegetation indices calculated from the Landsat 8 image was used to determine the level of forest health in the Shenrod watershed. Forest health was divided into five categories: 1) very good (very healthy); 2) good (healthy); 3) moderate (under stress); 4) poor (unhealthy); 5) very poor (dead). Based on the results, the overall accuracy was 86%. Also, the kappa value of 0.81 was obtained. Figure 4 presents the health status of forest stands in the Shenrod watershed.Based on Figure 4, the distribution of forest health classes in the study area is not uniform. The central areas of the watershed have higher levels of forest health, while the southern areas of the watershed have lower levels of forest health. This can be due to the history of heavy wood harvesting, selective cutting, and as a result, the widespread opening of forest stands (Jahdi and Arabi, 2023), in the form of forestry plans implemented in the southern areas of the watershed during the last two decades. Wildfires in this area also affect the structure and composition of the vegetation and are a great threat to the long-term productivity and overall health of the forest. In general, 56.8% of the forest area is in the medium health category. Healthy and unhealthy forests with levels almost close to each other make up 41.7% of the total forest area. 1.5% of the forest area is also in the very poor health category (Figure 4).The information on the forest health levels in the forest types of the watershed is presented in Table 3. Plantation, especially broadleaf plantations, has the largest forest area in unhealthy conditions (approximately 33%). In contrast, natural forests, including mixed broadleaf forest and beech forest, have the largest forest area in healthy conditions (approximately 21%). On average, almost 60% of all existing forest types in the study area are in the medium health category.In general, many parameters affect the health conditions of forest types in the watershed, so it is important to identify the factors that caused the forest health levels in the survey with more observational activities.

In this study, the quantitative index of forest health was evaluated using broadband spectral indices and stress-related pigments before tree fall using remote sensing data. Using forest health analysis, the quantitative health conditions of the forest were described in 2021 with a forest area of 122.2 km2. Of this amount, there are healthy forests with an area of 23.8 km2 and unhealthy forest conditions with an area of 29 km2. The maximum area of the watershed, i.e. 69.4 km2, is also in medium health conditions. The health status of forest ecosystems is mostly average health, which is the result of forest destruction, soil erosion, and human overexploitation. Forest conservation programs can effectively control forest degradation and improve the health of local ecosystems. Forest health detection based on remote sensing in the study area was consistent with the field survey results. This study guided the systematic approach and provided remote sensing techniques for forest health monitoring programs and sustainable forest management.

Nowadays, most developing countries are facing rapid land use/cover changes due to excessive population growth and lifestyle changes for more income. Land use/cover change includes a wide range of changes in the earth's surface and is one of the important factors that cause extensive changes in human activities and the natural environment. In addition, it is effective in all environmental functions, and in terms of sustainable development, it has a great impact on global climate changes and the resulting ecosystem responses. Therefore, the accurate and fast change detection of land use/cover is very important for understanding the relationships and interactions between humans and natural phenomena. In this regard, the development of remote sensing technologies and improving the spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolution of satellite images along with increasing the performance of this technology in terms of data integration, storage, analysis, and transmission, significantly improved the detecting, predicting and monitoring of land use/cover changes. So by increasing accessibility of satellite images, we can have a more comprehensive images of the land use situation.In this regard, different methods and data are used to detect changes in land use/cover. In general, two pixel-based and object-oriented methods are used to classify satellite images, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Pixel-based classification is a traditional classification that uses a combination of spectral responses of all pixels in a training set for a given class and is very suitable for data with low to moderate spatial resolution. To perform this classification, we need educational samples, which are usually obtained from aerial photos, satellite images, or through field surveys and collection. Among the algorithms used in this classification method are neural network, support vector machine, maximum likelihood, and random forest algorithms, which provide more suitable results. But the object-oriented classification method is based on the information of a series of similar pixels in terms of different structures, the sum of these pixels and their information is called an object, and like the pixel-based method, It does not consider pixels separately, but instead of using pixels as the minimum unit, it divides the image into objects and separates spectral, spatial, contextual and textual features between them. Considering that accurate detection and monitoring of land use / cover changes is necessary for sustainable land planning and management, as well as responding to today's increasing demands. The objective of this research is to detect and monitor 28 years of land use/cover changes in Ardabil, Namin, and Astara cities between 1992 and 2019 using Landsat and Sentinel 2 images and comparing the classification of these images with pixel base and object-oriented methods.

To prepare a land use/cover map, first, the studied area was divided into agricultural, fallow, barren land, forest land, rangeland, residential, and water bodies classes. Then from each of the classes according to their area and distribution, 60 to 170 training samples were collected by GPS Garmin models 64 in 2019 and for the year 1992, training samples were taken using Google Earth. Also, a Landsat 5 image with a spatial resolution of 30 meters corresponding to July 1992 and a Sentinel 2 image with a spatial resolution of 10 meters corresponding to July 2019 were used. In the next step, in order to ensure the quality of data and image bands, the images were corrected in terms of radiometric and atmospheric errors using FLAASH and Dark Object Subtraction methods by ENVI 5.3 and QGIS 3.10 softwares. In the end, to land use/cover mapping of the study area, pixel-based methods (neural network, support vector machine, maximum likelihood, and random forest) and object-oriented (nearest neighbor) methods were used in ENVI 5.3 and eCognition softwares. Finally, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the user maps and land coverage of the study area and compare the different algorithms used in this research, the classification error matrix was extracted using one-third of the collected educational samples, which was used by Parameters of overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer's accuracy, and user's accuracy, the final evaluation of prepared algorithms and maps were done.

In this research, the land use and land cover map of the study area for the years 1992 and 2019 were extracted using basic pixel methods (neural network, support vector machine, maximum likelihood, and random forest) and object-oriented methods. The results of this research showed that the object-oriented method (nearest neighbor algorithm) is more accurate than the pixel-based method (artificial neural network, support vector machine, maximum likelihood, and random forest algorithms), with overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 90%, 0.80 for 1992 and 93%, 0.91 for 2019 respectively. The results showed that the object-oriented method has more ability to prepare land use/cover maps compared to the pixel-based methods, and the maximum likelihood algorithm has the least ability among the used pixel-based algorithms. The results also showed that in this period of time, the area of agricultural, fallow, barren lands, and residential areas has increased and the area of forest land, pasture, and water bodies has decreased. Rangeland with a decrease in the area of 72272 hectares and fallow land with an increase of 64010 hectares had the largest area change in the studied area. This research, which evaluated a large area using satellite images for a period of 28 years, shows many changes in land use. Most of these changes were related to the conversion of range lands to uncovered lands such as fallow, residential, and barren lands. This problem shows that the land use of the studied area was initially towards the expansion of agriculture, then due to the changes in the conditions such as the occurrence of drought and water scarcity, the tendency is towards the abandonment of these lands. According to the results, it can be concluded that in the studied area, rangeland were converted into croplands, and then due to the low income of agriculture with traditional methods, these lands were abandoned which caused soil erosion, dust phenomenon and etc. Therefore, appropriate management of land use and land cover in the study area is essential for sustainable development.

One of the most profitable industries today is the tourism industry which is the first industry in many regions of the world and many earn a living through it. Tourism brings its own environmental pollution. Water bottles are one of the bulkiest wastes in this sector. In many natural environments, we encounter plastic waste and water bottles. In this research, the recycled polyethylene terephthalate from the bottles of the tourist sector and also the environmental issues related to it have been investigated. Recycled plastics have weaker properties than new materials, which can limit their use. Polyethylene terephthalate is a suitable choice for various applications due to its high engineering properties. This material has special uses due to its many advantages. On the other hand, despite having the ideal condition, for some engineering application has a problem such as fragility in low temperature, poor notch stress especially at low temperature and lower dimensional stability than polycarbonate. In this research, this problem, especially at the low temperatures, has been resolved by alloying with polycarbonate. In this research, the properties of the matrix have been improved by alloying the recycled polyethylene terephthalate matrix with polycarbonate. By using this method, the bottles that have been thrown away in nature could be recovered and returned to the production cycle.

Salinity is one of the most important stresses limiting crop production, which increases with the increase in the cultivated area of watery agriculture. Due to population growth and industrial development, increase in water demand for urban use and the limitation of fresh water resources in the world, it is obvious that in the near future, less water will be allocated for agricultural purposes due to the need for more water to produce products. Agriculture, it is necessary to exploit suitable and cheap water resources in the country, including saline and brackish water. life passion agriculture reduces the pressure on limited fresh water resources. Brackish water, drainage water and sea water can be used to produce beneficial plants resistant to salinity. Although all saline plants have the ability to grow and develop in saline conditions, their tolerance to salinity is not the same. Therefore, they can be divided into three general groups based on their ability to tolerate salinity: a) highly salt-tolerant brackish plants that are able to grow and develop in waters with seawater salinity and higher b) brackish plants that are salt-tolerant brackish waters grow and c) brackish plants with moderate salinity tolerance that grow in relatively brackish waters that are not suitable for common crop plants. Knowing salt-resistant plants and determining their tolerance to salt water will lead to the proper use of coastal lands. Caspian sea water having lower electrical conductivity than other open seas in the world with an average of 18.5 decisiemens/meter equivalent to 12000 ppm can be evaluated as an unlimited water source for use in plant cultivation. Also, due to the presence of many useful salts in the water of the Caspian Sea, including potassium and calcium, compared to drinking water, it can be used as a suitable source of water for growing plants. The average salt of the Caspian Sea is about 13 grams per liter, while it is about 35-45 grams per liter in the open seas and oceans. The Caspian Sea has the lowest amount of Cl− and Na+ and the highest amount of Ca2+ and So42- compared to other open seas, which causes less damage to the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Therefore, the use of Caspian Sea water for agricultural purposes is considered as an option. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is an annual oil plant that is mostly cultivated for oil extraction today. Safflower is considered one of the crop plants relatively resistant to salinity and it is able to produce an acceptable product even in saline conditions. However, its tolerance to salinity at the time of germination and initial seedling growth is low. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is a one-year plant whose seeds contain 25-55% oil and 18-24% protein. The tolerance threshold of this plant to salinity has been set at 9.7 decisiemens/m and it is considered one of the semi-sensitive to semi-tolerant plants to salinity.

For this research, the seeds of two oil crops, Carthamus tinctorius and Brassica napus, were prepared and cultivated in the fall season of 1401 in the laboratory growth chamber of Payam Noor University in the center of Sari. In order to evaluate the speed and percentage of germination, average daily germination, fresh and dry weight of aerial and underground organs, root and stem length, a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications and four treatments including normal water (control) and three levels of salinity (10% equal to 1.8 dS/m or 1200 ppm, 25% equal to 4.6 dS/m or 3000 ppm, and 50% equal to 9.2 dS/m or 6000 ppm) of Caspian Sea water (disaggregated based on dissolved solids in the laboratory) was done by culturing in petri dishes in the laboratory. The data was subjected to analysis of variance in Minitab version 18 software and the average comparison of traits in the treatments related to the LSD method was done in Excel software. In this statistical method, the goal was to determine the existence of a significant difference between the respective averages at a significance level of 5%. The quality characteristics of the Caspian sea water and the water used for dilution (the amount of compounds present) which were studied in the water and soil laboratory of Joibar city are listed in table one. Equation 1 was used to calculate the germination percentage and Equation 2 was used to calculate the germination rate. (1) PG = (Ni/N)×100 where Ni is the number of germinated seeds until day i and N is the total number of seeds. (2) RS = ΣSi /Di where RS is the germination rate, Si is the number of germinated seeds per count and Di is the number of days until the i-th count. Equation 3 was used to calculate the average daily germination. (3) MDG = FGP/d where FGP is the percentage of final germination and d is the number of days until reaching the maximum germination.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the studied traits, except the germination speed, in both species under irrigation with different salinity levels of Caspian sea water in different proportions, including normal water (control), 10% ratio equal to 1.8 decisiemens per meter or 1200 ppm, 25% equivalent to 4.6 decisiemens/meter or 3000 ppm, and 50% equivalent to 9.2 decisiemens/meter or 6000 ppm of Caspian sea water were examined, they showed a significant difference at the level of 5% (P≥0.05) (Table 2). The results of germination percentage of two species under salinity levels showed that in safflower, the highest germination percentage was 100% for the control treatments, 10 and 25%, and in rapeseed, the control and 10% treatments had full germination. In this trait, 25% of the two species showed a significant difference in the treatment (Figure 1). The results of the germination rate showed that the safflower species had the highest germination rate in the normal water treatment with a value of 20 and the rapeseed species had the highest germination rate in the control treatment with a value of 12.77. In this trait, the treatments did not show any significant difference. The average daily germination results showed that the safflower species had the highest value in the control treatment with a value of 20% and the highest value in the rapeseed species in the control treatment and 25% with a value of 8.88%. In this trait, there were significant differences in the control and 10% treatments of two species (Figure 2). The stem length of two species under different salinity levels was also investigated. Based on this, the maximum stem length for the safflower species in the control treatment was 7.5 cm, and in the rapeseed species in the 25% treatment, it was 5.68 cm. In this trait, there was a significant difference in the control and 10% treatments of two species (Figure 3). The results of the root length showed that the maximum root length for the 25% treatment was safflower with 17.78 cm and the maximum root length for the rapeseed was 6.95 cm in the 10% treatment, except for the 50% treatment, there were two types of differences in the other treatments. Showed significance together (Figure 4). The highest fresh and dry weight of shoot for safflower species in the control treatment was 0.433 and 0.0251 grams, respectively. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoot for rapeseed species in 10% treatment was 0.128 and 0.0024 grams. They showed two significant differences in this trait in all treatments (Figures 5 and 6). The results of wet and dry root weight showed that safflower had the highest weight in the 10% treatment with 0.108 and 0.0062 grams, respectively, and rapeseed in the control treatment had the highest weight with 0.017 and 0.0011 grams, except in the 50% treatment. percentage, in other treatments showed two significant differences (Figures 7 and 8). According to the results obtained from this research, it was found that the degree of resistance of safflower and rapeseed to salinity in the stages of germination and early seedling growth is different. Ashraf et al. (1997) and Mano and Takeda (1997) stated that the degree of resistance to salinity in the germination stages is different from the later stages of plant development. According to the results, safflower and rapeseed were resistant to salinity stress in the germination stage and resistant to 25% seawater salinity in the seedling stage and did not show resistance to the applied stress in the 50% treatment.

Disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals into terrestrial and aquatic environment, can cause deterioration in water quality and toxicity to human health. Heavy metals are not degradable, therefore the removal of them is important in terms of health of livings specimens. Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially toxic element to all organisms and is known as carcinogenic to humans. Biosorption of heavy metals plays an important role in removing metal ions from aqueous solutions. The main advantages of this method are the reusability of the bioadsorbent, low cost, short execution time, and no production of secondary compounds that may be toxic. Biosorbents with high capacity to remove heavy metals are recyclable, so they are widely used in wastewater treatment. These adsorbents include inorganic, organic or biological compounds. Feathers, as the most abundant waste from the poultry industry, are available in large quantities, so the disposal or recycling of these materials has always been a big challenge. Chicken feathers contain more than 90% of natural keratin with a high specific surface and functional groups that may have potential as bio-adsorbents to remove heavy metals. The use of agricultural residues are also a good option for removing heavy metals due to their unique chemical composition, availability, renewable, low cost and efficiency. Sugarcane bagasse obtained from the sugarcane industry can been used as a biosorbent to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Trametes pubescens is a basidiomycete fungus and has many functional groups responsible for the absorption of heavy metals. The Trametes pubescens is resistant to some heavy metals and is able to remove them from the polluted water environment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Cd on Trametes pubescens as biosrbent and using of feather and sugarcane bagasse as carrier for this fungus to remove Cd from aqueous solution.

The different concentrations of Cd2+ from the source of CdCl2 (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/L) in PDA medium were prepared and the growth of fungus on this medium was considered to 5 days. The inhibition of fungus growth was calculated from the difference of fungus growth in control medium and in the presence of Cd, thereafter the ED50 of Cd was determined. The influence of Cd2+ on laccase activity of this fungus was also evaluated in solution medium containing mentioned concentrations of Cd using ABTS as substrate for lacasse. The removal of Cd by some bioadsorbents including fungal biomass, fungus+sugarcane bagasse, fungus+feather was studied under shaking times (1 to 72 h). The adsorption isotherms and kinetic models for describing adsorption capacity and process were fitted on data. The used absorbents were removed from the Erlenmeyer flasks and they were dried at laboratory temperature after rinsing with distilled water to remove surface absorbed particles. The presence of fungus mycellium on sugarcane bagasse and chicken feathers were examined with scanning electron microscope and cadmium adsorption by exposed mycelium to 200 ppm of metal was determined by the Energy-dispersive X-rays analysis. The interaction of functional groups with Cd were examined with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

The obtained data demonstrated growth inhibition of fungus by an increase of Cd concentration. Concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L of cadmium decreased fungus growth by 85 and 89%, respectively, without significant difference. EC50 and EC80 index values were calculated as 16.6 and 82.17 mg/L, respectively. Laccase activity during 120 hours of exposure to different concentrations of cadmium showed the decrease in the presence of cadmium. The highest inhibitory effect was related to the concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/L. The maximum absorption of cadmium by fungus, fungus+bagasse, fungus+feather was 66%, 72% and 46% at contact time of 72 hours. The highest correlation coefficients of metal absorption by fungus with the values of 99 and 98 %, respectively, were related to Elovich models and intraparticle diffusion models. The maximum correlation coefficients of Cd absorption by fungus + sugarcane bagasse by 97% and 95 %, respectively, were related to second-order models and intraparticle diffusion. The Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models were well fitted to the Cd biosorption data by fungus+feather. Based on the correlation coefficients, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were more suitable for describing the equilibrium data of cadmium biosorption by three applied bioadsorbents. Scanning electron microscope images showed the presence of fungus in bagasse and chicken feather carriers. Also, the images of the scanning electron microscope of the fungal biomass with Cd showed an obvious difference in the morphology of the mycelium surface compared to non-exposed mycelia to Cd. Closed and twisted mycelium with some particles on the surface of the fungal cells was observed in the presence of cadmium. The elemental composition of mycelium exposed to metals in the EDX results showed 17.59% by weight of cadmium. The interaction of heavy metals with functional groups on the surface of white rot fungi may change the morphology of the mycelium surface. It seems that the changes in the surface of the mycelium, which depends on the type of metal and its concentration, are related to the intracellular detoxification of heavy metals. The accumulation of mycelium and ring formation is probably due to the metal interaction with functional groups on the fungal mycelium. The changes some peaks and appearance of new peaks indicated the interaction of functional groups with Cd confirmed via Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis.

Filamentous fungi are effective microorganisms in removing heavy metals form wastewaters. Agricultral residue such as sugarcane bagasse can be used to massive production of fungus, and have efficiency for the removal of heavy metals form wastewater. In this study, Trametes pubescens as white rot fungus along with sugarcane bagasse had the highest removal of cadmium from aqueous solution. The removal of this metal was a function of the contact time of the adsorbent with the solution containing the metal, and the Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models were effective to describe the Cd adsorption process. Morphological changes of the fungus in the presence of cadmium indicated the response of the fungus to tolerate the toxicity of this metal.

Land has differences with other goods and production factors, which causes its pricing to be different. Land is an asset that is heterogeneous in terms of location and quality. The type of soil, geographical location, weather and physical conditions are among the factors that affect the production facilities of the land and thus its value. Since land is one of the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be very important for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. Valuing the national capital is one of the effective factors for sustainable development. Expressing the value of natural resources raises questions about how to price these resources. The necessary efforts to estimate the monetary value of ecosystem services play a double role in the integrated management of humans and natural systems (Amirtimori, 2016). At the micro level, valuation studies lead to obtaining information related to the structure and function of ecosystems and their diverse and complex role in supporting human well-being, and in the macro dimension, the valuation of ecosystems can create and contribute to the improvement of indicators of human well-being and sustainable development. In different regions, the demand for land increases along with economic development, population growth, increase in per capita income and changes in other influencing factors. By revitalizing favorable lands and implementing policies such as reducing the size of existing lands, the increase in land demand is answered. Therefore, with the increase in the price of land, its use changes and the land is assigned to uses that are more productive. This issue causes many changes in the land market. Land is an important production factor in industry, agriculture, and commerce, and features such as indestructibility, durability, and eternal survival, savings, and insurance have doubled the importance of this economic item, since some costs and benefits have no monetary value. are, to estimate their value, it is necessary to use economic valuation techniques. Valuation research of non-market goods into two branches, the method of revealed preferences and the method of stated preferences of PEB development has found. The method of revealed preferences refers to the valuation of a non-market good by studying actual behavior in a relevant market. The most famous method of revealed preferences is hedonic pricing and travel cost (Khodavardizadeh et al., 2015). Land is a natural resource and the main factor of production. Use or non-use, presentation or non-presentation, as well as the type and extent of land use are explained through concepts such as land supply and demand function, land price, and similar categories. Land is a commodity that is heterogeneous both in terms of location and quality. Land is also mentioned as nature, factor of production, consumer goods, geographical location, space, property rights and capital (Amirenjad and Mojtahadi, 2013). The price of land is determined by its supply and demand function. For land supply, there are two concepts of economic and physical land supply. The economic supply of land is the amount of land that can be offered for different uses at a certain price. The physical supply of land is the amount of land available in a geographic area. The economic supply of land changes due to price changes or other factors affecting the supply. In general, the economic supply of land is elastic and the physical supply of land is inelastic. Land demand is mainly a derived demand. Factors such as price, income level of society, technology, land quality and taste are effective in land demand. In any region, along with economic development, population growth, increase in per capita income and changes in other economic variables, the demand for land increases, and land developers try to respond to this growing demand by reviving favorable lands and implementing policies. Others, such as making the existing parts smaller, maximize their interests in the land and real estate market. It is in line with the implementation of such policies that with the increase in the price of land, its use changes and the land is allocated to uses that have higher productivity. Such a process is practically associated with many changes in the land market. As a result, the interests of land suppliers and consumers change and ultimately this leads to the land market (Mahmoodi, 2004). Considering the specific characteristics of land, which was mentioned, it is not easy to estimate the functions of supply and demand of land. In terms of transactions, it is never exchanged under the conditions of competitive markets, and therefore the continuous land market is a monopoly market. Producers demand land according to the final production of the land in the desired use and consumers-according to their financial ability and with the aim of maximizing their utility. For this reason, the consumption and exchange value in the market is not very clear (Sabuhi and Tavana, 2007). Due to the above limitations in determining the market value of land, the Hedanic method has been used to determine the value of agricultural land. In the hedonistic method, land is considered a complex or multi-dimensional commodity that includes a basket of various characteristics. The main issue in this method is the selection of a basket of agricultural land characteristics. By using the Hedanic method, it is possible to determine those features of the land that have a greater effect on its price (Esfandiari et al., 2004). The theory of land rent was first formed based on the classic theory of land use by Van Tanen (1966). He considered transportation costs or the distance to the market as a key component of land value.Since land is one of the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be very important for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. On the other hand, it achieves the highest possible efficiency from it due to scarce production factors such as labor, tools, purchased inputs and management ability. This study was carried out with the aim of valuing the agricultural lands of Sistan plain using Hedanik pricing method in 2022-2023.

For the valuation of agricultural land in the Sistan plain, the villages of Zulfiqari, Rahdar and Kod were selected as samples. The reason for choosing these villages is access to river water and wells, which are valuable due to the cultivation of their land. In this study, the hedonic pricing method was used to estimate the price of agricultural land in Zabol city. For this purpose, in 1400-1401, 99 questionnaires were completed in the schools of Rahdar, Kod and Zulfaqari villages of Zabul city using simple random sampling method. After completing the questionnaires, the simple logit model was estimated using Eviews7 software, and SPSS22 software was also used to estimate the statistical descriptions including the mean and minimum and maximum variables. In this research, the effect of 15 variables on the price of one hectare of agricultural land was investigated using the regression estimation method.

The results of linear logarithm model estimation showed that the variables of land quality and fertility, agricultural water quality, ability to cultivate multiple crops and re-cultivation, access to local road, distance to the city and distance to the main road have a positive effect on the price of each hectare of agricultural land. Land access to electricity and city water, impact of storms on crops, impact of storms on soil, conversion to agricultural use and conversion to non-agricultural use have negative effects on the price of each hectare of agricultural land in the region. Due to less environmental pollution in the mentioned region and the less development of urban and industrial contexts in the area of main roads compared to other studied parts of the country, as well as the concentration of facilities and infrastructures in urban and road areas. Such as water, electricity, telephone and easier transportation has had a positive effect on the price of agricultural land. The desire to change land use is also very high due to the mentioned conditions of low agricultural profit in the region and drought. According to the topology of the area and the smoothness and lack of proper drainage, in some cases the price of agricultural land is affected by the presence or absence of this factor. The percentage of the land under cultivation can confirm the availability of water and the quality and profitability of the product for the land owner, which will also have a positive effect on the price of the land. On the other hand, the owner's desire to change agricultural use, which is a less profitable activity, to non-agricultural uses, which are more profitable, increases the price of land. The ability to change the use refers to the existence of the necessary permits, access to the required facilities and infrastructure, and the profitability of this case. Meanwhile, the only thing that has a negative effect on the price of agricultural land is the distance from the road, the more the distance from the road, the lower the land price.