Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability
Volume:4 Issue: 4, Autumn 2022

Urban ecology has been introduced as an interdisciplinary subject that is the intersection of different fields of social sciences and biophysical processes. Natural and man-made spaces as the physical and semantic context of cities, humans with multiple and hierarchical perception and finally the interaction that occurs between humans and the environment, makes the urban landscape as the first manifestation of historical, social- Cultural, economic and natural of each city should be updated and presented. The current research is analytical-descriptive research in terms of its structure, which in terms of its main goal is considered to be of the type of applied and developmental research, which can also be used as an exploratory research approach considering the lack of previous research on the concept of landscape. According to the course of theoretical foundations and conceptional model, the effective factors in the influence of the urban landscape in the field of ecology are considered and by explaining the branch of landscape architecture to it, these factors are tested by experts and elites for indexing using the Delphi method. Are taken so that the framework of the proposed criteria can be presented in chapter one. Based on the research findings, framework can be presented as the result of studies, theoretical framework and Delphi method, the important indicators that is affecting the quality of urban landscape architecture quality are Visual scale, Visual clarity, Visual influence, Form feature, Greenness, Aesthetics, Legibility, Size, Proportions, Environmental comfort and sense of place.

Bazars have been the primary human centers for human gatherings and a place to exchange goods. People gather in bazars with different interests and desires, and the success of these spaces is proportional to their use and presence. Spatial sequence in Iranian architecture is a spiritual movement. There are different models for designing commercial spaces, but in order to know the parameters affecting people, according to the internal needs and interests, the method of cognitive science can be used so that the behavior of people can be examined accordingly and the final parameters can be extracted. The current research is analytical-descriptive research in terms of its structure, which in terms of its main goal is considered to be of the type of applied and developmental research, which can also be used as an exploratory research approach considering the lack of previous research on the concept of the experience of space in traditional bases in approach to spatial continuity. According to the course of theoretical foundations, the effective factors in the influence of the experience of space in traditional bazars are considered and by explaining the branch of landscape architecture to it, these factors are tested by experts and elites for indexing using the Delphi method. In the result the indexes of diversity, behavioral activity and spatial continuity have the most weight in the opinion of experts, but if it is examined in methods such as questionnaires, other results can be extracted.

Transparency is one of the qualities of the spatial structure of Iranian architecture, but it has less theoretical explanation, for this reason, in order to investigate the concept of transparency in Iranian architecture, this research examines and interprets the spatial structure of the landmark works of the Qajar period and the examples examined in the city of Shiraz city. In this research, descriptive and analytical methods have been used to describe the characteristics of the research samples, and the "comparative study and analysis" method has been used to analyze the data in the evaluation of the spaces. This type of study deals with creating relationships between two or more phenomena, through analysis, explanation, explanation of their characteristics, differences, and possible similarities and after that Spatial structure analyzed using Depthmap software in four garden-mansion case such as Eram, Afif abad, Shapuri and Narenjestan Qavam to evaluating location of Shahneshin hall up to the transparency matter. The results show Shapuri Garden-Mansion has the highest amount of transparency, followed by Eram Garden-Mansion, then Narenjestan Qavam Garden-Mansion, and finally Afif Abad Mansion. Finally, it can be concluded that because the Shapuri Garden-Mansion has the highest quantitative value in the four indices of depth, visibility, coherence and legibility, it has more spatial transparency than other mansions.

Establishing a stable relationship between the three elements of man, nature and architecture is a problem that most architects and researchers seek to realize after the emergence of environmental and cultural problems caused by modern architecture. A joint is an element that mentally and objectively provides the possibility of connection or separation between different spaces. This element, while helping to understand each space separately, helps to integrate the buildings by defining the hierarchy. In-between space has played a role as the basis of spatial hierarchy in the structure of residential architecture in Iran. Nowadays, intermediate spaces, in the form of semi-public areas such as lobby, common spaces between units, public spaces such as entrances, green space between units, which is sometimes in the form of courtyard, routes to the whole and semi-private areas. It is divided between the main spaces. The upcoming research has a qualitative approach and its method is descriptive-analytical with content analysis and a combination of inductive and comparative methods. In order to be able to recognize the main factors based on the compatibilism of the theory and apply relativity. The research methodology generally includes three main steps, such as recognizing the theory of perception-planned behavior in the field of architecture, extraction of influential factors according to the type of theory based on its explanation of the proposed indicators with the Delphi method. The results show the main indexes that are so affected in subjects are quality of social behavior, quality of individual behavior and spatial quality.

The increase in population growth rate and migration from villages to cities in the long term has caused extensive changes in the environment of big cities. Most of the influential social and economic factors in cities have been led to instability due to this disproportion in the number of optimal changes. Therefore, according to the alarming trend and increasing factors threatening the health of citizens, city and health planners proposed a relatively new term called a healthy city, in which they seek to link the urban environment with the physical and mental health of city dwellers and decisions They strengthen themselves regarding some basic issues such as urban health, social welfare and improving the quality of human life. The current research aims to evaluate the urban fabric in the old and new subspecies in Naeen city, and seeks to extract the impact of the criteria of a healthy city. The current research is of an analytical-adaptive type, which is considered to be an applied type in its purpose and a developmental type of research in the layers of explanation and formulation of the structure. The method of collecting data is in the form of documents and libraries using sources and referring to documentary and archival data sources as well as information from government and private authorities that have a history of research activity in this regard. Based on this, according to the indicators of a healthy city in the context of the old and new city of Naeen, it was evaluated according to the main criteria in 5 criteria, which are social, economic, environmental, health and physical criteria that each Which is divided into a certain index. The results indicate that in the comparative comparison model of the old and new context of Naeen city with the approach of a healthy city, the economic criterion in the new context is the healthiest with an average score of 42.85 and the health criterion in the old context with a score of 30.73 is the unhealthiest. The city is healthy.

Human scale is one of the characteristics of architecture that has a decisive role in the formation of the relationship between Man and Environment. “Isfahan School of Architecture”, especially in the Safavid era, is one of the most successful examples of understanding the human scale in various buildings. In this research, the analysis of human scale in the prominent houses of "Isfahan School of Architecture" during the Safavid period was carried out in the three topics of Geometry, Enclosure, and Details by checking the factors affecting them. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical based on library studies. This study showed that Human Scale in the houses of the “Isfahan School of Architecture” is reflected in the human perception of Environment. In other words, “Isfahan School of Architecture” has achieved a balance between house architecture and human understanding. The extraction of house architectural interaction methods and human understanding resulted in presenting a codified, contemporary and referable diagram in the category of Human Scale in houses.

Most materials used in cities undergo different changes in albedo over time. For example, the albedo of concrete and colored stones decreases over time, while asphalt becomes brighter and increases its albedo. In today's world, sustainable architecture, especially in conjunction with green architecture, plays a crucial role in the use of new polymer materials produced with smart technology and nanotechnology, with an emphasis on using renewable resources instead of the earth's non-renewable resources. Sustainable architecture incorporating green and recyclable materials offers a logical response to the challenges and problems of the industrial age. Building materials play an important role in sustainability. As a metropolis with energy consumption from fossil fuels, high energy costs, and air pollution, the city of Tehran needs appropriate solutions to reduce energy consumption. The purpose of this research is to investigate the amount of energy consumption reduction in residential buildings in Tehran by using three types of ASHRAE standard concrete, engineering system standard, and smart concrete in the external walls of residential buildings, and the result shows that the amount of energy consumption is close in using ASHRAE standard and It shows the engineering system in cladding walls and a significant reduction in energy consumption if smart concrete is used in external cladding walls.

Patterns, texture and architecture play a significant role in understanding the culture and life of a region, so knowing the customs of the residents of a region is part of the group of knowing the architectural patterns of that region. Architects have used many methods to recognize architectural patterns, such as graph and isovist theory, space layout approaches, spatial configuration. In this research, the application of this theory has been investigated in residential contexts (old, new, rural) of Ilam province. The current research is applied and exploratory in terms of purpose. To carry out this research, using the method of field studies, three old, new and rural textures of Ilam province (new texture) were identified, taken and drawn. The simulation of house maps is by using computer drawings and by means of specialized software for space layout and syntax, i.e., Space Syntax plugin in Depthmap software. Based on the detailed analysis of three types of houses - old houses, rural houses and newly built houses - different features and spatial configurations can be observed. Each type of house reflects different cultural values, lifestyle preferences and design approaches. In summary, the spatial configuration of old houses, rural houses and newly built houses show distinct characteristics and reflect different cultural values and lifestyle preferences. Understanding these spatial configurations provides valuable insights for architects, designers, and researchers in creating homes that harmonize with specific cultural contexts and meet the evolving needs of residents in diverse environments.

The predominance of kitsch style on the facade architecture of residential apartment buildings in the 90s in Iran, contrary to the current trend of architecture in the world, has many reasons, which in this research are based on the results obtained from field studies and the analysis of the resulting data. From the questionnaire of citizens and in the form of an interdisciplinary study in the field of sociology and architecture, the determination of social and cultural reasons compared to other factors was explained. The findings of the research show that the cultural, social and economic capitals of the citizens, which are manifested in the form of lifestyle, in the context of the social characteristics of the Iranian society and the class changes of this society in the past decades, play an effective and decisive role in the formation of the dominant style. Neoclassical in the architecture of residential apartment buildings of the 1990s in the study sample (Sari city). And cultural capital is the most important social and cultural component that affects the architecture consumption pattern of citizens.

Paying attention to happiness and its effective dimensions has a fundamental role in the desirability and environmental qualities of living and residential areas of cities, which today, not paying attention to it, is one of the challenges facing city dwellers. The current research is conducted with the aim of analyzing the factors affecting the realization of the happy city and explaining the pattern of achieving it in the city of Rudehen. This research is quantitative in nature. Data collection has been achieved through a questionnaire. In the descriptive part of the data analysis, the situation of the statistical sample of the research is examined, that is, the range of Rudehen, and in the quantitative evaluation part, the covariance-based structural equation modeling approach was used to test the research assumptions. In this research, it has been tried to evaluate 5 assumptions, i.e. the impact of social-cultural, physical, economic-household, administrative-administrative and finally ecological-environmental factors. The findings of the research indicate that the average level of happiness in the city of Rudehen is average. contract. And the average of the investigated influencing variables in environmental and social components are 3.16 and 3.12, respectively, which is a little higher than the average, but in managerial, physical and economic variables with an average of 2.31 and 2.48., 2.92 have the lowest average level compared to other indicators. These components show that by improving the condition of each of the 5 effective assumptions, the level of happiness increases and decreases by weakening each.

Green infrastructure includes the provision of designed networks of multi-functional green spaces that help protect natural habitats and biodiversity, respond to climate change and other biosphere changes, the ability to create style to have a more sustainable and healthy life. The research aims to reach a suitable model for planning and their practical design in a way that leads to the sustainability of metropolises and the relationships of the relevant elements and dimensions and the proper management of their performance, which is responsive to the current conditions of Tehran urban complex and its future development and expansion in It is very necessary to have a stable path. The methods of research are Analytical-descriptive, and at first the basic data classification determined in the range and area by digitizing the aerial photos that existed in the vacuum and second, evaluation of indicators is done. Updates and consistent databases such as GIS, these quantities are proposed as approximations. For this reason, to examine the forty-year range of urban green infrastructures from 1975 to 2015. In the result two disciplines of landscape architecture and architecture will also be involved in this issue. Adaptation, modification and revision of the comprehensive plan of the city of Tehran city. In future studies all types of patterns can be evaluated of each district.

Natural ventilation has always been recognized as a workable climatic technique. The solar chimney (SC), a passive architectural component in contemporary design, can considerably lower energy usage in buildings. However, there are discrepancies between the traditional and contemporary designs of natural ventilation devices, notably with regard to where the inlet is located. Modern SCs have their inlets at floor level, as opposed to conventional SCs that have their inlets at ceiling level. In order to increase the effectiveness of inactive natural ventilation, this study intends to explore the effect of inlet location on SC performance. On June 15, 2022, at 15:00 (the warmest time of the day), simulations were performed using the ANSYS FLUENT software on a hypothetical three-story building for two possible inlet locations: ceiling and floor level. The floor level inlet had a stable airflow with an average airspeed of 0.11 m/s, but the results showed that the airflow at the ceiling level inlet fluctuated with an average airspeed of 0.15 m/s. According to the data, conventional beliefs about SC efficiency might not be true, and ceiling-level inlets are more suited for achieving SC efficiency in keeping with Iranian traditional architecture.